The Empathic City: An Urban Health and Wellbeing Perspective

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This book has a primary focus on inclusions for solutions to problems and not just more on the nature of the current and emerging problems that most other competing titles present. The book is also a true global representation of challenges and opportunities that have been encountered, addressed, and critiqued from a wide variety of contributors rather than academicians per se. In doing so, rather than focusing on techno-centric prowess and associated case studies of the west (as is the case in most competing titles), the book also equally emphasizes upon the vulnerabilities and mitigating solutions being developed and tested in the under-developed and developing nations. Besides this, the book also acquires an ‘Equity’ oriented focus and hints upon sustainable, inclusive modes of shaping our built environment throughout the contributing chapters. The book is also unique in the way it combines the chosen themes to provide a holistic coverage of the broader determinants of urban health and wellbeing, thus being better positioned to address SDG3 within one compact volume. The book also differs from a typical conference proceeding or a non-peer reviewed book since the book’s highly theme specific approach is curated by a scientific peer review committee to carefully maintain diversity of contributions to the book.  

Cities have a profound power to support or hinder human health and wellbeing in countless ways. Achieving greater health equity has emerged in recent years as a key priority and consideration when designing cities to promote health and wellbeing, although there is a dearth of evidence and practical examples of research translation to guide cities and communities. The book accordingly exemplifies a pluralistic approach to achieving urban health equity which recognises and addresses critical aspects of geography, age, race, background, socioeconomic status, disability, gender etc. With interdisciplinary science clearly pointing to the role of the neighbourhood environment as one of the most important health determinants, this book will undoubtedly lead the next generation of urban health actors to build contextually responsive, equitable, empathic cities to benefit residents around the world. The book, rather than being focused purely on academic propositions for building equitable cities, offers a unique multi-stakeholder perspective by collaborating with the International Society for Urban Health’s 18th International Conference on Urban Health. This unique collaboration allows access to hundreds of scientists, architects, urbanists, multilaterals, policymakers, non-profit leaders, and grassroots organizers. The book captures the voices and concerns of such diverse cross-sectoral professionals and showcases findings that turn evidence into action and impact in communities around the world.

Chapter 14 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.                                    

Author(s): Nimish Biloria, Giselle Sebag, Hamish Robertson
Series: S.M.A.R.T. Environments
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023

Language: English
Pages: 385
City: Cham

Preface
Introduction
Theme 01: Health Equity and the Empathic City
Theme 02: Salutogenic Natural Environments
Theme 03: Systemic Pathways Towards Urban Health
Theme 04: Transformative Urbanism
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Towards a Systemic Understanding of Equitable Sustainability in Cities: A Conceptual Framework
1.1 Introduction: Global Socio-ecological Challenges
1.2 Cities: Challenges and Solutions
1.3 Towards a Systemic Understanding of How Cities Can Become more Equitable and Sustainable
1.3.1 Outer Boundaries
1.3.2 Structural Determinants
1.3.3 Intermediary (Downstream) Determinants
1.3.4 Goals and Desired Outcomes
1.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Assessing the Person-Environment Fit Framework for Active Ageing
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Moving from Urban Health Penalties to Salutogenesis
2.3 Urban Neighbourhood Contexts for Older Adults and Physical Activity
2.4 Inclusion of Person-Environment Fit Framework
2.5 Rationale for a Person-Environment Fit Framework
2.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Role of Public Parks and Spaces in Creating Age-Friendly Cities
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Study Area
3.2 Materials and Methods
3.2.1 Space and Aging
3.2.2 Catchment Analysis
3.2.2.1 Catchment Analysis: Kolkata
Catchment Analysis: Site 1
Catchment Analysis: Site 2
Catchment Analysis: Site 3
Catchment Analysis: Site 4
3.2.2.2 Catchment Analysis: Mumbai
Catchment Analysis: Site 1
Catchment Analysis: Site 2
Catchment Analysis: Site 3
Catchment Analysis: Site 4
3.2.3 Space Syntax Analysis
3.2.3.1 Choice Analysis: Kolkata (Fig. 3.16)
3.2.3.2 Control Analysis: Kolkata (Fig. 3.17)
3.2.3.3 Mean Depth Analysis: Kolkata (Fig. 3.18)
3.2.3.4 Choice Analysis: Mumbai (Fig. 3.19)
3.2.3.5 Control Analysis: Mumbai (Fig. 3.20)
3.2.3.6 Mean Depth Analysis: Mumbai (Fig. 3.21)
3.2.4 Correlation
3.2.5 Public Surveys
3.3 Results
3.4 Analysis
3.5 Discussion
References
Chapter 4: Neighbourhood Outdoor Shared Spaces and Mental Well-Being of the Elderly: The Case of a High-Rise Neighbourhood in ...
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Literature Review
4.2.1 Mental Well-Being of the Elderly
4.2.2 High-Rise Neighbourhoods
4.2.3 Elderly and the Neighbourhood Spaces
4.3 Methodology
4.4 Findings and Results
4.4.1 Activity Mapping of SomVihar Apartments
4.4.2 Survey and Interview Analysis
4.5 Strategies and Discussion
4.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Healthy Cities for Adolescents: Learnings and Reflections From Bhubaneshwar and Jaipur City
5.1 Background
5.1.1 Adolescent Behavior and Characteristics in Cities
5.1.2 Need for Inclusion of Adolescents in Public Space Development
5.2 Safe, Vibrant and Healthy Public Spaces Project
5.2.1 About HCA
5.2.2 Principles and Objectives
5.2.3 Intended Outcomes
5.2.4 Project Approach
5.3 City Ecosystems
5.3.1 Shortlisting Bhubaneswar and Jaipur Cities as Pilot Cities
5.3.2 Understanding City Ecosystems
5.3.3 Public Space Initiatives
5.4 Engagement and Capacity Building
5.4.1 Engagement with Local Organizations
5.4.1.1 Conducting Workshops
Observations
Documentation of Local Neighbourhood
5.4.1.2 Overall Learnings
5.4.2 Adolescent Engagement
5.4.2.1 Identifying Adolescents Through Local Organizations
5.4.2.2 Organizing Workshops
5.4.2.3 Overall Learnings
5.5 Knowledge Creation
5.6 Key Learnings from HCA Phase 1
5.7 Conclusion
Chapter 6: Reclaiming Healthy Cities Through Nature-Based Planning Solutions
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Notion of Health Cities
6.3 The Historical Developments and Current State of Our Urban Environment
6.4 A Reflection on Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs) for a Healthy Future
6.4.1 Environmental Benefits of NBSs
6.4.2 Economic Benefits of NBSs
6.4.3 Social Benefits of NBSs
6.5 Challenges of Realising Healthy Cities Through NBSs
6.6 Opportunities for Reclaiming Healthy Cities Through NBSs
6.6.1 Reframe Sustainability Thinking to Position NBSs as Catalyst for Healthy Cities
6.6.2 Prioritize Preventive Measures Through Planning and Development
References
Chapter 7: Spatiotemporal Variability of Urban Greenspace and Surface Temperature in Dhaka City: A Public Health Aspect
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Study Area
7.3 Methodology
7.3.1 Data Sources
7.3.2 Methods
7.3.2.1 Availability and Accessibility of Greenspace
7.3.2.2 NDVI, LST and NDMI Calculation
7.3.2.3 Cross-Section and Correlation Graphs
7.4 Results and Discussion
7.4.1 Availability of Greenspace
7.4.2 Accessibility of Greenspace
7.4.3 Changes in Vegetation over the Years and their Impact on Temperature and Humidity
7.5 Discussion and Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Access to Health Promoting Green Space in Relation to Population Density: A Case Study of Leuven (Belgium)
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Green Space and Health (Promotion)
8.3 Research Questions
8.4 Mapping Accessible Greenspace
8.5 Methodology
8.5.1 Data and More Detailed Calculation Methodology
8.6 Results
8.6.1 Dichotomous Map´s Location of and Access to Neighbourhood Green Space
8.6.2 Maps Location of and Access to Neighbourhood Green Space, Including Effects of Urban Density
8.6.3 Priority Areas for a More Equitable Development of Neighbourhood Green Space
8.7 Discussion
8.8 Limitations
8.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Technology and Ecology in a Green Mesh: A Healthy Alliance for the Smart City
9.1 The Green Mesh
9.1.1 A Green Mesh for Human Health and Ecosystems Health
9.1.2 Green Belt, Green Web and Green Grid in Sydney
9.1.3 The Mapping Dilemma
9.1.4 Smart Ecological Cities
9.1.5 The Green Mesh Platform in Sydney
9.2 Enabling the Green Mesh
9.2.1 Components of the Green Mesh Platform
9.2.2 3D Spatial Technologies and Microclimate Simulation
9.2.3 Socio-spatial Interaction Analysis
9.2.4 The Vegetation Matrix
9.2.5 Green Mesh Platform Interface
9.3 Discussion and Conclusion
9.3.1 Spatiality of the Green Mesh
9.3.2 The Role of the Landscape Architect
9.3.3 Accessibility for Communities
9.3.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Evaluating Nature-based Solutions (NbS) as a Tool for Urban Resilience in the Global South
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Nature-based Solutions for Climate Resilient Development
10.2 Literature Review
10.2.1 Principles of Nature-based Solutions
10.2.2 Societal Challenges Addressed by the NbS
10.2.3 Review of Existing Nature-based Solution Frameworks
10.3 Methodology
10.4 Overview of the Proposed Evaluation Framework
10.5 Case Studies
10.5.1 Lake Interlinking Project, Ahmedabad (India)
10.5.1.1 Ideation of NbS Intervention
10.5.1.2 Scale of NbS Intervention
10.5.1.3 Implementation Process
10.5.1.4 Transferability & Interoperability
10.5.1.5 Economic Relevance
10.5.1.6 Impact on Ecosystems
10.5.1.7 Green Gentrification
10.5.2 Rajokari Lake Rejuvenation Project, Delhi (India)
10.5.2.1 Ideation of NbS Intervention
10.5.2.2 Scale of NbS Intervention
10.5.2.3 Implementation Process
10.5.2.4 Transferability or Interoperability
10.5.2.5 Economic Relevance
10.5.2.6 Impact on Ecosystems
10.5.2.7 Green Gentrification
10.5.3 Demonstrative Application of the Framework
10.5.4 Existing Funding Mechanisms for Implementation of NbS Projects
10.6 Discussions
10.7 Conclusion and Way Forward
References
Chapter 11: Differentials in Medication Non-adherence in India: Does Place of Living Matter?
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Methods
11.2.1 Data Source
11.2.2 Study Variables
11.2.3 Analysis
11.3 Findings
11.4 Discussion
11.5 Conclusion
11.6 Limitations
References
Chapter 12: Geographical Inequalities in Health in Public Housing Districts in the Context of Rome: An Observational Study on ...
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 The Urban Development Context of Modern Rome
12.1.2 Administrative Subdivision of the Territory of the City of Rome
12.1.3 An Overview of the Context Under Consideration
12.2 Objective, Materials and Methods
12.2.1 Objective
12.2.2 Materials and Methods
12.3 Results
12.4 Discussion
12.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13: A Case Study: An Intersectoral Partnership Approach to Embedding Health in Land Use Planning
13.1 Glossary of Specific Terms and Acronyms/Initialisms
13.2 The Wollondilly Health in Planning Partnership with South Western Sydney Local Health District
13.2.1 Wollondilly and South Western Sydney Local Health District
13.2.2 Origins of the Partnership
13.2.3 CHETRE´s Health Assessment Protocol for Wollondilly
13.2.4 Creation of the Health in Planning Working Group and the MoU
13.2.5 Introduction of the Partnership Officer
13.2.6 Renewal of the MoU
13.3 An Integrated Approach
13.3.1 Policy, Legislation and People
13.3.2 Policy and Legislative Interventions
13.3.2.1 Health and Wellbeing Statements
13.3.2.2 Social and Health Impact Assessment Policy and Guidelines
13.3.2.3 Development Control Plans
13.3.3 Capacity Building
13.4 Governance
13.4.1 Structure and Systems for the Partnership
13.4.2 A Purposeful Planning Partnership
13.4.3 Urban Planning Meets Public Health in Wollondilly
13.4.4 Towards a Program Logic for Healthy Urban Planning in Wollondilly
13.5 Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning
13.5.1 What Are We Doing to Find Out Whether the Partnership Is Working?
13.5.2 How Can We Strengthen the Partnership?
13.5.3 What Have We Learned?
References
Chapter 14: The Impacts of an Urban Cable Car System on Liveability: A Mixed Methods Study in Bogot, Colombia
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Methods
14.2.1 Study Setting
14.2.2 The TransMiCable Cable Car Project
14.2.3 Study Design
14.2.4 Quantitative Component
14.2.4.1 Household Survey and Built Environment Characteristics
Sociodemographic and Transport Characteristics
Built Environment Characteristics
Liveability Outcomes
14.2.4.2 Quantitative Data Analysis
14.2.5 Qualitative Component
14.2.5.1 The Our Voice Citizen Science Method
Analysis of the Our Voice Citizen Science Data
14.2.5.2 Ripple Effects Mapping Methodology
14.2.6 Integration of Quantitative and Qualitative Data
14.3 Results
14.3.1 Household Survey Results
14.3.2 Effect of TransMiCable Implementation on Liveability Outcomes
14.3.3 Our Voice Citizen Science Results
14.3.4 The Ripple Effects Mapping Results
14.3.5 Integration of Quantitative and Qualitative Data
14.3.5.1 Transport
14.3.5.2 Public Open Space
14.3.5.3 Social Cohesion and Local Democracy
14.3.5.4 Security
14.3.6 Outcomes from the Participatory Process
14.4 Discussion
14.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Precincts and Promises
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The Precinct Proliferation
15.3 Precincts as Technopoles
15.4 Precinct and Place Based Health
15.5 Salutogenic Precincts
15.6 Conclusion: Zombies, Magic and Bullshit - Drivers and Outcomes of Policy
References
Chapter 16: Conclusion
References