The Pathogenesis and Treatment of Covid-19 and Long Covid with Traditional Chinese Medicine

Contents
Foreword
Preface
About the Author
List of Contributors
1 General Procedures of Treatment of COVID-19
1.1 Diagnosis of COVID-19
1.1.1 In modern medicine
1.1.1.1 According to the contact and traveling history
1.1.1.2 According to the clinical symptoms and signs
1.1.1.3 According to some laboratory tests
1.1.1.4 According to some imagine technology
1.1.2 In TCM
1.1.2.1 Diagnosis according to the etiology
1.1.2.2 Diagnosis according to the pathology
1.1.2.3 Diagnosis according to the eight principles
1.1.2.4 Diagnosis according to the organ system
1.1.2.5 Diagnosis according to the six channels, four stages, and San Jiao systems
1.1.2.6 Diagnosis according to the constitution, climate, and geographic locations
1.1.2.7 Diagnosis according to the tongue conditions
1.2 Therapeutic Principles
1.2.1 To dispel wind and eliminate cold
1.2.2 To disperse wind and clear heat
1.2.3 To dispel wind and eliminate cold-damp
1.2.4 To dispel wind and clear damp-heat
1.2.5 To disperse the lung-qi and relieve cough
1.2.6 To descend the lung-qi and relieve shortness of breath
1.2.7 To eliminate phlegm and resolve damp
1.2.8 To clear heat and reduce fever
1.2.8 To clear heat and reduce fever
1.2.9 To clear heat and purge the defecation
1.2.10 To clear heat and remove toxins
1.2.11 To cool the blood and remove toxins
1.2.12 To clear heat in the liver and regulate the gallbladder
1.2.13 To eliminate blood stasis and resolve phlegm
1.2.14 To warm the body and tonify yang
1.2.15 To tonify qi and blood
1.2.16 To warm the interior and eliminate cold
1.2.17 Nourish yin and clear deficient heat
1.3 Selection and Analysis of Formulas and Herbs
1.3.1 The formula to cause sweating and relieve the external symptoms
1.3.2 The formula to promote sweating and eliminate cold-damp
1.3.3 The formula to eliminate cold-damp and harmonize spleen and stomach
1.3.4 The formula to disperse the lung-qi and relieve cough
1.3.5 The formula to clear heat and descend the lung-qi
1.3.6 The formula to descend the lung-qi and eliminate cold-phlegm
1.3.7 The formula to clear heat and eliminate damp
1.3.8 The formula to clear heat and eliminate phlegm
1.3.9 The formula to clear heat and remove toxins
1.3.10 The formula to cool the blood and remove toxins
1.3.11 The formula to clear heat and promote the defecation
1.3.12 The formula to eliminate blood stasis and resolve phlegm
1.3.13 The formula to warm the body and tonify yang
1.3.14 The formula to tonify qi and blood
1.3.15 To warm the interior and eliminate cold
1.3.16 Nourish yin and clear deficient heat
1.4 Selection and Combination of Acupuncture Points
1.4.1 Point selection of some points to open the extraordinary meridians
1.4.2 Point selection based upon syndrome differentiation
1.4.3 Point selection based upon symptomatic treatment
1.4.4 Point selection to calm the shen and regulate the emotions
1.5 Precautions
2 TCM Treatment of Asymptomatic Infections of COVID-19
2.1 TCM Analysis Asymptomatic Infections of COVID-19
2.1.1 Definition of asymptomatic infections
2.1.2 Significance of asymptomatic infections
2.1.3 Age-related asymptomatic infections
2.1.4 Five situations of asymptomatic infections
2.2 TCM Treatment
2.2.1 TCM views of management
2.2.1.1 Importance of zheng-qi
2.2.1.2 Physical constitutions
2.2.1.3 The aims of the treatment
2.2.1.3.1 To eliminate the xie-qi completely
2.2.1.3.2 To support zheng-qi ultimately
2.2.1.3.3 To prevent further aggravation efficiently
2.2.1.3.4 To balance the physical and mental conditions sufficiently
2.2.1.4 Treatment strategies
2.2.1.4.1 To eliminate pathogenic factors
2.2.1.4.2 Protect and restore the physiological functions of the lung
2.2.1.4.3 Unblock the San Jiao
2.2.1.4.4 Support the zheng-qi
2.2.1.4.5 Regulate the emotion
2.2.2 Treatment according to syndrome differentiation
2.2.2.1 Invasion of wind-heat
2.2.2.2 Invasion of wind-cold
2.2.2.3 Invasion of cold-damp to the middle Jiao
2.2.2.4 Invasion of damp-heat to the middle Jiao
2.2.2.5 Deficiency of qi
2.2.3 Treatment according to constitutions
2.2.3.1 Peace type
2.2.3.2 Qi deficiency type
2.2.3.3 Yang deficiency type
2.2.3.4 Yin deficiency type
2.2.3.5 Phlegm-damp type
2.2.3.6 Damp-heat type
2.2.3.7 Qi stagnation type
2.2.3.8 Blood stasis type
2.2.3.9 Special hereditary quality type
3 TCM Treatment of Early Symptoms of COVID-19
3.1 TCM Analysis of Early Symptoms of COVID-19
3.1.1 Manifestations of early symptoms of COVID-19 infection
3.1.2 TCM’s mechanisms on early symptoms of COVID-19 infection
3.1.3 Six channel differentiations
3.1.3.1 Taiyang channel syndrome
3.1.3.2 Taiyang and Yangming channel syndrome
3.1.3.3 Taiyang and Shaoyang channel syndrome
3.1.3.4 Taiyang, Yangming and Shaoyang channel syndrome
3.1.3.5 Taiyang and Taiyin channel syndrome
3.1.3.6 Taiyang and Shaoyin channel syndrome
3.2 TCM Treatment
3.2.1 Taiyang channel syndrome
3.2.2 Taiyang and Yangming channel syndrome
3.2.3 Taiyang and Shaoyang channel syndrome
3.2.4 Taiyang, Yangming and Shaoyang channel syndrome
3.2.5 Taiyang and Taiyin channel syndrome
3.2.6 Taiyang and Shaoyin channel syndrome
4 TCM Treatment of Ordinary Syndromes of COVID-19
4.1 TCM Analysis of Ordinary Syndromes of COVID-19
4.1.1 Symptoms features of ordinary types of COVID-19
4.1.1.1 The chief cause
4.1.1.2 Deterioration of clinical symptoms
4.1.1.3 Disturbance of lung in dispersing the qi
4.1.2 Treatment features of ordinary types of COVID-19
4.1.2.1 The main task
4.1.2.2 Necessary to dispel external pathogens
4.1.2.3 Damp remains one of the main pathogens
4.1.2.4 Precautions should be taken in the treatment
4.1.2.5 The spleen and stomach should be cared for
4.1.2.6 Damp and heat should be treated simultaneously
4.1.2.7 Tonic is not needed
4.1.2.8 Personalized treatment is essential
4.1.2.9 Emotions need to be managed
4.1.2.10 Prevention should not be forgotten
4.1.2.11 Combination of TCM and modern medicine
4.2 TCM Treatment
4.2.1 Invasion of wind-cold with damp and toxins
4.2.2 Invasion of wind-heat with damp and toxins
4.2.3 Invasion of cold-damp and toxins
4.2.4 Invasion of toxic heat
4.2.5 Invasion of damp-heat and toxins
4.2.6 Accumulation of heat in the lung
4.2.7 Accumulation of phlegm-heat in the lung
4.2.8 Accumulation of cold-phlegm in the lung
4.2.9 Symptomatic managements
4.2.9.1 Fever
4.2.9.2 Dry cough
4.2.9.3 Muscular pain
4.2.9.4 Fatigue
4.2.9.5 Dysfunction of the throat and nose
4.2.9.6 Skin rashes
4.2.9.7 Abdominal pain and diarrhea
5 TCM Treatment of Severe Syndromes of COVID-19
5.1 TCM Analysis of Severe Syndromes of COVID-19
5.1.1 Diagnosis of severe syndromes of COVID-19
5.1.1.1 Diagnosis criteria
5.1.1.2 Viral variants related to severe cases
5.1.1.3 TCM diagnosis systems
5.1.1.4 Variety of clinical patterns in the severe stage
5.1.1.5 General TCM management
5.1.2 Pathogenesis characteristics of severe and critical syndromes
5.1.2.1 Complexity
5.1.2.2 Changeability
5.1.2.3 Severity
5.1.2.4 Lung impairment
5.1.3 Treatment precautions
5.1.3.1 Acupuncture treatment
5.1.3.2 Personalized prescription
5.1.3.3 Patent remedies
5.1.3.4 Close observation
5.1.3.5 Avoid a fixed prescription
5.1.3.6 Always consider the lung
5.2 TCM Treatment
5.2.1 Exterior cold with interior heat
5.2.1.1 Exterior cold with interior excessive heat
5.2.1.2 Invasion of cold-damp to the lung and wei system with an accumulation of excessive heat in the lung and stomach
5.2.1.3 Incomplete elimination of exterior cold, which transferred to heat and entered the interior
5.2.1.4 Exterior cold with the formation of deficient heat
5.2.2 Exterior heat with interior cold
5.2.3 Exterior cold with interior cold fluid
5.2.4 Invasion of pathogens to Shaoyang channel
5.2.5 Accumulation of heat in the lung and stomach
5.2.6 Accumulation of phlegm-heat in the lung
5.2.7 Accumulation and blockage of damp in the lung and stomach
5.2.8 Accumulation of damp-heat in the middle Jiao
5.2.9 Accumulation of excessive heat in the Yangming
5.2.9.1 Formation of heat in the Yangming channel
5.2.9.2 Formation of Yangming fu excess
5.2.10 Decline of Yang from the heart and kidney
6 TCM Treatment of COVID-19 at Convalescent Stage
6.1 TCM Analysis of COVID-19 at Convalescent Stage
6.1.1 Definition
6.1.2 Timeline of convalescence of COVID-19
6.1.3 Convalescence is defined differently for each patient
6.1.4 Features of convalescence of COVID-19
6.1.4.1 Variation of convalescence duration
6.1.4.2 Necessity of further close observation
6.1.4.3 Duration of remained positive PCR tests
6.1.4.4 Relapse of possible PCR tests
6.1.4.5 Continuation of medical care
6.1.4.6 Maintenance of personal hygiene
6.1.4.7 Difference in non-severe and severe patients
6.1.5 Importance of convalescence
6.1.5.1 Combating between zheng-qi and xie-qi
6.1.5.2 Acceleration of recovery procedures
6.1.5.3 Prevention of pathological condition deterioration
6.1.5.4 Possible donation of convalescent plasma
6.1.6 Principles of treatment at convalescent stage
6.1.6.1 General aims of treatment
6.1.6.2 Elimination of remaining pathogens
6.1.6.3 Consideration of individuality
6.2 TCM Treatment
6.2.1 Incomplete elimination of damp and toxins
6.2.2 Impairment of qi by toxic heat
6.2.3 Obstruction of qi and blood circulation
6.2.4 Deficiency of qi of lung and spleen
6.2.5 Deficiency of qi and yin
7 TCM Treatment of Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccines
7.1 TCM Analysis of Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccines
7.1.1 Invasion of wind-cold to the Taiyang
7.1.2 Invasion to the Shaoyang
7.1.3 Invasion to the Yangming
7.1.4 Invasion of toxic heat
7.1.5 Prolonged chronic illness and weak constitution
7.2 TCM Treatment
7.2.1 Invasion of wind-cold to the Taiyang
7.2.2 Invasion to the Shaoyang
7.2.3 Invasion of wind-heat into Yangming
7.2.4 Invasion of toxic heat
7.2.5 Patients with chronic illness and/or weak constitution
8 COVID-19 Case Study
8.1 Case 1
8.2 Case 2
8.3 Case 3
8.4 Case 4
8.5 Case 5
9 Generalization of Long COVID
9.1 Definition
9.2 Timeline of Post-acute COVID-19
9.3 Percentage of Post-acute COVID-19 Syndromes
9.4 Symptoms
9.4.1 Damage to the lungs
9.4.2 Damage to liver and kidney
9.4.3 Damage to the brain
9.4.4 Damage to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems
9.4.5 Damage to gastrointestinal and skin
9.5 Treatment in Modern Medicine
9.6 General TCM Aspects of Post COVID-19 Syndromes
9.6.1 TCM views on conventional medical managements
9.6.2 Pathogenesis
9.6.3 Pathogenic features of post-COVID syndromes
9.6.4 Principle of treatment
9.6.5 Treatment focus
9.6.6 Precautions of the herbal treatment
9.6.7 Precautions of the acupuncture treatment
10 Meridian Palpation Treatment for COVID-19 and Long COVID Conditions
10.1 Method of the Meridian Palpation Differentiation
10.2 Application of Meridian Palpation in COVID-19 Setting
10.2.1 Interrogation
10.2.1.1 Location of the relevant main symptom
10.2.1.2 Features and characteristic patterns of the symptom
10.2.1.3 Information associated with constitution and overall, eight principle differential diagnosis
10.2.2 Pulse reading
10.2.3 Tongue reading
10.2.4 Inspection of body surface and meridians
10.2.5 Touching/sensing
10.2.6 Palpation
10.2.6.1 Rating of pain/sensitivity upon pressure
10.2.6.2 Rating of hollowness upon pressure
10.2.7 Differential diagnosis by meridian palpation
10.2.8 Test treatment, conclusion, and formal treatment
10.2.9 Final treatment
10.3 Strategy of Meridian Selection and Point Decision
10.3.1 Procedure of test treatment and the point decision
10.3.2 The four main principles for point selection on test treatment
10.3.2.1 Principle 1: No pain, no treatment
10.3.2.2 Principle 2: No hollowness, no treatment
10.3.2.3 Principle 3: No response/effect no treatment
10.3.2.4 Principle 4: If there is no effect on the sensitized point, balance on its coupled meridian
10.4 Understanding COVID-19 by Meridian Palpation
10.4.1 COVID-19 infection and its complexity in view of meridian palpation system
10.4.1.1 The disease has a logical line of development in TCM understanding
10.4.1.2 Yang meridians are believed to be more related to the immunity function of the body
10.4.1.3 The state of qi-blood-yin-yang
10.4.1.4 The pathological product
10.4.2 Interpretation on common clinical presentations of COVID-19 infection and diagnostic advice on meridian palpation
10.4.2.1 Fatigue
10.4.2.2 Shortness of breath, chest pain or tightness
10.4.2.3 Brain fog
10.4.2.4 Difficulty sleeping
10.4.2.5 Heart palpitations
10.4.2.6 Dizziness
10.4.2.7 Pins and needles
10.4.2.8 Joint pain
10.4.2.9 Depression and anxiety
10.4.2.10 Tinnitus and earaches
10.4.2.11 Feeling sick, diarrhea, stomach aches, loss of appetite
10.4.2.12 A high temperature, cough, headache, sore throat, change to sense of smell or taste
10.4.2.13 Skin rashes
10.5 Case Study
11 TCM Treatment of Long COVID
11.1 Fatigue
11.1.1 TCM understanding of Long COVID associated fatigue
11.1.1.1 Accumulation of damp-phlegm
11.1.1.2 Emotional disorders
11.1.1.3 Deficiency of qi and yang
11.1.1.4 Deficiency of blood and yin
11.1.2 TCM treatment of Long COVID-associated fatigue
11.1.2.1 Accumulation of damp-phlegm
11.1.2.2 Stagnation of qi
11.1.2.3 Deficiency of qi and yang
11.1.2.4 Deficiency of yin
11.2 Breathlessness
11.2.1 TCM’s understanding of Long COVID-associated breathlessness
11.2.1.1 Incomplete elimination of external pathogenic factors
11.2.1.2 Accumulation of damp-phlegm
11.2.1.3 Stagnation of qi
11.2.1.4 Deficiency of qi
11.2.2 TCM treatment of Long COVID-associated breathlessness
11.2.2.1 Incomplete elimination of external pathogenic factors
11.2.2.2 Accumulation of damp-phlegm
11.2.2.3 Stagnation of qi
11.2.2.4 Stagnation of blood
11.2.2.5 Deficiency of qi
11.3 Joint Pain
11.3.1 TCM understanding of Long COVID-associated joint pain
11.3.1.1 Incomplete elimination of external pathogenic factors
11.3.1.2 Accumulation of damp in the body
11.3.1.3 Stagnation of qi and blood
11.3.1.4 Deficiency of qi and blood
11.3.2 TCM treatment of Long COVID-associated joint pain
11.3.2.1 Incomplete elimination of external pathogenic factors
11.3.2.2 Accumulation of damp-phlegm
11.3.2.3 Stagnation of qi and blood
11.3.2.4 Deficiency of qi and blood
11.4 Chest Pain
11.4.1 TCM understanding of Long COVID-associated chest pain
11.4.1.1 Incomplete elimination of external pathogenic factors
11.4.1.2 Accumulation of damp-phlegm
11.4.1.3 Emotional disturbance
11.4.1.4 Deficiency of qi and yang
11.4.2 TCM treatment of Long COVID-associated chest pain
11.4.2.1 Blockage of the chest-yang by external pathogenic factors
11.4.2.2 Accumulation of damp-phlegm
11.4.2.3 Stagnation of qi
11.4.2.4 Stagnation of blood
11.4.2.5 Deficiency of qi and yang
11.5 Headache
11.5.1 TCM understanding of Long COVID-associated headache
11.5.1.1 Incomplete elimination of external pathogenicfactors
11.5.1.1 Incomplete elimination of external pathogenic factors
11.5.1.2 Emotional disturbance
11.5.1.3 Accumulation of damp-phlegm
11.5.1.4 Deficiency of qi and blood
11.5.2 TCM treatment of Long COVID-associated headache
11.5.2.1 Disturbed head by external wind-damp
11.5.2.2 Stagnation of liver-qi
11.5.2.3 Flaring up of liver-fire
11.5.2.4 Stagnation of Blood
11.5.2.5 Blockage of the clear-yang by damp-phlegm
11.5.2.6 Deficiency of qi
11.5.2.7 Deficiency of blood
11.6 Myalgia
11.6.1 TCM understanding of Long COVID-associated myalgia
11.6.1.1 Remaining external pathogenic factors
11.6.1.2 Accumulation of damp in the body
11.6.1.3 Emotional disturbance
11.6.1.4 Deficiency of qi and blood
11.6.2 TCM treatment of Long COVID-associated myalgia
11.6.2.1 Remaining external pathogenic factors
11.6.2.2 Accumulation of damp-phlegm in the spleen
11.6.2.3 Stagnation of qi and blood
11.6.2.4 Deficiency of qi and blood
11.7 Cough
11.7.1 TCM understanding of Long COVID-associated cough
11.7.1.1 Incomplete elimination of external pathogenic factors
11.7.1.2 Accumulation of damp-phlegm
11.7.1.3 Deficiency of qi or yin
11.7.2 TCM treatment of COVID-19-associated cough
11.7.2.1 Remaining some external pathogenic factors
11.7.2.2 Accumulation of phlegm-turbidity in the lung
11.7.2.3 Accumulation of phlegm-heat in the lung
11.7.2.4 Deficiency of lung-qi
11.7.2.5 Deficiency of lung-yin
11.8 Loss of Smell and Taste
11.8.1 TCM understanding of Long COVID-associated LST
11.8.1.1 Dysfunction of meridians
11.8.1.2 Disturbance to the Brain-Shen
11.8.1.3 Impairment of zang-fu organs
11.8.2 TCM treatment of Long COVID-associated LST
11.8.2.1 Promote the function of the meridians
11.8.2.2 Symptomatic local treatment
11.8.2.3 Auxiliary techniques
11.8.2.4 Regulation of relevant meridians
11.8.2.5 Regulation of internal zang-fu organs
11.8.2.6 Calm the Brain-Shen and open the clear orifices
11.9 Sicca Syndrome
11.9.1 TCM understanding of Long COVID-associated Sicca syndrome
11.9.1.1 Remaining of toxic fire
11.9.1.2 Emotional disturbance
11.9.1.3 Deficiency of yin and blood
11.9.2 TCM treatment of Long COVID-associated Sicca syndrome
11.9.2.1 Hyperactivity of toxic fire
11.9.2.2 Deficiency of yin
11.9.2.3 Deficiency of blood
11.10 Rhinitis
11.10.1 TCM understanding of Long COVID-associated rhinitis
11.10.1.1 Incomplete elimination of wind-cold
11.10.1.2 Weakness of qi in the lung and spleen
11.10.1.3 Formation of phlegm-heat
11.10.2 TCM treatment of Long COVID-associated rhinitis
11.10.2.1 Remaining external pathogenic factors
11.10.2.2 Deficiency of qi of the lung and spleen
11.10.2.3 Accumulation of phlegm-heat in the lung and nose
11.11 Red Eyes
11.11.1 TCM understanding of Long COVID-associated red eyes
11.11.1.1 Remaining toxins and heat in the blood
11.11.1.2 Disturbance of the emotions
11.11.1.3 Accumulation of damp-heat in the liver
11.11.1.4 Prolonged sickness or weak constitution
11.11.2 TCM treatment of Long COVID-associated red eyes
11.11.2.1 Accumulation of toxic heat in the blood
11.11.2.2 Flaming of liver-fire
11.11.2.3 Accumulation of damp-heat in the liver
11.11.2.4 Deficiency of the yin of the liver and kidney
11.12 Sputum Production
11.12.1 TCM understanding of Long COVID-associated sputum production
11.12.1.1 Incomplete elimination of external pathogenic factors
11.12.1.2 Accumulation of damp-phlegm
11.12.1.3 Accumulation of damp with stagnation of blood
11.12.1.4 Deficiency of qi or yang
11.12.2 TCM treatment of Long COVID-associated sputum production
11.12.2.1 Incomplete elimination of external damp
11.12.2.2 Accumulation of phlegm-turbidity
11.12.2.3 Mixture of damp with stagnant blood
11.12.2.4 Deficiency of qi and yang
11.13 Loss of Appetite
11.13.1 TCM understanding of Long COVID-associated loss of appetite
11.13.1.1 Accumulation of damp-phlegm
11.13.1.2 Emotional disorders
11.13.1.3 Deficiency of qi or yang
11.13.2 TCM treatment of Long COVID-associated loss of appetite
11.13.2.1 Accumulation of damp-phlegm
11.13.2.2 Disharmony between the liver and stomach
11.13.2.3 Deficiency of qi and yang of the spleen
11.14 Sore Throat
11.14.1 TCM understanding of Long COVID-associated sore throat
11.14.1.1 Incomplete elimination of external pathogenic factors
11.14.1.2 Accumulation of damp-phlegm
11.14.1.3 Disturbance of the emotions
11.14.1.4 Formation of internal heat
11.14.1.5 Prolonged sickness or weak constitution
11.14.2 TCM treatment of Long COVID-associated sore throat
11.14.2.1 Remaining toxic heat
11.14.2.2 Accumulation of damp-phlegm in the throat
11.14.2.3 Stagnation of liver-qi
11.14.2.4 Hyperactivity of stomach-fire
11.14.2.5 Deficiency of lung-yin
11.15 Dizziness
11.15.1 TCM understanding of Long COVID-associated dizziness
11.15.1.1 Emotional disturbance
11.15.1.2 Blockage of clear-yang by damp-phlegm
11.15.1.3 Deficiency of qi and blood
11.15.2 TCM treatment of Long COVID associated dizziness
11.15.2.1 Stagnation of liver-qi
11.15.2.2 Flaring-up of liver-fire
11.15.2.3 Blockage of the clear-yang by damp-phlegm
11.15.2.4 Deficiency of qi
11.15.2.5 Deficiency of blood
11.16 Diarrhea
11.16.1 TCM understanding of Long COVID-associated diarrhea
11.16.1.1 Incomplete elimination of external pathogenic factors
11.16.1.2 Emotional disturbance
11.16.1.3 Accumulation of damp-phlegm
11.16.1.4 Deficiency of qi or yang
11.16.2 TCM treatment of Long COVID-associated diarrhea
11.16.2.1 Incomplete elimination of cold-damp
11.16.2.2 Accumulation of damp-phlegm in the spleen
11.16.2.3 Disharmony between the liver and spleen
11.16.2.4 Deficiency of spleen-qi
11.16.2.5 Deficiency of yang of the spleen and kidney
11.16.2.6 Deficiency of yang of the heart and spleen
11.17 Psychological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders
11.17.1 TCM understanding of Long COVID-associated psychological and neuropsychiatric disorders
11.17.1.1 Disorders of xing
11.17.1.2 Disorder of qi
11.17.1.3 Disorder of shen
11.17.2 TCM treatment of Long COVID-associated psychological and neuropsychiatric disorders
11.17.2.1 The strategy of herbal treatment
11.17.2.1.1 Remaining external pathogenic factors
11.17.2.1.2 Accumulation of damp-phlegm
11.17.2.1.3 Stagnation of liver-qi
11.17.2.1.4 Disturbance of heart and gallbladder by damp-heat
11.17.2.1.5 Deficiency of qi and blood
11.17.2.1.6 Deficiency of yin
11.17.2.2 The strategy of acupuncture treatment
11.17.2.2.1 Adjustment of xing
11.17.2.2.2 Regulation of qi
11.17.2.2.3 Stabilization of shen
11.18 Excessive Sweating
11.18.1 TCM understanding of Long COVID-associated excessive sweating
11.18.1.1 Disturbance of ying and wei systems
11.18.1.2 Deficiency of qi and yin
11.18.1.3 Accumulation of excessive heat
11.18.1.4 Formation of damp-heat
11.18.2 TCM treatment of Long COVID-associated excessive sweating
11.18.2.1 Disharmony between ying and wei
11.18.2.2 Deficiency of qi
11.18.2.3 Deficiency of qi and yin
11.18.2.3 Deficiency of qi and yin
11.18.2.4 Deficiency of yin with hyperactivity of deficient fire
11.18.2.5 Accumulation of internal heat
11.18.2.6 Accumulation of damp-heat
11.19 Sleep Disorders
11.19.1 TCM understanding of Long COVID-associated sleep disorders
11.19.1.1 Incomplete elimination of external pathogenic factors
11.19.1.2 Emotional disturbance
11.19.1.3 Accumulation of damp-heat
11.19.1.4 Deficiency of qi, blood, yin, and yang
11.19.2 TCM treatment of Long COVID-associated sleep disorders
11.19.2.1 Disturbed head by external damp
11.19.2.2 Stagnation of qi in the liver and heart
11.19.2.3 Hyperactivity of fire of the liver and heart
11.19.2.4 Stagnation of blood
11.19.2.5 Disturbance of damp-heat to the gallbladder and heart
11.19.2.6 Deficiency of qi of lung and heart
11.19.2.7 Deficiency of heart-blood
11.19.2.8 Deficiency of heart-yin with hyperactivity of deficient fire
11.20 Hearing Loss or Tinnitus
11.20.1 TCM understanding of Long COVID associated hearing loss or tinnitus
11.20.1.1 Damage to the collaterals by external pathogenic factors
11.20.1.2 Emotional disturbance
11.20.1.3 Blockage of the ear by damp-phlegm
11.20.1.4 Deficiency of qi and blood
11.20.2 TCM treatment of Long COVID associated hearing loss or tinnitus
11.20.2.1 Damage to the collaterals by external pathogenic factors
11.20.2.2 Stagnation of liver-qi
11.20.2.3 Flaring-up of liver-fire
11.20.2.4 Blockage of the clear-yang by damp-phlegm
11.20.2.5 Deficiency of qi and blood
11.21 Brain Fog
11.21.1 TCM understanding of Long COVID-associated brain fog
11.21.1.1 Blockage of clear-yang by damp-phlegm
11.21.1.2 Emotional disturbance
11.21.1.3 Deficiency of qi, blood and kidney-jing
11.21.2 TCM treatment of Long COVID-associated brain fog
11.21.2.1 Blockage of the clear-yang by damp-phlegm
11.21.2.2 Stagnation of liver-qi
11.21.2.3 Deficiency of qi
11.21.2.4 Deficiency of blood
11.22 Hair Loss
11.22.1 TCM understanding of Long COVID-associated hair loss
11.22.1.1 Emotional disturbance
11.22.1.2 Blockage of the collaterals by damp-phlegm
11.22.1.3 Stagnation of blood
11.22.1.4 Deficiency of qi, blood and kidney-jing
11.22.2 TCM treatment of Long COVID-associated hair loss
11.22.2.1 Stagnation of liver-qi
11.22.2.2 Blockage of the collaterals by damp-phlegm
11.22.2.3 Stagnation of blood
11.22.2.4 Deficiency of qi
11.22.2.5 Deficiency of blood
12 Long COVID Case Study
12.1 Case 1
12.2 Case 2
12.3 Case 3
12.4 Case 4
12.5 Case 5
12.6 Case 6