The Physics of Energy provides a comprehensive and systematic introduction to the scientific principles governing energy sources, uses, and systems. This definitive textbook traces the flow of energy from sources such as solar power, nuclear power, wind power, water power, and fossil fuels through its transformation in devices such as heat engines and electrical generators, to its uses including transportation, heating, cooling, and other applications. The flow of energy through the Earth's atmosphere and oceans, and systems issues including storage, electric grids, and efficiency and conservation are presented in a scientific context along with topics such as radiation from nuclear power and climate change from the use of fossil fuels. Students, scientists, engineers, energy industry professionals, and concerned citizens with some mathematical and scientific background who wish to understand energy systems and issues quantitatively will find this textbook of great interest.
Author(s): Robert L. Jaffe, Washington Taylor
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Year: 2018
Language: English
Pages: 894
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I Basic Energy Physics and Uses
1 Introduction
1.1 Units and Energy Quantities
1.2 Types of Energy
1.3 Scales of Energy
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
2 Mechanical Energy
2.1 Kinetic Energy
2.2 Potential Energy
2.3 Air Resistance and Friction
2.4 Rotational Mechanics
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
3 Electromagnetic Energy
3.1 Electrostatics, Capacitance, and Energy Storage
3.2 Currents, Resistance, and Resistive Energy Loss
3.3 Magnetism
3.4 Electric Motors and Generators
3.5 Induction and Inductors
3.6 Maxwell’s Equations
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
4 Waves and Light
4.1 Waves and a Wave Equation
4.2 Waves on a String
4.3 Electromagnetic Waves
4.4 Energy and Momentum in Electric and Magnetic Fields
4.5 General Features of Waves and Wave Equations
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
5 Thermodynamics I: Heat and Thermal Energy
5.1 What is Heat?
5.2 Pressure and Work
5.3 First Law of Thermodynamics
5.4 Heat Capacity
5.5 Enthalpy
5.6 Phase Transitions
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
6 Heat Transfer
6.1 Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
6.2 Heat Conduction
6.3 Heat Transfer by Convection and Radiation
6.4 Preventing Heat Loss from Buildings
6.5 The Heat Equation
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
7 Introduction to Quantum Physics
7.1 Motivation: The Double Slit Experiment
7.2 Quantum Wavefunctions and the Schrödinger Wave Equation
7.3 Energy and Quantum States
7.4 Quantum Superposition
7.5 Quantum Measurement
7.6 Time Dependence
7.7 Quantum Mechanics of Free Particles
7.8 Particles in Potentials
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
8 Thermodynamics II: Entropy and Temperature
8.1 Introduction to Entropy and the Second Law
8.2 Information Entropy
8.3 Thermodynamic Entropy
8.4 Thermal Equilibrium and Temperature
8.5 Limit to Efficiency
8.6 The Boltzmann Distribution
8.7 The Partition Function and Simple Thermodynamic Systems
8.8 Spontaneous Processes and Free Energy
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
9 Energy in Matter
9.1 Energy, Temperature, and the Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation
9.2 A Tour of the Internal Energy of Matter I: From Ice to Vapor
9.3 A Tour of the Internal Energy of Matter II: Molecular Vibrations, Dissociation, and Binding Energies
9.4 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Free Energy in Chemical Reactions
9.5 Chemical Thermodynamics: Examples
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
10 Thermal Energy Conversion
10.1 Thermodynamic Variables, Idealizations, and Representations
10.2 Thermodynamic Processes in Gas Phase Engines
10.3 Carnot Engine
10.4 Stirling Engine
10.5 Limitations to Efficiency of Real Engines
10.6 Heat Extraction Devices: Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
11 Internal Combustion Engines
11.1 Spark Ignition Engines and the Otto Cycle
11.2 Combustion and Fuels
11.3 Real Spark Ignition Engines
11.4 Other Internal Combustion Cycles
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
12 Phase-change Energy Conversion
12.1 Advantages of Phase Change in Energy Conversion Cycles
12.2 Phase Change in Pure Substances
12.3 The Real World: Engineering Nomenclature and Practical Calculations
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
13 Thermal Power and Heat Extraction Cycles
13.1 Thermodynamics with Flowing Fluids
13.2 Heat Extraction and the Vapor-compression Cycle
13.3 The Rankine Steam Cycle
13.4 Low-temperature Organic Rankine Systems
13.5 Gas Turbine and Combined Cycles
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
Part II Energy Sources
14 The Forces of Nature
14.1 Forces, Energies, and Distance Scales
14.2 Elementary Particles
14.3 The Weak Interactions and β-decay
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
15 Quantum Phenomena in Energy Systems
15.1 Decays and Other Time-dependent Quantum Processes
15.2 The Origins of Tunneling
15.3 Barrier Penetration
15.4 Tunneling Lifetimes
15.5 The Pauli Exclusion Principle
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
16 An Overview of Nuclear Power
16.1 Overview
16.2 Nuclear Fission Fuel Resources
16.3 The Following Chapters
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
17 Structure, Properties, and Decays of Nuclei
17.1 Basic Nuclear Properties
17.2 The Semi-empirical Mass Formula
17.3 Nuclear Binding Systematics
17.4 Nuclear Decays
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
18 Nuclear Energy Processes: Fission and Fusion
18.1 Comparing Fission and Fusion
18.2 Cross Sections
18.3 Physics of Nuclear Fission
18.4 Physics of Nuclear Fusion
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
19 Nuclear Fission Reactors and Nuclear Fusion Experiments
19.1 Nuclear Fission Reactor Dynamics
19.2 Physics Issues Affecting Fission Reactor Operation and Safety
19.3 Breeding and Fission Reactors
19.4 Fission Reactor Design: Past, Present, and Future
19.5 Nuclear Reactor Power Cycles
19.6 Experiments in Thermonuclear Fusion
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
20 Ionizing Radiation
20.1 Forms of Ionizing Radiation: An Overview
20.2 Interactions of Radiation with Matter
20.3 Measures of Radiation
20.4 Biological Effects of Radiation
20.5 Radiation in the Human Environment
20.6 Nuclear Waste and Nuclear Proliferation
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
21 Energy in the Universe
21.1 What is Energy?
21.2 A Brief History of Energy in the Universe
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
22 Solar Energy: Solar Production and Radiation
22.1 Nuclear Source of Solar Energy
22.2 Blackbody Radiation and Solar Radiation
22.3 Derivation of the Blackbody Radiation Formula
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
23 Solar Energy: Solar Radiation on Earth
23.1 Insolation and the Solar Constant
23.2 Earth’s Orbit
23.3 Variation of Insolation
23.4 Interaction of Light with Matter
23.5 Atmospheric Absorption
23.6 Extent of Resource
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
24 Solar Thermal Energy
24.1 Solar Absorption and Radiation Balance
24.2 Low-temperature Solar Collectors
24.3 Concentrators
24.4 Solar Thermal Electricity (STE)
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
25 Photovoltaic Solar Cells
25.1 Introductory Aspects of Solid-state Physics
25.2 Quantum Mechanics on a Lattice
25.3 Electrons in Solids and Semiconductors
25.4 The PV Concept and a Limit on Collection Efficiency
25.5 Band Structure of Silicon
25.6 p-n Junctions
25.7 The p-n Junction as a Photodiode
25.8 Silicon Solar Cells
25.9 Advanced Solar Cells
25.10 Global Use of Photovoltaics
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
26 Biological Energy
26.1 Energy and Photosynthesis
26.2 Food Energy
26.3 Biomass
26.4 Biofuels
26.5 The Future of Bioenergy
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
27 Ocean Energy Flow
27.1 Oceanic Energy Balance and Transport
27.2 Coriolis Force
27.3 Surface Currents
27.4 Atmospheric Circulation
27.5 Ocean Circulation
27.6 Ocean Thermal Resources and Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
28 Wind: A Highly Variable Resource
28.1 The Nature of the Wind
28.2 Characterization of a Wind Resource
28.3 The Potential of Wind Energy
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
29 Fluids: The Basics
29.1 Defining Characteristics of a Fluid
29.2 Simplifying Assumptions and Conservation Laws
29.3 Viscosity
29.4 Lift
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
30 Wind Turbines
30.1 Axial-momentum Theory and Betz’s Limit
30.2 Turbine Blades and Power
30.3 Some Design Considerations
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
31 Energy from Moving Water: Hydro, Wave, Tidal, and Marine Current Power
31.1 Hydropower
31.2 Wave Power
31.3 Tidal Power
31.4 Marine Current Energy
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
32 Geothermal Energy
32.1 Thermal Energy in Earth’s Interior
32.2 Geothermal Energy Resources
32.3 Ground Source Heat Pumps
32.4 Hydrothermal Energy
32.5 Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)
32.6 Magnitude of Geothermal Resources
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
33 Fossil Fuels
33.1 Coal
33.2 Petroleum
33.3 Natural Gas
33.4 Hydrocarbon Conversion
33.5 Fossil Fuel Summary
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
Part III Energy System Issues and Externalities
34 Energy and Climate
34.1 Albedo and the Greenhouse Effect
34.2 Atmospheric Physics
34.3 Global Energy Flow
34.4 CO2 and the Carbon Cycle
34.5 Feedbacks and Climate Modeling
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
35 Earth’s Climate: Past, Present, and Future
35.1 Past Climate
35.2 Predicting Future Climate
35.3 Effects of Climate Change
35.4 Mitigation and Adaptation
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
36 Energy Efficiency, Conservation, and Changing Energy Sources
36.1 First Law Efficiency
36.2 Second Law Efficiency
36.3 Example: The Efficiency of Space Heating
36.4 Exergy
36.5 Efficiency and Conservation Case Studies
36.6 Energy Systems: Scales and Transformations
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
37 Energy Storage
37.1 Performance Criteria for Energy Storage
37.2 Grid-scale Storage
37.3 Mobile Energy Storage
37.4 Other Energy Storage Systems
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
38 Electricity Generation and Transmission
38.1 Overview of Electric Grids
38.2 LRC Circuits
38.3 Grid-scale Electricity Generation
38.4 Transmission and Distribution of Electric Power
38.5 Renewables: Variable and Distributed Energy Resources
Discussion/Investigation Questions
Problems
Appendix A Notation
Appendix B Some Basic Mathematics
Appendix C Units and Fundamental Constants
Appendix D Data
References
Index
