product iamge

The Mechanisms of Explosions: 27 Case Studies for their Understanding

This document was uploaded by one of our users. The uploader already confirmed that they had the permission to publish it. If you are author/publisher or own the copyright of this documents, please report to us by using this DMCA report form.

Download
Search on Amazon

Simply click on the Download Book button.

Yes, Book downloads on Ebookily are 100% Free.

Sometimes the book is free on Amazon As well, so go ahead and hit "Search on Amazon"

The risk of explosion is inseparable from industrial activity, as we are often reminded by the news. In order to avoid an explosion, it is necessary to understand the phenomena surrounding it, and take the necessary preventive measures to protect society if it comes to the worst-case scenario. This book will detail these phenomena.

The Mechanisms of Explosions presents theoretical aspects from a physicochemical point of view and proposes various methods adapted to each type of explosion, including ATEX explosions. The author shares his knowledge of the mechanisms of explosions, acquired during numerous investigations.

These 27 case studies – detailing circumstances, mechanisms and the nature and intensity of explosive effects – were selected to cover all of the possible physical or chemical phenomena, substances and mechanisms, without limiting themselves to the most common situations.

This book, packed full of information, is designed to benefit those who analyze and investigate explosions, particularly insurance and judicial experts, prevention engineers, security managers and trainers.

Author(s): Jacques Chaineaux
Series: Systems and Industrial Engineering Series
Publisher: Wiley-ISTE
Year: 2023

Language: English
Pages: 317
City: London

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Part 1. General Information and Approach
Chapter 1. The Explosion Phenomenon
1.1. Explosion of an ATEX
1.1.1. Definition of an ATEX
1.1.2. Case of an ATEX consisting of a combustible dust dispersed in air
1.1.3. Case of a hybrid ATEX
1.1.4. Evaluation of the released energy Elib
1.2. Chemical systems other than ATEX
1.2.1. Definition elements
1.2.2. Evaluation of Elib
1.2.3. Flame propagation regimes in explosive system 1 or 2
1.3. Hollow body rupture (or bursting)
1.3.1. Definition elements
1.3.2. Evaluation of Elib
1.4. Superheated liquid vaporization
1.4.1. Definition elements
1.4.2. Evaluation of Elib
1.5. Comparison of Elib with the energy Eeff required to produce the explosion effects
Chapter 2. Method of Investigating an Explosion
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Establishment of the explosion mechanism
2.3. Search for answers to the questions of HOW MUCH and WHAT
2.4. Identification of the different types of damage produced by an explosion
2.4.1. Effects on structures
2.4.2. Effects on the human body
2.5. Estimation of the energy required to produce the mechanical effects
2.5.1. Eeff estimation tools
2.5.2. Comparison between Eeff and Elib
2.5.3. Order of magnitude of the yield ñ for each type of explosive system
2.6. Hypothesis on the type of explosion involved
2.7. Estimation of the quantity of the explosive system involved
2.7.1. General case
2.7.2. Specific case of an ATEX explosion occurring in a confined environment
2.8. Evaluation of the hypothesis on the type of explosion involved
2.8.1. Compatibility of the hypothesis with the circumstances of the explosion
2.8.2. Cases of explosions which may a priori involve different systems
2.9. Search for answers to the question of HOW?
2.10. Representation of the mechanism of explosion by tree of events
Part 2. 27 Case Studies of Domestic or Industrial Explosions
Introduction to Part 2
P2.1. Domestic explosions
P2.1.1. Determination of ATEX location and volume
P2.1.2. Thermal effects of an explosion on buildings and the human body
P2.1.3. Mechanical effects of an explosion in a housing
Case 1. Discrimination Between NG and Butane
C1.1. Different arguments tentatively used for discrimination
C1.2. Thermal effects of the flame
C1.3. Mechanical effects of the explosion
C1.4. Relevant arguments used for the elimination of a butane leak
C1.5. Identified mechanism
Case 2. Determination of the Mechanism of an Accident Involving a Fire and an Explosion
C2.1. Circumstances and effects of the explosion
C2.2. Occurrence of a fire prior to the explosion
Case 3. Determination of the Mechanism of an Accident Involving a Fire and Two Explosions
C3.1. Nature of the flammable gases or liquids involved in the first explosion
C3.2. Determination of the explosion mechanism
Case 4. Determination of the Mechanism of an Explosion from the Leak Flow Rate of NG
Case 5. Determination of the Mechanism of a Propane Explosion from the Leak Flow Rate
Case 6. Determination of the Explosion Mechanism, Based on the Location of the Ignition Source of ATEX
C6.1. Circumstances of the explosion
C6.2. Discrimination between the boiler leak and the cooker oven leak
Lessons learned from the investigation of domestic explosions
Case 7. Explosion of a Hydrogenated ATEX in a Pulp Paper Tank
C7.1. Description of facilities, circumstances and effects of the explosion
C7.2. Objectives of the investigation
C7.3. Determination of the composition of the ATEX
C7.3.1. Experimental determination of the ATEX components
C7.3.2. Determination of the ATEX conditions, formation and ignition
C7.3.3. Consistency between the explosion effects and the estimated ATEX volume
C7.4. Conclusion
Lessons learned from the investigation of the explosion of a hydrogenated ATEX
Case 8. Explosion of a Hydrogenated ATEX in an Electrolyzer Cell
C8.1. Description of facilities and explosion circumstances
C8.2. Effects of the explosion
C8.3. Investigation objectives
C8.3.1. Formation and location of an ATEX in the electrolyzer
C8.3.2. Results of experimental study
C8.3.3. Consistency between the mechanical effects and the overpressure
Lessons learned from Cases 7 and 8
Case 9. Explosion of an Air–Propane ATEX
C9.1. Case presentation
C9.1.1. Description of the facilities
C9.1.2. Circumstances of the explosion
C9.1.3. Explosion damage
C9.1.4. Establishment of the explosion mechanism
Lessons learned from the investigation
Case 10. Explosion in a Refinery
C10.1. Case presentation
C10.1.1. Description of facilities and circumstances of explosion
C10.1.2. Flame propagation regime
C10.1.3. Effects of explosion
Lessons from the investigation
Case 11. Explosions in Recovery Facilities for Cupola Gases
C11.1. Case presentation
C11.1.1. Description of the facilities
C11.1.2. Circumstances of the explosion
C11.1.3. Explosion damage
C11.1.4. Determination of the explosion mechanism
C11.1.5. Flammability of the CGs involved in the explosion
Lessons learned from investigation of explosion in cupola facilities
Case 12. Explosion of Acetone Vapor
C12.1. Case presentation
C12.1.1. Description of the facilities
C12.1.2. Circumstances of the explosion
C12.1.3. Description of explosion damage
C12.1.4. Mechanism of the explosion
Lessons from investigation of an explosion of acetone vapor
Case 13. Explosion of Vapor of Toluene
C13.1. Case presentation
C13.1.1. Description of the facility and of the circumstances of the explosion
C13.1.2. Effects of the explosion
C13.1.3. Determination of the mechanism of the explosion
Lessons learned from the investigation of an explosion of toluene vapor
Case 14. Explosion of Vapor of Kerosene
C14.1. Case presentation
C14.1.1. Description of the facility
C14.1.2. Circumstances of the explosion
C14.1.3. Description of explosion damage
C14.1.4. Determination of the explosion mechanism
Lessons from the investigation of an explosion of kerosene vapor in contact with a hot surface
Case 15. Explosion of Volatile Hydrocarbons
C15.1. Case presentation
C15.1.1. Description of the facility and the circumstances of the explosion
C15.1.2. Description of explosion damage
C15.1.3. Mechanism of explosion
C15.1.4. Estimation of energy released by explosion
Lessons to be learned from the investigation of explosion of volatile hydrocarbons
Case 16. Explosion in a Spray Dryer of Powdered Milk
C16.1. Case presentation
C16.1.1. Description of the facility
C16.1.2. Circumstances and effects of the explosion
C16.1.3. Flammability and explosion characteristics of milk powder
C16.1.4. Mechanism of explosion
Lessons learned from the expertise of an explosion in a dryer
Case 17. Explosion in a Wood Waste Grinding Facility
C17.1. Case presentation
C17.1.1. Description of the facility
C17.1.2. Circumstances of the explosion
C17.1.3. Effects of the explosion
C17.1.4. Flammability characteristics of the wood dust
C17.1.5. Determination of the mechanism of explosion
Lessons learned from the investigation
Case 18. Explosion of a Chloroduct
C18.1. Case presentation
C18.2. Circumstances of the explosion
C18.3. Effects of explosion
C18.4. Determination of the explosion mechanism
C18.4.1. Explosive system identification
C18.4.2. Estimation of the rupture pressure Pr of the chloroduct
C18.4.3. Different arguments for a detonation of the hydrogen–chlorine mixture
Lessons learned from investigation of the explosion of a chloroduct
Case 19. Combustion of Steel in Oxygen
C19.1. Case presentation
C19.1.1. Description of the facility
C19.1.2. Circumstances of the accident
C19.1.3. Effects
C19.1.4. Mechanism of the accident
Lessons learned from investigation of combustion in oxygen
Case 20. Explosion in an Aluminum Foundry
C20.1. Case presentation
C20.1.1. Description of the facility
C20.1.2. Circumstances of the explosion
C20.1.3. Explosion effects
C20.1.4. Determination of the mechanism of explosion
Lessons from investigation of an explosion in an aluminum foundry
Case 21. Explosion in a Laboratory Nitration Test
C21.1. Case presentation
C21.1.1. Nature of the explosive system
C21.1.2. Experimental validation of the conditions of the runaway reaction
C21.1.3. Results
C21.1.4. Conclusion of the tests
Lessons learned from investigation of a burst vessel
Case 22. Explosion in a Chemical Reactor
C22.1. Case presentation
C22.1.1. Description of the chemical synthesis process
C22.1.2. Circumstances of the explosion
C22.1.3. Effects of the explosion
C22.1.4. Determination of the explosion mechanism
C22.1.5. Description of the explosion process
Lessons learned from the investigation
Case 23. Explosion and Fire Resulting from an Oxidation by KMnO4
C23.1. Case presentation
C23.1.1. Circumstances of the explosion
C23.1.2. Effects of the explosion
C23.1.3. Fire resulting from an ignition of formaldehyde by KMnO4
Lessons learned from the investigation
Case 24. Explosion Involving Hydrazine
C24.1. Case presentation
C24.1.1. Description of the experimental conditions
C24.1.2. Results
C24.1.3. Origin of an overpressure in a UHH tank
Lessons learned from the investigation
Case 25. Burst of a Steel Gas Cylinder
C25.1. Case presentation
C25.1.1. Circumstances of the burst
C25.1.2. Effects of the burst
C25.1.3. Determination of the mechanism of the burst
C25.1.4. Conclusions of the investigation
Lessons learned from the investigation
Case 26. Explosion in a Foundry of Steel Waste
C26.1. Case presentation
C26.1.1. Description of the facility
C26.1.2. Circumstances of the explosion
C26.1.3. Effects of explosion
C26.1.4. Estimation of Eeff based on damage analysis
C26.1.5. Determination of the explosion mechanism
C26.1.6. Yield of the explosion
Lessons learned from the investigation
Case 27. Explosion in the Boiler of a Household Waste Incinerator
C27.1. Case presentation
C27.1.1. Facility description
C27.1.2. Circumstances of the explosion
C27.1.3. Description of damage
C27.1.4. Determination of the explosion mechanism
C27.1.5. Protection of the boiler against the effects of an explosion
Lessons learned from investigation
Conclusion
References
Index
EULA