This book provides a novel in-depth study of the early pandemic response policy at the intersection of political economy and law. It explores: (1) whether the responses to COVID-19 were democratically accountable; (2) the ways in which new surveillance and enforcement techniques were adopted; (3) the new monetary and fiscal policies which were implemented; (4) the ways in which employed and unemployed persons were differently impacted by the new policies; and (5) how companies were economically sustained through the pandemic. A compelling look at what happens to societies when disaster strikes, this book will be of interest to legal scholars, political scientists and economists.
Author(s): Aleksandar Stojanović, Luisa Scarcella, Christina R. Mosalagae
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 583
City: Singapore
Acknowledgements
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
Global Covid-19 Policy Response Between Law and Political Economy
References
Law and Political Economy of China’s Early Pandemic Response: Limited Economic Support and Insulation
1 Introduction
2 State of Emergency and Its Implementation
3 Surveillance and Information Control
4 Economic Policy
4.1 Economic Conditions and Policy Before the Pandemic
4.2 Economic Policy During the Pandemic
4.2.1 Legal Financial Architecture During the Pandemic
4.2.2 Business Relief and Protection During the Pandemic
4.2.3 Employment Relief and Protection During the Pandemic
4.3 Economic Policy Direction in the Aftermath
5 Conclusion
Notes
References
Are Militarized Lockdowns the Great Equalizer? Evidence from the Philippines
1 Introduction
2 Pre-pandemic Development Trajectory and a Weak State Capacity
3 Weak State Capacity
4 Onset of the Pandemic: Policy Response and Bureaucratic Missteps
4.1 Militarized Lockdowns
4.2 Social Assistance
4.3 Bureaucratic Missteps
5 Effects of COVID-19 Lockdowns: The Great Equalizer?
5.1 Macroeconomic Trends
5.2 Effects on the Youth
5.3 Effects on Education and Training
6 Conclusion
Notes
References
First 100 Days of COVID-19 Firefighting: Hits and Misses of the Policy in India
1 Introduction
2 Constitutional Approach to Pandemic
2.1 Working of the Federal Structure During COVID-19
2.2 The Federal Structure in the Constitution
2.3 The Federal Structure Under Challenge in 2020
2.4 The Centre Eases Its Stand
3 Pandemic Management
3.1 Phased Approach
3.2 Legal Framework for Pandemic Management
4 Surveillance and Compliance
4.1 Surveillance Laws
4.2 Enforcement and Compliance
5 Economic Responses to the Pandemic
5.1 Pre COVID-19 Scenario of Indian Economy
5.2 Labour Market Scenario
5.3 Measures Adopted to Mitigate the Adverse Economic Impact of COVID-19
5.3.1 Support for Labour
5.3.2 Support for Businesses
5.4 Monetary Measures
5.5 Did Fiscal and Monetary Measures Really Mitigate the Adverse Impact of COVID-19?
5.6 Post COVID-19-19 Economic Recovery
6 Alternatives to Mainstream Policy Responses
6.1 Responses of Other Similarly Placed Countries
6.2 Intra-country Alternate Models Implemented at the State Level
7 Conclusion
Notes
References
First 100 Days of Italian COVID-19 Policy: A New Image for Democracy, Security, Education, and the Economy in Italy
1 Introduction
2 The State of Emergency in Italy Before the Pandemic-Age
2.1 The State of Emergency During the Pandemic Age
2.2 The Management of the Emergency or the Solipsism of the Italian Government
3 Surveillance and Security in Italy
3.1 Pre-COVID-19 Surveillance and Security Mechanism: The Italian Civil Protection System
3.2 Surveillance and Security in a Post Pandemic Age: More Concerns on the Right to Privacy
4 Challenges to the Italian Economy
4.1 Pre-COVID-19 Situation: Privatization Processes from the 90s
4.2 Post COVID-19 Situation: Protectionism on the Rise?
5 Education
6 Conclusion
Notes
References
First 100 Days of Hungarian COVID-19 Policies
1 Hungary and the Covid Pandemic
1.1 Hungary and Covid Outcomes
1.2 Relevant Structural Conditions for Hungary
2 Democracy and Civil Activism
2.1 Democracy and Corruption Indicators in Hungary Pre-COVID-19
2.2 Democracy and Legal Challenges in a Post Pandemic Age
3 Surveillance and Security
3.1 Pre-COVID-19 Surveillance and Security
3.2 Surveillance in a Post Pandemic Age
4 Challenges and Constraints on the Hungarian Economy
4.1 Pre-COVID-19 Economic Policy
4.2 Post COVID-19 Economic Prospects
5 The Labour Market
5.1 Pre-COVID-19 Unemployment
5.2 The Future of the Hungarian Market
5.3 Economic Resilience Action Plan in 2020—Immediate and Medium-Term Measures to Create as Many Jobs as the Coronavirus Destroys
6 Health Care
6.1 Pre-COVID-19 Health Care Infrastructure
6.2 Health Care Infrastructure in a Post Pandemic Age
7 Conclusion
References
Purchasing Time: The First 100 Days of German COVID-19 Policy
1 Introduction
2 COVID-19-Measures, Enforcement, and Surveillance
2.1 Phases of Contact Restrictions
2.2 Compliance
2.3 Enforcement
2.4 Contact Tracing
3 Preserving the Economic Structure
3.1 Financial Sources for Policy Intervention
3.2 Business Relief
3.2.1 Taxation
3.2.2 Special Subsidies
3.2.3 Liquidity
3.3 Employees
3.4 Protecting (Unemployed) Households
3.5 Safeguarding Workers’ Health
4 A Moderate Public Debate, Its Reasons and Development
4.1 Expertocracy
4.2 Criticism and Judicial Review
4.3 Privacy Concerns
4.4 Fairness of Burden-Sharing
4.5 Public Finance
5 Conclusion
Notes
References
COVID-19 Crisis in the United Kingdom: The First 100 Days of the Unknown
1 Introduction
2 The United Kingdom: State of Nations and COVID Pandemic
3 Surveillance and Compliance
3.1 Surveillance Prior to COVID-19 Pandemic
3.2 Surveillance During Pandemic: Data and Marketisation
4 UK Economics: Challenges and Constraints
4.1 Pre-COVID-19 Economic Policy: General Overview of Economic Landscape in the UK
4.2 Post-COVID-19 Economic Policy: How the COVID Crisis Will End for the UK?
5 UK Economy and Health
5.1 Pre-COVID-19 Health Care
5.2 The Future of the UK’s Health Care
6 Education
6.1 Pre-COVID-19 Education Era
6.2 The Future of Education in the UK
7 Conclusion
Notes
References
Nigeria’s Political, Economic, and Social Dynamics in a Pandemic Era
1 Introduction
2 Democracy and Activism
2.1 Democracy in Pre-Pandemic Nigeria
2.2 Democracy and Legal Challenges in a Pandemic Age
3 Surveillance and Security
3.1 Security in Nigeria Pre-Pandemic Era
3.2 Surveillance and Security in a Pandemic Era
4 The Nigerian Economy
4.1 Pre-COVID 19 Economic Status and Policies: The March to Neoliberalism in Nigeria
4.2 The Nigerian Economy in a Pandemic Era and the Future
5 The Nigerian Labour Market
5.1 Nigeria’s Labour Market
5.2 The Future of the Nigerian Labour Market
6 Health Care
6.1 The Nigerian Healthcare Framework Pre-COVID
6.2 Healthcare Development in a Pandemic Era and the Future of Equal Access to Healthcare
7 Concluding Remarks
Notes
References
Inequality Dimensions of Kenya’s Responses to COVID-19
1 Introduction
2 Kenya’s Political and Socio-Economic Context in the Pre-Pandemic Era
3 COVID-19 Responses and Their Implications
3.1 Civil and Political Liberties
3.2 Fiscal, Economic, and Monetary Responses
3.3 Employment and Labour
3.4 Health
3.5 Education
3.6 Access to Justice
4 Conclusion
References
Reinforcing Inequality: First 100 Days of South African COVID-19 Policy
1 Introduction
2 Democracy and Civil Activism
2.1 State of the Nation Pre-COVID-19
2.2 Democracy and Legal Challenges in a Post Pandemic Age
3 Surveillance and Security
3.1 Pre-COVID-19 Surveillance and Security
3.2 Surveillance in a Post Pandemic Age
4 Challenges and Constraints on the South African Economy
4.1 Pre-COVID-19 Economic Policy
4.2 Post COVID-19 Economic Prospects
5 The Labour Market
5.1 Pre-COVID-19 Unemployment
5.2 The Future of the South African Labour Market
6 Health Care
6.1 Pre-COVID-19 Health Care Infrastructure
6.2 Health Care Infrastructure in a Post Pandemic Age
7 Education
7.1 Unequal Education in South Africa
7.2 The Future of Education in South Africa
8 Conclusion
References
A Bumpy and Gloomy Road Ahead: An Analysis of Covid-19 Response in Namibia
1 Introduction
2 Pandemics and Neoclassical Economic Theory
3 Country Profile and State of the Nation Pre- COVID-19 Era
4 The Emergence of COVID-19 in Namibia
5 Post-COVID-19 Pandemic Era
5.1 Surveillances and Security
5.2 Social Safety Net and Financial Framework
5.3 Employment and Labour Market
5.4 Education and Healthcare
5.5 Housing and Homelessness
6 Conclusion
Notes
References
The Informal Economy and the First 100 days of the Pandemic Policy in Zimbabwe
1 Introduction
2 Surveillance and Compliance
3 Democracy and Civil Activism
4 The Economy and Business
5 The Labour Market
6 Conclusion
References
First 100 days of Brazilian COVID-19 Policy
1 Introduction
2 Democracy and Civil Activism
2.1 From the State of Emerging to the State of Calamity: Internal Legislative Measures
2.2 Reasons Why the State of Calamity (Decree 7.257/2010) Was Declared Instead of the State of Defense or Siege
3 Surveillance and Security
4 Challenges and Constraints on the Brazilian Economy
4.1 Pre-COVID-19 Economic Policies
4.2 The Big Shift: Economic Policies to Tackle Coronavirus Crisis
5 The Labor Market
5.1 The Brazilian Labor Market Pre-COVID-19
5.2 Regulatory Responses During the Pandemic
6 Health Care
6.1 Health Care Infrastructure: COVID-19 as the Opportunity to Reconcile Social (Universal Health Care) and Economic (Health Industrial Complex) Goals
7 Conclusion
Notes
References
The Deepening of an Economic and Political Crisis: The First 100 Days of COVID-19 in Chile
1 Introduction
2 Democracy and Civil Activism
2.1 State of the Nation Pre-COVID-19
2.2 Democracy and Legal Challenges in a Post Pandemic Age
3 Surveillance and Security
3.1 Pre-COVID-19 Surveillance and Security
3.2 Surveillance and Militarization as a Political Tool
4 Challenges and Constraints on the Chilean Economy
4.1 Pre-COVID-19 Economic Policy
4.2 Post COVID-19 Economic Prospects
5 The Labor Market
5.1 Pre-COVID-19 Unemployment
5.2 The Future of the Chilean Labor Market
6 Pensions
6.1 Pre-COVID-19 Individual Savings Pension Funds System
6.2 Post Pandemic Age Pensions
7 Conclusion
Notes
References
Reinforcement of Economic Inequality and Extra Economic Power—Law and Political Economy of the US Pandemic Policy Response
1 Introduction
2 The State of Emergency and Its Implementation
2.1 Legal Framework
2.2 Stages, Targets, and Institutions
2.3 Exceptions and the Aftermath
3 Surveillance, Compliance, and Data Use
3.1 Legal Framework, Surveillance Practices Before the Pandemic
3.2 Surveillance Practice and Data Use During the Pandemic
3.3 Surveillance and Data Use After the Pandemic
4 Economic Policy
4.1 Economic Policy Before the Pandemic
4.2 Economic Policy During the Pandemic
4.3 Economic Policy After the Pandemic
5 Conclusion
References
Appendix: Law and Economics of COVID-19 Questionnaire
Questionnaire
Report Writing Instructions
(1) State of Exception
*Specific Instructions
*Leading Question
(2) Surveillance and Compliance
*Leading Question
(3) Legal-Financial Architecture
*Specific Instructions
*Leading Question
(4) Employee Relief and Protection of Work
*Specific Instructions
*Leading Question
(5) Business Relief and Protection
*Specific Instructions
*Leading Question
(6) Alternatives
*General Question
Index
