This book is the first comprehensive compilation of deliberations on botany, medicinal importance, genetic diversity, classical genetics and breeding, in vitro biosynthesis, somatic embryogenesis, genetic transformation, molecular mapping, genome sequence, and functional genomics of Catharanthus roseus. Catharanthus is the most important medicinal plant in the world that contains about 130 therapeutic alkaloids out of which vinblastine and vincristine are the two highly used anticancer drugs sold by the pharmaceutically industries. Altogether, the book contains about 10 chapters authored by globally reputed experts on the relevant field of this plant. This book is useful to the students, teachers and scientists in the academia and relevant private companies interested in horticulture, genetics, breeding, pathology, entomology, physiology, molecular genetics and breeding, in vitro culture and genetic engineering, and structural and functional genomics. This book is also useful to pharmaceutical industries.
Author(s): Chittaranjan Kole
Series: Compendium of Plant Genomes
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 208
City: Singapore
Preface to the Series
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Abbreviations
1 Botanical Features of Periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Species of Catharanthus
1.1.2 Origin
1.1.3 Distribution
1.1.4 Nomenclature
1.1.5 Habitat
1.1.6 Morphology of Catharanthus
1.1.6.1 Vegetative Characters
1.1.6.2 Floral Characters
Accessory Whorl
Essential Whorl
1.1.6.3 Propagation
1.1.6.4 Identifying Character
1.1.6.5 C. Pusillus
1.1.7 Anatomy
1.1.7.1 Epidermal Anatomy
1.1.8 Cytology of Catharanthus
1.1.8.1 Mitotic Studies
1.1.8.2 Meiotic Studies
1.1.9 Chemical Constituents
1.1.9.1 C. roseus
1.1.9.2 C. Pusillus
1.1.10 Medicinal Properties
1.1.10.1 C. roseus
1.1.10.2 C. Pusillus
1.1.11 Ayurvedic Properties
References
2 Catharanthus Roseus: A Source of Anticancer Phytomedicines
Abstract
2.1 Basic Introduction to Cancer, Its Types and Plant Based Cancer Treatment
2.1.1 Transition from Traditional to Modern Medicine
2.1.2 Current Cancer Therapy Via Phytochemicals: A Novel Approach
2.2 Brief Review on Catharanthus
2.2.1 Classification
2.2.2 The Wonderful Plant with Multifarious Activities
2.2.2.1 Morphology
2.2.2.2 Geographical Distribution
2.2.2.3 Growth Conditions, Mode of Propagation, Culture
2.2.2.4 Extraction of Vinca Alkaloids
2.2.3 Use in Traditional and Modern Medicine
2.3 Alkaloids Present in Catharanthus
2.3.1 Vincristine (VCR)
2.3.2 Vinblastine (VBL)
2.3.3 Mode of Action of Vincristine and Vinblastine
2.4 Regulatory Aspects of Herbal Anticancer Drugs
2.5 Modern Trends in Traditional Medicine Informatics and Opportunities for Anticancer Plant Products
2.6 Conclusion
Funding
References
3 Classical Breeding and Trait Genetics in Catharanthus
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 History of Catharanthus Cultivation
3.1.2 Global Trade of Catharanthus and Economics of MTIA Production
3.2 Basic Information Required for Planning of Breeding Strategies
3.2.1 Origin, Ecological Distribution, and Wild Relatives
3.2.2 Cytogenetics and Genome Size
3.2.3 Floral Biology, Pollination Mechanism, and Breeding Behavior
3.2.4 Targets of Catharanthus Breeding
3.3 Classical Breeding in Catharanthus
3.3.1 Pre-Breeding: Natural Variation and Its Assessment
3.3.2 Interspecific Hybridization and Exploiting Wild Species
3.3.3 Inbred Development: Cleistogamy
3.3.4 Hybrid Breeding: Male Sterility
3.3.5 Exploiting Vigor by Polyploidy
3.4 Breeding for Specific Targets and Targeted Trait Genetics
3.4.1 Breeding for Alkaloid Content
3.4.2 Breeding for Corolla Color: Ornamental Market Perspectives
3.4.3 Breeding for Plant Height
3.4.4 Breeding for Salt, Heat, Drought, and Light
3.4.5 Breeding for Disease and Pest Resistance
3.5 Development of Genetic Screens: Catharanthus Mutants
3.6 DUS Guidelines for Variety Release: Registered and Patented Varieties
3.7 Next Generation Breeding
3.8 Conclusions and Future Prospects
Acknowledgements
References
4 Somatic Embryogenesis in Catharanthus Roseus: Proteomics of Embryogenic and Non-embryogenic Tissues; and Genome Size Analysis of Regenerated Plant
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Catharanthus Embryogenesis
4.3 Explants, PGRs, Callus and Embryo Differentiation from Embryogenic Callus
4.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Study of Embryogenic Callus
4.5 Secondary/Adventive Embryogenesis
4.6 Somatic Embryo Irregularities
4.7 Embryo Maturation and Plantlet Development
4.8 Liquid Overlaying
4.9 Encapsulation of Somatic Embryos in Making Artificial Seeds
4.10 Cryopreservation of Embryogenic Tissues
4.11 Protoplast Culture from Embryogenic Cells
4.12 Proteomic Study of Catharanthus Somatic Embryos
4.13 Genome Size of Somatic Embryo Regenerated Plant
Conflict of Interest
References
5 Alkaloid Synthesis in In Vitro Cultures of Catharanthus Roseus: Potential and Limitations
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Callus and Cell Suspensions
5.2.1 Selection of Elite Lines, Media Formulation, and Culture Conditions
5.2.2 Elicitation and Stress Conditions
5.3 Organ Culture
5.3.1 Shoot Cultures
5.3.2 Roots Cultures
5.4 Metabolic Engineering and Synthetic Biology Approaches
5.4.1 Modification of Alkaloid Biosynthesis in C. roseus by Metabolic Engineering
5.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
6 Genetic Transformation in Catharanthus roseus
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Alkaloid in C. roseus Plant and Its Transgenic Vector
6.2.1 Biosynthesis of Alkaloid in C. roseus Plant
6.2.2 CrDAT Transgenic Vector
6.3 Establishment of Genetic Transformation
6.3.1 Transformation Media
6.3.2 Transformation Procedure
6.4 The CrDAT Gene Transformation
6.5 Detection of the Presence of the CrDAT Transgene
6.5.1 PCR and Southern Blot Analysis
6.5.2 Western Blot and ELISA Analysis
6.5.3 Alterations in Total Alkaloid and Vincristine Content
6.6 Conclusions
References
7 Molecular Markers and Descriptor’s Suitable for Quantitative Trait Loci and Genome Mapping in Catharanthus roseus
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Catharanthus roseus as a Genetic Model for Secondary Metabolism
7.3 Genetic Resources and Genetic Variability in Catharanthus roseus
7.4 Importance of Genetic Resource Collection and Variability in QTL Mapping
7.4.1 Genetic Improvement Strategies for High TIA Yields
7.4.2 Mapping of TIA Yield Associated Quantitative Trait Loci
7.4.3 Quantitative Traits Directly Related to Yield of TIA
7.4.4 Qualitative Morphological Traits Related to TIA Rich Organs
7.5 Importance of Mutants in QTL Mapping of C. roseus
7.6 Genomic Resources, Molecular Markers, Genetic Linkage Maps and QTLs
7.7 Gene-To-Metabolite Relationship for TIAs in C. roseus
7.7.1 Concluding Remarks
References
8 Sequencing the Genome of Catharanthus roseus: Status and Prospects
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Genome Sequencing of C. roseus
8.3 Plastid Genome Sequencing in C. roseus
8.4 Application of C. roseus Genome Sequence in Understanding MIA Biosynthesis
8.5 Functional Genomics Research in C. roseus
8.6 C. roseus Functional Genomics Database (croFGD)
8.7 Conclusion and Prospects
References
9 Functional Genomics Approaches for Gene Discovery Related to Terpenoid Indole Alkaloid Biosynthetic Pathway in Catharanthus roseus
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Functional Biological Pathways Involved in the Biosynthesis of TIAs
9.3 Regulatory Genes/Transcription Factors Involved in TIA Biosynthesis
9.4 Functional Genes/TFs Involved in Transport of TIA in C. roseus
9.5 Mining of Putative Genes/TFs Involved in TIA Biosynthesis
9.6 Functional Genomic Tools for Engineering TIA Biosynthetic Pathway in C. roseus
9.7 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
10 Future Prospects for Research on Catharanthus roseus
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Availability of Various Omics Resources for C. roseus
10.3 Future Prospects for Research
10.3.1 Sequestration and Transportation of TIA Biosynthetic Intermediates
10.3.2 Future Scope for Biotechnological Improvements
10.3.3 Potential Role of Micronutrients in Modulating TIA Content in the Plant
10.3.4 Key Areas Requiring Focus in Future
Acknowledgements
References
