This book will explore the fundamentals of spacecraft charging: why it occurs, when it occurs, where it occurs, how to measure it, and its side effects. It will discuss state-of-the-art spacecraft charging technologies, which will be explained in detail and with pedagogical emphasis. Exercises for further learning will be included to facilitate a deeper understanding of the material.
It will be of interest to advanced undergraduate and graduate students, in addition to researchers working in physics and engineering keen to understand more about spacecraft interactions with space plasmas.
Key Features:
- Translates complex terminology into accessible language
- Authored by experts in the field
- Provides worked examples and exercises for further learning
Author(s): Shu T. Lai, Rezy Pradipta
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 144
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Foreword
Chapter 1. Overview
1.1 What Is Spacecraft Charging?
1.2 What Is Spacecraft Potential?
1.3 Why Is Spacecraft Charging Important?
1.4 Where Does Spacecraft Charging Occur?
1.5 When Does Spacecraft Charging Occur?
1.6 Electron and Ion Fluxes
1.7 General References
References
Chapter 2. Spacecraft Equilibrium Potential
2.1 An Introductory Dialog
2.1.1 Repelling of Like Charges
2.1.2 Attraction of Opposite Charges
2.2 Transient Charging
2.3 Equilibrium Level
2.4 Floating Potential
2.5 Electron and Ion Energies in a Sheath
2.5.1 Incoming Electrons
2.5.2 Outgoing Electrons
2.5.3 Incoming Positive Ions
2.5.4 Outgoing Ions
References
Chapter 3. Current Balance
3.1 Langmuir's Attraction Formula
3.2 Incoming Current
3.3 Current Balance of Electron and Ion Currents
3.4 Balance of Multiple Currents
Chapter 4. How to Measure Spacecraft Potential
4.1 Energy Distribution
4.1.1 Repelled Species
4.1.2 Enhanced Graph
4.1.3 Non-Maxwellian Distribution
4.2 Instruments for Measuring Distributions
4.2.1 Retarding Potential Analyzer
4.2.2 Disadvantages of RPA
4.2.3 Plasma Analyzer
4.2.4 Long Booms
References
Chapter 5. Secondary and Backscattered Electrons
5.1 Secondary Electrons
5.2 Backscattered Electrons
5.3 Incoming and Outgoing Electron Fluxes
5.4 Empirical Formulae of SEY and BEY
5.5 Research Problems
References
Chapter 6. Critical Temperature for the Onset of Spacecraft Charging
6.1 Current Balance at the Onset of Spacecraft Charging
6.2 Two Important Properties
6.3 Integration Result
6.4 Critical Temperature for Various Materials
6.5 Evidence of the Existence of Critical Temperature
6.6 Balance of Incoming and Outgoing Maxwellian Currents
References
Chapter 7. Importance of Surface Conditions
7.1 Main Reasons for Inaccuracy
7.2 Secondary Electron Yield Formulae
7.3 Surface Conditions
7.4 Backscattered Electron Yield
7.5 Applications to Spacecraft Surface Conditions
References
Chapter 8. High-Level Spacecraft Potential
8.1 Beyond the Critical Temperature
8.2 Ion-Induced Secondary Electrons
8.3 Kappa Distribution
References
Chapter 9. Spacecraft Charging in Sunlight
9.1 The Photoelectric Effect
9.2 Photoelectron Emission
9.3 Photoelectron Current
9.4 Charging to Positive Potential
9.5 Photoelectron Yield
9.6 Surface Condition
9.6.1 Important Property 1
9.6.2 Important Property 2
9.7 Differential Charging in Sunlight
9.8 Possible Scenarios of Differential Charging
9.8.1 Bi-Reflectance Surface Pair
9.8.2 Eclipse Exit
9.9 Summary
References
Chapter 10. The Monopole-Dipole Model
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Monopole-Dipole Model
10.3 Illustrative Examples
10.4 Fraction of Electron Flux Escaping
10.5 Evidence of Trapped Low-Energy Electrons
10.6 "One-Third" Potential Ratio
References
Chapter 11. The Question of Independence on Ambient Electron Density in Spacecraft Charging
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Onset of Charging in Maxwellian Plasma
11.3 Charging to Finite Potentials in a Maxwellian Plasma
11.4 Spacecraft Charging in Kappa Plasma
11.5 Charging of Conducting Spacecraft in Sunlight
11.6 Negative-Voltage Charging of a Conducting Spacecraft in Sunlight
11.7 Charging in the Monopole-Dipole Model
11.8 Double Maxwellian Distribution
11.9 Charging in the Ionosphere
11.10 Facets of Spacecraft Charging: Critical Temperature and the Question of Dependence of Ambient Electron Density
References
Chapter 12. Spacecraft Charging Induced by Beam Emissions
12.1 Brief Review
12.2 Beam Emission
12.3 Beam Return
12.4 Supercharging
12.5 The Driving Force and the Response
12.6 Beam Divergence
12.7 Beam Emission for Space Propulsion
12.8 Spacecraft Damage by Beam Emission
References
Chapter 13. Mitigation Methods
13.1 Active and Passive Methods
13.2 Field Emission of Electrons
13.3 Disadvantage of Both Methods Using Electron Emission
13.4 Low-Energy Ion Emission
13.5 Low-Energy Plasma Emission
13.6 Partially Conducting Paint
13.7 Spray of Polar Molecules
13.8 Mitigation by Using Mirrors
13.9 Mitigation by Using LED
References
Index
