This book provides an interdisciplinary concept of digital working environments in industry 4.0 to enable the implementation of the digital twin of humans.
Information and communication technology is penetrating all areas of daily life at a rapid pace in private and professional areas. These technologies enable companies to aggregate huge volumes of data. Collected personal data of employees creates the opportunity of a digital representation of the human being itself, that is conformant with the definition of a digital twin. These digital twins of humans include selected characteristics and behaviour of the humans, that are linked to models, information, and data. According to existing trend studies, the digital twin of humans is a technology that will have a significant impact on the economy, society, and people. It is important to consider the regulatory framework for the use of personal data and threats of misuse.
This book will be of use to researchers and professionals in industry.
Author(s): Iris Gräßler, Günter W. Maier, Eckhard Steffen, Daniel Roesmann
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 269
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Fundamentals
Introduction—The Digital Twin of Humans
1 Introduction
2 Digital Twin of Humans
3 Interdisciplinary Perspectives—Contributions in This Book
References
Who Will Own Our Global Digital Twin: The Power of Genetic and Biographic Information to Shape Our Lives
1 Introduction
2 Defining the Global Digital Twin of a Human Being
2.1 Digital Twins of Machines
2.2 Literature: Digital Twins of Humans
2.3 Genetic and Biographic Codes
3 The Current Data Collection Situation and Its Limitations
3.1 Data Sources
3.2 Data Integration and Prediction
3.3 Prediction and Human Free Will
4 Digital Twin Knowledge as a Common Pool Resource: Two Tragedies
5 Conclusions
5.1 Short Summary
References
Planning of the Digital and Networked Work
Enhancing Risk Management for Digitalisation Projects in the Context of Socio-Technical Systems
1 Introduction
2 Socio-technical Characteristics of the Digital Transformation and Socio-Technical Challenges
2.1 Digital Transformation—An Overview
2.2 Socio-technical Perspectives on the Digital Transformation
3 Risk Management in the Context of Digitalisation
3.1 Principles of Risk Management
3.2 Fields of Action for Socio-Technical Risk Management
4 Risk Management in the Context of Socio-Technical Aspects for the Implementation of Operating Data Collection in Production
4.1 Identification and Analysis with Socio-Technical Aspects
4.2 Risk Assessment with Socio-Technical Aspects
4.3 Risk Treatment with Socio-Technical Aspects
5 Discussion
References
Justice and Fairness Perceptions in Automated Decision-Making—Current Findings and Design Implications
1 Introduction
2 Artificial Intelligence as (an Emerging) Decision-Maker
2.1 Digital Twins of Humans and ADM
3 Justice and Fairness Perceptions
3.1 Justice—A Definition
3.2 Consequences of Justice Perceptions
3.3 Fairness—A Definition
3.4 Subjectivity of Justice and Fairness Perceptions
4 Current Findings on ADM and Justice/Fairness Perceptions
4.1 Justice/Fairness as the Dependent Variable
4.2 Justice Rule Adherence/Justice Perceptions as the Independent Variable
4.3 Conclusion of the Literature Review
5 Limitations and Future Research
5.1 Lack of Studies in Real Interaction Scenarios
5.2 Mixed Results Regarding Justice and Fairness Perceptions
5.3 More Research Needed on Consequences and Implementation of Justice Rules
6 Design Implications for ADM
6.1 Consider When (Not) to Use ADM
6.2 Design Factors that are Related to Fairness Perceptions
6.3 Gather Feedback on How Stakeholders Perceive ADM
7 Digital Twins of Humans and Justice/Fairness Perceptions
7.1 Importance of Justice Perceptions When Creating and Using DTs
7.2 A DT Makes the System Aware of a Stakeholder's Justice and Fairness Perceptions
7.3 ADM that Is Perceived as Just/Fair Due to the Use of DTs
8 Conclusion
References
Graph-Theoretical Models for the Analysis and Design of Socio-Technical Networks
1 Introduction
1.1 Motivation
1.2 Graph Representation of Socio-Technical Networks
2 Signed Graphs and Balance Theory
2.1 Signed Graphs and Network Properties
2.2 The Importance of Negative Edges in Networks
2.3 The Positive Side of Negative Edges
3 Concepts for an In-Depth Analysis of Signed Networks
4 Conclusion
References
Implementation of the Digital Twin of Humans
Adaptive Assistance Systems: Approaches, Benefits, and Risks
1 Introduction
2 Categorizing Assistance Systems
3 Benefits and Risks of Assistance Systems
4 Architecture of an Adaptive Assistance System
4.1 Data Acquisition
4.2 Environment Model and Digital Twin
4.3 Decision Module: Assistance Strategies
4.4 Providing Adaptive Assistance and Communicating Decisions
5 Example: Adaptive Assistance in Monitoring Tasks
6 Conclusion and Future Work
References
Work Autonomy and Adaptive Digital Assistance in Flexible Working Environments
1 Introduction
2 Social Science and Technical Perspectives on Autonomy
2.1 Dimensions of Human Work Autonomy and System Autonomy
2.2 Assessment of Human Work Autonomy and System Autonomy
2.3 Prerequisites for Work and System Autonomy
2.4 Negotiation of Autonomy
3 Digital Assistance
4 Interactions Between Human Work Autonomy and Autonomous Digital Assistance
5 Adaptive Assistance for Improved Human Work Autonomy
6 Guideline for Enhanced Work Autonomy Through Adaptivity
7 Role of the Human Digital Twin in Work Autonomy
8 Conclusion
References
Individual Assembly Guidance
1 Introduction
2 State of the Art
3 Automatic Determination of Work Steps
4 Implementation
5 Conclusion
References
Integration of Human Factors for Assembly Systems of the Future
1 Introduction
2 Working in Cyber-Physical Assembly Systems
3 Assembly Planning
4 Modelling of Worker for Assembly Planning
4.1 Learning
4.2 Learning and Forgetting
4.3 Age
5 Human-Centred Modelling to Support Decisions in Assembly Systems
6 Conclusion
References
The Effects of the Digital Twin of Humans
From Computer-Assisted Work to the Digital Twins of Humans: Risks and Opportunities for Social Integration in the Workplace
1 Introduction
2 Direct and Indirect Consequences of Type 1 CAW for Workplace Relationships
3 Indirect Consequences of Type 2 CAW for Workplace Relationships Through the Shaping of Other Workplace Characteristics
4 From CAW to the Digital Twins of Humans
5 Discussion
References
Which Types of Workers Are Adversely Affected by Digital Transformation? Insights from the Task-Based Approach
1 Introduction
2 Changing Work Through Digitalisation: From Skill-Biased Technological Change to the Task-Based Approach
3 Digitalisation Effects: Linking the Routine-Bias Hypothesis to Insights on Worker Mobility
3.1 Routine Tasks and Automation
3.2 Specific Task Profiles and Low Mobility
3.3 A Matrix of Risks
4 Employees with High Risks Tend to Receive Less Training
5 Reducing Risks Due to Digitalisation by Using Human Digital Twins in Personnel Management
6 Conclusions
References
Digital Twins in Flexible Online Work: Crowdworkers on German-Language Platforms
1 Introduction
2 External Crowdworking as Part of the Gig Economy
3 Platforms in Germany: Expert Tasks Versus Microtasks
4 The Crowdworkers
4.1 No Employment Contracts But Employment Relationships
4.2 The Diverse Crowd: Demographics, Health, and Work-Life Balance
5 Rating Systems on Platforms
5.1 An Instrument to Allocate Tasks, as Well as to Attract, Motivate, and Retain Crowdworkers
5.2 A Crowdworker's Record in the Rating System Is a Digital Twin
6 Conclusions
References
