The Palgrave Handbook of Servant Leadership

Foreword
References
Prolegomenon
References
Contents
About the Editor-in-Chief
About the Editor
Contributors
1 Gandhi
Introduction
Servant Leadership Construct
Servant Leadership: The Choice Approach for Present Times
Selfless Service: The True Art of Servant Leadership
Gandhi: Humility As a Key Servant Leadership Virtue
What Is Humility?
Humility: The Touchstone of Great Leadership
Bhagavad Gītā: Source of Inspiration for Gandhi´s Servant Leadership
Gandhi: Warrior of Spirit and Spirit of a Warrior
The Bhagavad Gītā: Gandhi´s Moral and Spiritual Anchorage
Leading by Example
The Path of Selfless Action (Karma Yoga)
The Gītā, Gandhi, Selfless Service, and Servant Leadership
Service First: How Did Gandhi Converted Knowledge into Conviction?
The Gita, Gandhi, and Leadership Lessons
The Gītā, Gandhi, and the Sage of Steady Wisdom
Dispelling Two Major Myths About Gandhi
Gandhi: Servant Leadership Lessons
Concluding Thoughts
Chapter End Reflection Questions
Cross-References
References
2 Servant Leadership and Its Vulnerability
Servant Leadership Is a Good Thing
Six Cautionary Tales: When Servant Leadership Goes Badly
Criticisms and Negative Outcomes
Negative Outcomes from Similar Leadership Styles
Potential Curvilinear Effects
Cultural Differences
Walking the Line
Summary
References
3 The Makings of a Servant Leader
Introduction
What Is Servant Leadership and What Is Known About Its Antecedents?
What Makes for a Servant Leader?
Current Perspectives on Servant Leadership Antecedents
Emotional Intelligence
Desire to Lead/Serve Others
Moral Cognitive Development
Prosocial Identity
Core Self-Evaluation
Narcissism (Low)
Other Individual Differences
Expanding the Nomological Net of Servant Leadership
Traits Associated with Overcoming the Challenges of Servant Leadership
Courage
Traits Associated with Putting Others First
Alternative Models of Personality: Dark and Light Traits
The Dark Triad
The Light Triad
Considering the Influence of Personal and Cultural Values on Servant Leadership
Personal Values
Cultural Values
Humane Orientation
Power Distance
Future Orientation
Future Directions
Summary
Cross-References
References
4 Jesus and Servant-Leadership in the Gospels
Summary
Cross-References
References
5 Servant Leadership and Employees´ Well-Being
Introduction
Servant Leadership
Servant Leadership Contrasted with Positively Deviant Leadership, Benevolent Leadership, Paternalistic Leadership, and Authent...
Passionate
Values Alignment
The Role of Calling in Person-Job Fit
Role of Training and Development
Peaceful
Work-Life Balance and the Connection to Human Flourishing
Safety in the Workplace: Physical, Emotional, and Spiritual Safety
Physical Safety
Emotional Safety
Spiritual Safety
Role of Communication About Expectations, Standards, and Ethical Behavior in the Organization
Dialogue Rather than Dictatorial Communication
Communication as a Means of Building Organizational Identity and Cohesion
Servant Leaders´ Communication
Productive
Avoiding the Peter Principle
Avoiding Burnout
The Contribution of Skill Variety to Avoiding Burnout
Promotion for a Season
Summary
References
6 The Will to Serve
Introduction
Literature Review
Selflessness as the Contemplative Approach and Deliberative Mind-Set of Servant Leaders
The Excellence of Lord Shree Rama as the Foremost Servant Leader of Humanity
Evolving the Philanthropic Orientation of Servant Leaders and Its Compliance with Modern Approach
Seva (Service) as a Prosperous Perspective to Exert Transformation Through Leadership
Glorifying the Characteristics of Saints as Absolute Servant Leaders
Conclusion
Reflection Questions
Lessons
Cross-References
References
7 Developing an Other-Focus
Developing an Other-Focus: A Servant Leadership Oriented Assessment, Challenge, and Support Model of Leadership Development
Servant Leadership: What It Is and Isn´t
Servant Leadership: Processes and Outcomes
Leadership Development and Servant Leadership
Integrating ACS and with Servant Leadership Orientation: How the SLO Other-Orientation Model Reorients Theory and Challenges
Refocusing the Leadership Development Process
Primacy of LMX
Followership from an SL Perspective
Trait Theory from an SLO Perspective
Behavioral Theories from an SLO Balance Perspective
Situational/Path-Goal Theory in an SLO-LD Model
Transformational Leadership in an SLO-LD Model
Self-Awareness in an SLO-LD
Shared Leadership: A Long-Term Goal of SL Is to Create a Cycle of Other-Oriented Leadership
Pilot Implementation of a Servant Leadership Oriented Assessment, Challenge, and Support model of Leadership Development (SLO-...
An SLO-ACS LD Model in Special Populations of Leaders
Survivors of Human Trafficking
Autistic Populations
Police and Those They Serve
Summary
Cross-References
References
8 The Paradox of the Biblical Servant Leadership and American Presidency in the Context of American Evangelical Christianity
Introduction
American Evangelical Christianity and American Presidency
Evangelicals and the 45th President of the United States
American Evangelicalism, Civil Religion, and Christian Nationalism
Biblical Servant Leadership
Conclusion
References
9 Servant Leadership During a Struggle for Political Freedom
Introduction
Defining Servant Leadership
Attributes and Characteristics of Servant Leaders
Service to Others
Promoting a Sense of Community
Sharing of Power in Decision-Making
Holistic Approach to Work
Servant Leaders in Research, Biography, and Psychobiography
Psychobiography
Methodology
Research Design
The Psychobiographical Subject: Albertina Sisulu (1918-2011)
Early Influences
Marriage and Family
Early Political Career
Walter´s Life Sentence
Data Collection, Analysis, and Reporting
Ethical Considerations
Findings and Discussion
Being of Service to Others
Promoting a Sense of Community
Sharing Decision-Making Power
Adopting a Holistic Approach to Work
Conclusions and Recommendations
Cross-References
References
10 Triguna Principles of the Gita and the Art of Servant Leadership
Introduction
Servant Leadership and the Gita
Formulating a Three Energy Framework
Influence of Guna: An Example
Areas of Work Based on the Three-Energy Framework
Sattvic Area of Work
Rajasic Area of Work
Tamasic Area of Work
Karma-Orientation Based on Triguna
Knowledge Orientation and Triguna
Sattvic Knowledge Orientation
Rajasic Knowledge Orientation
Tamasic Knowledge Orientation
Power Orientation and Triguna
Sattvic Power Orientation
Rajasic Power Orientation
Tamasic Power Orientation
Wealth Orientation and Triguna
Sattvic Wealth Orientation
Rajasic Wealth Orientation
Tamasic Wealth Orientation
Skill Orientation and Triguna
Sattvic Skill Orientation
Rajasic Skill Orientation
Tamasic Skill Orientation
Using the Three-Energy Framework for the Study of Leadership Styles
Leadership Focus Based on Triguna
Sattvic Leadership: Service-Oriented
Rajasic Leadership: Result-Oriented
Tamasic Leadership: Performance-Oriented
Leadership Focus Based on Karma-Orientation
Karma-Guna Model of Leadership Styles
Summary
Cross-References
References
11 Narendra Modi
Introduction
Brief Profile of Narendra Modi
Earlier Research on MR. Narendra Modi´s Leadership
Using the Servant Leadership Behavior Scale (SLBS) Model
Voluntary Subordination
Being a Servant
Acts of Service
Authentic Self
Covenantal Relationship
Responsible Morality
Transcendental Spirituality
Transforming Influence
Summary
Cross-References
References
12 The New Servant Leader
Introduction and Background
Research Question and Significance of the Study
Research Question
Significance of the Study
Conceptual Overview and Theoretical Grounding
Foundations of Servant Leadership Theory and Practice
Global Application of Servant Leadership
Altruism and Motivation of Servant Leaders
Servant Leadership and Ethics
Servant Leadership and Followership
Pandemic-Era Servant Leadership
The Citizen Voice on Post-Pandemic Servant Leadership: A Preliminary Research Study
Overview
Methodology
Findings and Analysis
Key Finding: Overall Result
Key Finding: Servant Leadership Dimensions Result
Key Finding: Individual Servant Leadership Traits Ranking
Implications
Opportunities for Further Research
Summary
References
13 Servant Leadership and Spirituality
Introduction
Servant Leadership Overview
Servant Leadership and Spirituality
Spiritual Traditions
Christianity
Christianity: The Black Baptist Church
Spiritual Traditions: Eastern
Spirituality: Womanism
Servant Leadership and Healing
Intersections of Servant Leadership and World Affairs
Summary
Cross-References
References
14 Developing Servant Leaders in Business
Introduction
The Psychology of the Servant Leader
Leading and Following
Servant Leader as Coach
The Relational Servant Leader
Leading with Purpose Through Happiness
Creating a Culture of Psychological Safety
The Four Key Underpinning Principles
Key Principle One: Self-Realization
Key Principle Two: Holistic Connections
Key Principle Three: Collective Leadership
Key Principle Four: Meaningful Purpose
Summary
References
15 The Role of Servant Leaders in Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development
Role of Leadership in Sustainable Development
What Is Servant Leadership?
Characteristics of Servant Leadership That Can Aid in Sustainable Development
How Can Servant Leaders Drive Organizations Toward Sustainable Development?
Summary
References
16 Servant Leadership and Its Relation to Ethics and Morality
Ethics and Morality
Ethical Decision-Making and Ethical Behavior
Ethical Decision Criteria and Ethical Theories
Moral Development
Kohlberg´s Stages of Moral Development
Leadership
Trait Theories of Leadership
Behavioral Theories
Contingency Theories
Types of Leadership
Transformational Leadership
Charismatic Leadership
Democratic Leadership
Laissez-Faire Leadership
Authentic Leadership
Ethical Leadership
Leadership Styles´ Relation with Stages of Moral Development
Servant Leadership
Servant Leadership and Ethics and Morality
Summary and Discussion
Cross-References
References
17 Behind the Great Wall
Background and Introduction
The Program and the Course
The Students
Servant Leadership Development
Culture and Context
Chinese Education
Chinese ``Face Culture´´
Chinese Nonprofit Organizations
The Projects
Identifying Partners
Weekend of Service
Facilitating Student Engagement and Learning
Student Deliverables
Project Examples
Action of the Green Giants
Mockingbird
Love Relay
T-Shirts for Kids
The Challenges of Servant Leadership in a Chinese Context
Institutional Support
Partner Organization Regulations and Protocol
Community Support
Lessons and Rewards
Recommendations
Chapter Summary
Cross-References
References
18 A Servant Leader´s Guide to Maximizing the Potential of Diverse Teams
Introduction
Review of the Literature
The Opportunity of Leading Groups
Servant Leaders and Groups
Identity, Leaders, and Groups
Methodology
Theoretical Framework
Sample
Findings
The Self-Actualized Approach of Leading
Servant Leadership: A Variable for Inclusive Leadership and Spirituality at Work
Servant Leadership: Emergence Throughout the Study
The Servant Leader´s Toolbox: Strategies for Achieving a Self-Actualized Organization
Generational Differences
Conclusion
Summary
References
19 The Yin-Yang Mind of Servant Leadership
Introduction
Servant Leadership Practice in East Asia
Servant Leadership: The Universal Model of Intercultural Leadership Practice
Servant Leadership Behaviors (Outer Layer)
The Core Value of Servant Leadership: Achieve Proper Order Without Interfering (Wuwei Erzhi) (Middle Layer)
The Cultural DNA of Servant Leadership: Yin-Yang Doctrine (Inner Layer)
From Servant Leader to Servant Leadings
Human Becoming Theory
Conceptual Model of Servant Leadership Transforming Process
Summary
References
20 The Servant Leadership Style of Successful Women Leaders in Entrepreneurship
Introduction to Leadership
Servant Leadership in Women
Behaviors and Elements
Gender Differences in Servant Leadership
Servant Leadership and Women Leaders
Women Leaders in Business
Characteristics of Women in Business
Women´s Leadership Traits and Characteristics
Emotional Intelligence
Servant Leadership and EQ
Women in Business, Entrepreneurship, and Corporations
Small Business Ownership
The Definition of Entrepreneurship
Women and Corporate Leadership Experience
Cultural Competence in Women in Business
Summary
References
21 The Value and Impact of Servant Leadership Discourse in Church Leadership Studies
Introduction
The Broader Field of Religious Leadership
Paradigm Changes in Church Leadership
The Servant Leadership Motif as a Response to the Paradigm Shift
Chapter Overview
Selected Responses to the Servant Leadership Model
The Use of the Servant Leadership Motif in Church Contexts
The Role of Servant Leadership in the Education and Training of Church Leaders
Empirical Studies Using Servant Leadership in Church Contexts
Theologically Motivated Responses to Servant Leadership
Critical to the Point of Rejection
Enthusiastic to the Point of Biblical Endorsement
Critical Correlation and Adaptation
Complexifying the Reality of Servant Leadership and Church Leadership
Tensions in the Dialogue Between Servant Leadership and Church Leadership
Servanthood as a Contraindication of Status and Position
Power and Authority in Servant Leadership and Church Leadership
Servant Leadership in the Wider Context of Church Leadership Studies
A Promise of Institutional Renewal?
Conclusions: Areas for Further Development
The Need for Hermeneutical Reflection
The Need for Historical and Cultural Sensitivity
The Need for Methodological Precision
The Need for Conceptual Clarity
An Educational Vision for Church Leadership Training
Cross-References
References
22 Advancing Servant Leadership Among College-Aged Youth
Part I: Why Post-Secondary Years are Ideal in Creating Servant Leaders
Introduction
Adoption Process
The Role of Educators in Producing Servant Leaders
Part II: Stepping Out of One´s Comfort Zone and Recognizing One´s Privilege
Stepping Out of One´s Comfort Zone
Recognizing One´s Privilege
Part III: Pedagogies of Service-Learning and Student Philanthropy as Tools to Build Servant Leaders
Two Historical Examples of Servant Leaders: Washington and Lincoln
Contemporary Servant Leadership
Service-Learning as a Pedagogy Supporting Servant Leadership Development
Student Philanthropy as a Pedagogy Supporting Servant Leadership Development
Summary
References
23 Servant Leadership and Frontline Outcomes
Introduction
Hypotheses
Servant Leadership and FLE Customer Orientation
Servant Leadership and Ethical Climate
Servant Leadership and FLE Felt Stress
Servant Leadership and Turnover Intentions
Servant Leadership and FLE Job Performance/Job Satisfaction
Method
Findings
Publication Bias
Post-Hoc Moderation Analyses
Discussion
References
24 The Entrepreneur as the Servant Leader of Markets and Beyond
Introduction
Servant Leadership and the Entrepreneur
The Servant Entrepreneur in the Marketplace
The Entrepreneurial Leader
Entrepreneurial Leadership: Vision and Time-Preference
Entrepreneurs and Marketplace Discovery
Servant Entrepreneurs as Path Builders
Servant Entrepreneurs as Human Capital Builders
Characteristics of the Servant Entrepreneur
Empirical Studies of Servant Leadership
Summary
References
25 A Human Resources View on Servant Leadership
Introduction
Human Resource Systems, Policies, and Practices
Servant Leadership
Empowering and Developing People
Humility
Authenticity
Interpersonal Acceptance
Providing Direction
Stewardship
Summary
Cross-References
References
26 The Moderating Effect of Emotional Intelligence on the Relationship Between Servant Leadership and Organizational Citizensh...
Introduction
Literature Review
Research Hypotheses
Method
Population and Sample
Results
Discussion
Tenure
Emotional Intelligence Variables as Moderators
Intrapersonal (IA) Variable as a Moderator
Interpersonal (IE) Variable as a Moderator
Adaptability (AD) Variable as a Moderator
General Mood (GM) Variable as a Moderator
Stress Management (SM) Variable as a Moderator
Theoretical Implications
Implication of Moderating Effect of Emotional Intelligence
Inverse Moderator Effect
Training Programs
Appendix
References
27 Ethical Foundations of Servant-Leadership Practice
Introduction
Some Consensus on Leadership
Some Consensus on Ethics
Servant-Leadership and Ethics
The Foundations of Ethics
Ethics as the Good Life
The Good Life as the Development of Moral Character
The Foundations of Servant-Leadership
Distinguishing Servant-Leadership
The Characteristics of a Servant-Leader
Virtue Ethics and Servant-Leadership
Virtue Ethics and the Servant Life
The Good Life as the Servant Life
The Moral Authority of the Servant-Leader
The Earnest Servant Nature
The Exercise of Moral Judgment
The Ethical Foundations of Servant-Leadership
References
28 Dialogue as Servant Leadership
Introduction
Dialogue, Religion, and Redemption
Dialogue as Service
Dialogue as Leadership
Conclusion
References
29 The History of Leadership Focus
The History of Leadership Focus: Servant Leadership´s Coming of Age
The History of Leadership Focus
Early Leader Theories
Great Man Theory (1840s)
Classical Management Theory (1880s and 1890s)
Trait Theory (1930s-1940s)
Scientific Management (1900s)
Hawthorne, Maslow, and Herzberg - Environment and Worker Needs
The Shift to Behavioral Factors
Behavioral Theories (1940s-1950s)
Transactional Leadership - Leader Focus on Performance (1940s)
Theory X and Theory Y (1960s)
Situational/Contingency Theory - The Circumstantial Focus (1960s)
The Shift to Organization and People Factors
Authentic Leadership Focus on the Leader
Transformational Leader´s Focus on the Organization
Servant Leadership and the Focus on the Followers (1970s)
The Next Generation of Leadership Theories
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
30 Teachers as Servant Leaders
Introduction
John Dewey and the Democratic Classroom
Paulo Freire and the Pedagogy of Freedom
Parker Palmer and the Education of the Spirit
An Overview of Servant-Leadership Philosophy
Servant-Leadership and Educational Philosophy
Servant-Leadership in the Classroom
Implications for Practice
Summary
Cross-References
References
31 Harmony-Wisdom and Soft-Listening
Harmony-Wisdom and Soft-Listening: Servant-Leader Values and Skills
Instinctual Harmonizing: Nine Rams on Alert
Servant-Leader Development
Disharmony and Harmony
Pathfinding-Foresight
Face-to-Face to Virtual Pathfinding-Foresight: D. Heiser
Heartfulness and Trust: D. Steer and A. Gierlach
Soft-Listening and Gestures
A Silent Gestured Introduction: C. Hassing
Practicing Soft-Listening: D. Heiser
Accessing Soft-Listening: D. Steer
A Virtual Embodied Lesson in How to Thaw a Stalemate: S. Lopez
Summary and Discussion
Cross-References
References
32 Servant Leadership Theory and Practice in Government Organizations
Introduction
Brief History of Servant Leadership
Servant Leadership vis à vis Other Leadership Approaches in Public Sector
Transformational Versus Servant Leadership
Ethical Versus Servant Leadership
Collaborative Versus Servant Leadership
Servant Leadership Versus Public Service Motivation
Servant Leadership in Government: Does Context Matter?
Research Studies on Servant Leadership in Public Sector
Servant Leadership and the Political and Administrative Roles of Government Leaders
Servant Leadership Theory in Government
Servant Leadership Practice in Government
Servant Leadership Competency Development Interventions
Servant Leadership Development Need Assessment
Servant Leadership Awareness
In-House Servant Leadership Development Program
Discussion
Summary
Cross-References
References
33 Followerfirst
Servant Leadership Theory
Servant Leadership
Elements of Servant Leadership
Exploring the Elements of Servant Leadership
Exploring the Unknown Elements of Servant Leadership
Expansion of Servant Leadership
Followership
Followerfirst Philosophy
Followerfirst as Servant Leader
Conclusion
References
34 Religious Identity and Servant Leadership
Introduction
Key General Leadership Decision-Making Principles of Religious Identity in Christian Servant Leadership
Theological Foundations of Christian Servant Leadership
General Research Support for Servant Leadership
Meta-Analyses, Systematic Reviews, Literature Reviews
Review of the Empirical Literature
Servant Leadership from the Lens of Religious Identity Research Through a Qualitative Study
Attribute 1: God Is the Leader
Attribute 2: Promote the Love of Man, Not the Fear of Man
Attribute 3: Servant Leader Accountability and Humility
Attribute 4: Active Listening as a Quality of Servant Leadership
Attribute 5, Servant Leader Trust
Conclusion
Cross References
References
35 The Influence of Religious Faith Beliefs on Servant Leadership in the Context of High Power Distance
Introduction
Literature Review
Servant Leadership
Faith, Religion, and Spirituality
Power Distance and Servant Leadership
Research Design and Methodology
Research Setting
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Findings
Theme 1: Interpretation of Faith Beliefs
Theme 2: Servant Leadership
Theme 3: Reducing the Leader-Follower Power Distance
Discussion
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
36 Servant Soldiers
Introduction
Literature Review
Servant Leadership in the Military
Conceptual Framework
Methodology
Results
Character
Servanthood
Stewardship
Employee Development
Discussion
Conclusion
Summary
Cross-References
Admiral Servant Leader Questions
References
37 Servant Leadership: A Critical Component in the Conservation of Natural Resources - An Intercultural Approach
Introduction
Bridging Cultures, Bridging Leadership
Case Study
Noh Bec
Leadership in Noh Bec: A Critical Component of Their Success
Which Leadership Model Is at Work in Noh Bec?
Final Considerations
Cross-References
References
38 Servant Leadership in Government Institutions
Introduction
The Nature of Bureaucracies: Weber´s Six Characteristics
Max Weber
Hierarchical Structure of Power and Authority
Specialized Division of Labor
Governed by Principles and Formal Rules
Provisions for Fulfillment of Duties and Execution of Corresponding Rights
Management Based on Written Documents
Impersonal Environment
An Introduction to Servant Leadership
Spears´ Ten Servant Leadership Characteristics
Listening
Empathy
Healing
Stewardship
Awareness
Persuasions
Conceptualizations
Foresight
Commitment to the Growth of the People
Building Community
Servant Leadership with Power and Authority in Government Institutions
Public Service Motivation
Advancements and Obstacles for the Servant Leader in Bureaucratic Environments
Conclusion
References
39 Servant Leadership and the Benevolent Ego
Servant Leadership a Historical Context
Developing the World After World War 2
The Rise of Humanistic Values
Leading in an Increasingly Complex World
The Fourth Discourse of Eco-leadership and the Need for a New Leadership Logic
What Does Complexity Thinking Mean for Leadership?
Leadership in the Context of Complexity Thinking
The Development of the Human Ego in History: A Few Clues
Defining the Human Ego
Ego: Friend or Foe of Good Leadership?
The Downsides and Traps of the Human Ego
Trapped in the Spider Web
Ego Development
The Ego Development Journey
The Stuck Ego
Individuation
The Mature (Benevolent) Ego
Ego Maturity Sparked by Crucible Moments
The Paradox of the Ego as Servant
Eco-leadership (Simon Western´s Fourth Discourse)
Intuitive Leadership
Suggestions for Developing a Benevolent Ego
Creating Awareness and Reframing
Spotting Opportunities
Identifying and Amplifying
Facilitate a Well-Designed Personal Development Program
Recognize and Reward Benevolent Servant Leadership
Summary
References
40 Ubuntu - ``I Am Because We Are´´
Background
Servant Leadership Scholarship in South Africa
Do Evidence of Measurement Variance Hold in South Africa?
South African Conceptualizations of Servant Leadership
Ubuntu
Ubuntu Personified: Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu
Ubuntu as Leadership Practice
Servant Leadership and Ubuntu: The Same or Different?
Implications for Multicultural Leadership Research and Practice
Implications for Research
Implications for Practices
Summary
Cross-Reference
References
41 A Self-Transcendence Model of Servant Leadership
Introduction: The Current Need for Existential Positive Psychology (EPP or PP2.0)
The Need for EPP
A Self-Transcendence Model of Servant Leadership and Good Work
The Need for Self-Transcendence (ST)
The Centrality of Meaning and Self-Transcendence
ST Provides a Moral Foundation for Leadership
ST Awakens the Spiritual Dimension in Individuals and Organizations
ST Emphasizes a Sense of Calling as the Most Important Motivation
ST Captures the Paradoxical Principles of Servant Leadership
The Rising Popularity of Servant Leadership
Recent Research on the Characteristics and Benefits of Servant Leadership
The Servant Leadership Profile-Revised
Method of Our Validity Study
Participants
Procedure
Data Analysis
Results
The Best Practices of Servant Leadership and Its Limitations
Conclusions
References
42 Servant Leadership During an Epoch of Accelerated Digital Disruption
Introduction
The Changing World of Work
Theory of Work Adjustment
Overview of Servant Leadership
Phases of Servant Leadership
Philosophy of Servant Leadership
Characteristics and Measurement of Servant Leadership
Servant Leadership Situated Within Theory of Work Adjustment
Servant Leadership and Theory of Work Adjustment: A Case Study
Summary
References
43 The Mission of Authority and Obedience
Introduction
Habitus
Managing God´s Business
Mission and Spiritualities
Reverse Mission
Habitus and Safety
Faciem Tuam
Consecration and the Search for the Will of God
Authority and Obedience in Community Life
In Mission
Serving and Diversity in Faciem Tuam
Habitus of Spiritual Leadership
Servant Leadership
Spirituality and Secularism
Summary
References
44 When Servant Leaders Use Adaptive Leadership Tactics for Deep, Sustainable Change
Introduction
Servant Leadership Defined
Adaptive Leadership Tactics
Integration of Servant and Adaptive Leadership
Summary
References
45 Perspectives on Servant Leadership
Overview and Purpose
Introduction
The Life of Sri Ramakrishna
Spiritual Development and Ministry
Ideas and Vision
Overview of Servant Leadership
Sri Ramakrishna as a Servant Leader
Applying Servant Leader Characteristics
The Servant Leader
Relational Ties and Follower Experiences
Follower Perceptions of Sri Ramakrishna During his Lifetime
Impact of Sri Ramakrishna on Individual and Societal Well-Being
Specific Impacts on Followers
Methods of Teaching and Communication
Key Achievements
Summary
Cross-References
References
46 Spirituality and Servant Leadership
Introduction
Leadership
Servant Leadership
Spirituality
Personal Reflection as a Corporate Leader; Explained Through Sendjayas´ Six Behaviors
Discussion on the Experiences as a Corporate Leader on Spirituality and Servant Eldership
Conclusion with Policy Recommendations
Summary
Recommendations
References
47 In the Service of the Planet
Introduction
Literature
Sustainability
Servant Leadership
Methods
Literature Searches
Empirical Investigation
Organization A
Organization B
Organization C
Findings
Literature Review
Servant Leadership in the Case Organizations
Characteristics of Servant Leadership in Sustainability-Driven Organizations
Empowering and developing people
Humility
Authenticity
Interpersonal Acceptance
Providing Direction
Stewardship
The Different Levels of Servant Leadership in Sustainability-Driven Organizations
Serving the Personnel
Serving the customers
Serving the Environment
Discussion
Summary
Cross-References
References
48 Teachers Called to Stewardship
Introduction
What Is Servant Leadership?
Ten Servant Leadership Ethics
Listening
Empathy
Healing
Awareness
Persuasion
Conceptualization
Foresight
Stewardship
Commitment to the Growth of the People
Building Community
Studies on Servant Leadership in K-12 Schools
Teacher Identity
Servant Leadership and Teachers: A Natural Fit
Teacher Service Translated to Practice
Discussion
Servant Leadership Ethics
How Can Schools Cultivate Servant Leadership?
Summary
Cross-References
References
49 Servant Leadership in a Nordic Healthcare Organization
Introduction
Background on Servant Leadership in Healthcare Organizations
Employees´ Perceptions of Servant Leadership in a Healthcare Organization
Employees´ Definitions of Servant Leadership in a Nordic Healthcare Organization
Employees´ Perceptions of Servant Leadership in a Nordic Healthcare Organization
Listening and Empathy
Stewardship and Healing
Ethical Awareness and Persuasion
Commitment to the Growth of People and Building Community
Conceptualization and Foresight
Summary
Conclusion
References
50 A CEO´s Perspective on Servant Leadership Adoption: Part 1 - Case Description
Introduction
Case Organization: EA Engineering, Science, and Technology, Inc., PBC
Interdisciplinarity
A Professional Service Firm with Environmental Professionals
Matrix Organization
Ownership and Executive Leadership History
Quality and Risk Management Systems
Setting the Psychosocial Stage
Enhancing the ``S´´ and ``G´´ of EA´s ESG
Going 100% ESOP and Benefit Corporation
New Activities Associated with Being 100% ESOP and PBC
Employee Participation in Decision Making
Pile-On of Engagement and Empowerment Initiatives
Employee Engagement
Line-of-Sight Purposing
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI)
Literature Review Tying Servant Leadership to Features of EA´s Case
Performance, Strategy, Ownership, Governance, PSFs, Human Resources
Structure
Interdisciplinarity, Stakeholder Management, Service Recovery, Emotional Constructs
Environmental Aspects
DEI, Especially Inclusion
Deliberative Democracy, Dissensus, and Dialog
Business Ethics and Moral Philosophies
References
51 Repairing the Theory of Servant Leadership
Introduction
Servant Leadership Empirical Research
Servant Leadership Exegetical Research
Historical Theology
Christology and Its Psychological Components
Philosophical Analysis from a Cultural Perspective
Potential Changes to Perceptions of Servant Leadership
Differences Between Servant and Spiritual Leadership
Practically Nourishing Souls in Various Workplaces
Outcomes
Limitations
Summary
Reflective Questions
Cross-References
References
52 Servant Leadership
Introduction
Servant Leadership Construct
Gandhi: An Exemplar Par Excellence of Servant leadership
The Role of Spirit in the Development of a Servant Leader
Gandhi: Servant Leadership Values
Gandhi´s Seven Lessons for Life and Leadership
Saint Pope John Paul II (né Karol Wojtyła)
A Spirit of Detachment
Commitment to the Dignity of Those Served
Fidelity to the Spirit of True Peace
Mercy in the Face of Opposition and Violence
Self-sacrifice in Suffering
Summary Reflections on St. John Paul II
Nelson Mandela: Profiles in Servant Leadership
Nelson Mandela: An Exemplar of Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Concluding Thoughts
Cross-References
References
53 Servant Leadership: Practices, Experiences, and Effective Ways to Mitigate Barriers
Introduction
Background
Servant Leadership, Practices, Experiences, and Barriers
Practices, Experiences, and Barriers of Servant Leadership
Servant Leader Interaction
Servant Leader Appropriate Use of Authority
Servant Leader Barriers
Servant Leadership and Cross-Cultural Applicability
Servant Leadership and Gender Differences
Servant Leader and Positive Organizational Scholarship: Mitigating Barriers
Mindfulness
The Character Strengths Response
Positive Relationships and Belongingness
Servant Leader Pathways to a Sustainable Future
Summary
References
54 Servant Leadership: An Effective Leadership Style for the Twenty-First Century
Leadership Challenges of the Twenty-First Century
Being a ``Good´´ Leader
Leading with the Head and Heart
What Makes a Leader a Servant Leader?
Moral and Ethical High Ground
Prerequisite to Moral and Ethical High Ground: Spiritual Grounding
Intrinsic Characteristic: Selflessness
Toward the Universal Principles: Ethics, Morality, and the Greater Good
Conclusion
References
55 Developing a Conceptual Framework for Assessing and Promoting Servant Leadership in a Catholic School System
Introduction
Positioning the Conceptual Framework of Servant Leadership
Servant Leadership and Central Office Leadership Roles
Leaders of Leaders
Professional Advocate Role
Steward of Quality Educational Service Delivery Role
Servant of Leaders Role: At First Glance
Further Understandings of Servant Leadership in Context of Catholic Education
Dimensions of Servant Leadership
Vision
Credibility
Trust
Service
Developing a Way of Measuring Servant Leadership in District Central Office
Summary
Cross-References
References
56 Servant Leadership in Action: Stories of Two High School Principals
The Inestimable Value of Servant-Leadership
Approach to Observations and Interview with Two School Principals
Principal Angela (St. Jerome High School)
Principal Denis (St. Mark High School)
Major Servant-Leadership Characteristics Observed
Themes from the Observational Data
Service to the School Community
Relationships as Foundation for Happier Community
Care and Support for Students, Staff, and Parents
Collaboration and Empowerment of Followers
Growth of People
Community Building
A Closer Look at the Principals´ Stories
High School Principals´ Perceptions of Their Role as Servant-Leaders
Metaphors of Servant-Leadership Expressed
Servant-Leadership as Manifest in Participants´ Daily Professional Lives
Experience of Their Roles as Servant-Leaders
Servant-Leadership as a Journey
Nurturing Dreams into Visions: Leaving a Legacy of Empowerment
Building Relationships
Embodied Experiences of the Servant-Leadership Role
Positive Experiences
Negative Experiences
Conceptual Framework Revisited
Concluding Remarks
Appendix A
Vignette 1: A School Day in the Life of Principal Angela
Vignette 2: A School Day in the Life of Principal Denis
References
57 Servant Leaders Towards Organizational Sustainability Through a Spiritual Driving Force
A Servant Leader: Committed to Serve
Sustainability: The Buzzword
Servant Leadership and Sustainability
Spirituality
How Spirituality Relates to Servant Leadership
Servant Leadership Versus Spiritual Leadership
Spirituality and the Triple Bottom Line
How Can Spirituality Induce Servant Leaders Towards Sustainability?
Summary
Cross-References
References
58 The Apostle Paul and His Perspective and Practice of Servant Leadership
Introduction
Circumstances Surrounding Paul´s Letter to the Thessalonian Church
Servant Leaders Are Vulnerable
Servant Leaders Encourage
Servant Leaders Pursue their Helpful Role: Not a Title
Servant Leaders Lead with Integrity and Consistency
Servant Leaders Orient People to the Future in Store for Them
Servant Leaders Are Realistic, Recognize Threats, and Communicate with Members
Servant Leaders Respect and Advocate for Sexual Boundaries
Servant Leaders Communicate
Summary
Cross-References
References
59 The Role and Value of Servant Leadership in Improving Performance Appraisal Practices
Introduction
Effective Performance Appraisal Relationship Attributes
Review of Servant Leadership Literature, Servant Leader Attributes
Review of Servant Leadership Literature, Servant Leader Outcomes
Servant Leadership and Performance Appraisal
Application Example
Village of Wilkinsburg Performance Appraisal Training Program
Job Performance Observation
Performance Diary
How to Create and Maintain a Performance Diary
Incident Recording Guidelines
Verbal Feedback of the Incident
Errors in Determining Causes of Performance
Attributional Bias Remedies
The Appraisal Interview
Preparation for the Appraisal Interview
The Characteristics of Effective Performance Appraisals
Conducting the Appraisal Interview
Preparing Recommendations to Improve Performance
Conclusion
References
60 Servant Leadership and Redemption
Introduction
The ``Theme´´ of Leadership
Defining a Theme
Servant Leadership: A Theory with Many Themes
Searching for a Theme Based on a Scriptural Foundation
Revisiting the Original Analysis: Searching for a Theme in Servant Leadership
Servant Leadership Variables Found in the Literature
Servant Leadership Models Reflecting the Specific Scripture Verses Identified
Hermeneutical and Theological Arguments for Linkage
Another Servant Leadership Theory?
``Redemptive Actions of Jesus Christ´´
Representative List: With Christ in the School of Leadership
Selected Vignettes Demonstrating the Servant Leadership of Jesus´ ``Redemptive Actions´´
Lk 5:12-15 (Mt 8:1-4; Mk 1:40-45) The Leper
Lk 8:43-48 (Mt 9:20-22; Mk 5:25-34) Woman with an Issue of Blood
Jn 8:1-11 Woman Caught in Adultery
Mt. 19:13-15 (Mk 10:13-16; Lk 18:15-17) Jesus with the Children
Lk 19:1-10 Zacchaeus (See Also Lk 15)
Mk 7:24-30 (Mt 15:21-28) Syro-Phoenician Woman
Jn 4: 1-42 The Woman at the Well
Mt. 12:9-14 (Mk 3:1-6; Lk 6:6-11) Healing on the Sabbath
Jn 13:1-19 Jesus Washing the Disciples´ Feet
Jn 12:20-26 Jesus Visits with Greeks
Summary of Jesus´ Redemptive Actions, Drawn from a Sample of His Encounters on the Way to the Cross
Conclusion
Appendix 1: 18 Scripture-Based Servant Leadership Models: By Publication Date
Appendix 2: An Analysis of Fifty Servant Leadership Models
Appendix 3: Additional Words Associated with Redemption for Data Comparison
References
61 Public Service Motivation and Servant Leadership
Introduction: Public Service Motivation and Servant Leadership
PSM Literature and the Role of Leadership and the Human Resource Management System
Philosophical Roots of Servant Leadership
Review of Servant Leadership Literature, Servant Leader Attributes
Review of Servant Leadership Literature, Servant Leader Outcomes
The Synergistic Relationship, Conceptual Dimensional, and Empirical Literature Overlap Between Servant Leadership and PSM
Empirical Analysis of the Dimensional Overlap of PSM and Servant Leadership
Stakeholder Analysis Example for Public Service Motivation
Summary
Cross-References
References
62 An Analysis of Servant Leadership´s Growth in Global Scope and Influence
Introduction
Meta-Analyses, Systematic Reviews, and Literature Reviews
Methodology: Analysis of Servant Leader Empirical Literature
Results
Discussion and Conclusion
Summary
Cross-References
References
63 Neuroscience and Servant Leadership: Underpinnings and Implications for Practice
Introduction
Leadership and Its Essential Components
Neuroscience and Leadership: Unravelling Hope and Hype
Neuroscientific Underpinnings for Leadership
Neuroplasticity
Neurobiology and Emotional Arousal
Neuroscience and Decision-Making
Neurobiology and Servant-Leadership: Implications for Practice
Summary
References
64 Servant Leadership and Ethics
Introduction
Literature Review
Big Five and Ethical Leadership
Dark Triad and Ethical Leadership
Data and Methods
Sample and Research Design
Measures
Servant Leader Ethical Predisposition
Servant Leader Ethical Predisposition Dimensional Knowledge
Personality Traits (Big Five and Dark Triad)
Demographic Variables
Results
Demographic Effects
One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Test
Effects of the Dark Triad and Big Five on Servant Leader Ethical Predispositions
Summary
Cross-References
Appendix AI: Predisposition Dimensional Knowledge Instrument
References
65 A CEO´s Perspective on Servant Leadership Adoption: Part 2 - Change
Introduction
Literature Review on Servant Leadership and Change
How Organizations Can Grow Their Servant Leadership Capabilities
How Servant Leaders (Broadly) Facilitate Organizational Change
Learning Methods for Organizational Change
Distributed Learning
``Academic Absorption´´
Gaining Perspective Beyond the Normative to the Critical
Connecting the ESG Dots with Stakeholder Management and Servant Leadership
Discovering Servant Leadership
Discovering Stakeholder Management
Combining Stakeholder Management and Servant Leadership
Outcomes
Servant Leadership Survey Results
Indoctrination Processes
Other Organizational Outcomes
Concluding Reflections
Some Practitioner Prudence: The Paradox to Safeguard from the Vanguard
Creating Behavioral Change
Enacting Morality and Emotionality
Contingent Psychosocial Fit and Designing a Psychosocial Portfolio
Servant Leadership Demand Side: Complexity, Socialization, Democracy
Supply Side Challenges: Expanding Ingroup and Overcoming Anthropocentrism to Serve All
Call to Experiment with Servant Leadership ``Supply´´ to Meet Near-Future Demand
Back to the Start: Ends, Means, or Something In-Betweens? Simplifying with Virtue
Cross-References
References
66 An Overview and Reflections on My Journey in Servant-Leadership
Introduction
Back Home Again in Indiana
Discovering Unknown Writings by Greenleaf
Robert K. Greenleaf´s Five Books
The Johnny Appleseed Approach to Servant-Leadership
A Personal Remembrance of Warren Bennis, Servant-Leader
Vision
Robert K. Greenleaf
Servant-Leaders in Training
Servant-Leader Characteristics
First Time I Heard of Servant-Leadership
The Servant as Leader Idea
Inspiration
A Fortuitous Encounter
Top Ten Lessons I Have Learned Over a Lifetime
Silence
Listening
The Choice Is Ours
Characteristics of Teachers as Servant-Leaders
A Mighty River
The Future of Servant-Leadership
Collaboration
The Promised Land
Acceptance of Others
Nurturance of Seekers
On Motives, Means, and Ends
The Seeker´s Journey
Servant-First
Best Test
Triple Bottom Line
Deep Stillness
Heart, Mind, and Spirit
Moral Persuasion
Is Servant-Leadership a Religious Concept?
Growing Community
The Oyster and the Pearl
My Visit with Robert Greenleaf
About Larry Spears
Index