The Aruna Sanskrit Grammar Reference

Cover Page
Copyright Page
Invocation
Contents
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Introduction
Using This Book
Introduction to Sanskrit
The origins of Sanskrit
Vedic Sanskrit versus Classical Sanskrit
If Panini wrote the definitive grammar book, then why are we offering this work?
Why is this series better for learning Sanskrit? And to whom is this work intended?
The Aruna Sanskrit Language Series
Chapter 1 – The Alphabet
1.1: The script
1.2: The sounds
1.3: The five locations of sound
1.4: Five efforts of articulation and the characters that exhibit them
1.5: Devanāgarī alphabet with international transliteration, sound, and location
1.6: Writing
1.7: Writing noninitial vowels
1.8: Sound classifications
1.9: Devanāgarī alphabet classified by sound
1.10: The anusvāra
1.11: Common symbols
1.12: Conjunct consonants
1.13: Irregular forms in conjuncts
1.14: Special conjuncts
1.15: Printing consonants
1.16: Reading conjunct consonants
1.17: Common conjunct consonants
1.18: Numerals
1.19: Numerals as pronunciation indicators
1.20: The syllable
1.21: Syllable structure
1.22: Quality of syllable
1.23: The pāda
1.24: Meter
1.25: Accent
Chapter 2 – Rules of Sandhi
2.1: Coalescence of adjacent sounds
2.2: Guṇa and vṛddhi
2.3: Strengthening of vowels
2.4: General and internal sandhi
2.5: Reading sandhi charts
2.6: – .16: General vowel sandhi
2.17: – .22: Special - general vowel sandhi
2.23: Permitted finals
2.24: Permitted final consonants of a (conjugated, declined, or indeclinable) word
2.25: – .35: General visarga sandhi
2.36: – .40: Special - general visarga sandhi
2.41: – .64: General consonant sandhi
2.65: Internal sandhis
2.66: – .112: Internal vowel sandhi
Chapter 3 – Declension of Nouns
3.1: Inflection
3.2: Normal Case Terminations
3.3: Accent
3.4: Consonant-ending Stems
3.5: Unchangeable Stem - Dental -t
3.6: The rest of the unchangeable stems
3.7: – .26: Consonant-ending Changeable Stems
3.7: Changeable stems
3.8: General Rules for Changeable Stems
3.9: Feminines of changeable stems
3.10: Two-Form Stems with the Normal Case Terminations
3.11: Two-Form Stems
3.12: Two-Form Stems -at
3.13: Two-Form Stems -mat / -vat
3.14: Two-Form Stems -(ī)yas
3.15: Two-Form Stems -in / -min / -vin
3.16: The irregular word ap
3.17: Three-Form Stems with the Normal Case Terminations
3.18: Three-Form Stems
3.19: Three-Form Stems -vas
3.20: Three-Form Stems -an
3.21: Irregular forms of -an
3.22: Three-Form Stems -man / -van
3.23: Irregular forms of -van
3.24: Three-Form Stems - ac
3.25: Similarly declined -ac stems
3.26: Irregular noun with a three-form stem
3.27: – .41: Vowel-ending Noun Stems
3.28: Nominal Vowel Stems -a / -ā
3.29: Vowel Stems -i
3.30: Vowel Stems -u
3.31: – .35: There are several irregular declensions of certain common words in -i and -u
3.32: pati
3.33: sakhi
3.34: akṣi, asthi, dadhi, and sakthi
3.35: dyu
3.36: Vowel Stems -ī / -ū
3.36: Irregular strī
3.38: Vowel Stems -ṛ
3.39: Irregular forms of -ṛ
3.40: The suffix -tṛ in other genders
3.41: Vowel Stems -ai / -o / -au
Chapter 4 – Pronouns and Numerals
4.1: – .22: Pronouns
4.2: Personal pronouns aham, tvam
4.3: Enclitics
4.4: Common Pronominal Terminations
4.5: Relative proximity
4.6: Demonstrative Pronoun tad
4.7: Demonstrative Pronoun etad
4.8: Demonstrative Pronoun idam
4.9: Demonstrative Pronoun adas
4.10: Demonstrative Pronoun enad
4.11: Relative Pronoun yad
4.12: Interrogative Pronoun kim
4.13: In word derivation the interrogative pronominal stems ka, ki, ku are used
4.14: Reflexive pronouns
4.15: Possessive pronouns
4.16: Pronominal adjectives
4.17: Pronominal stems + dṛś, dṛśa, dṛkṣa
4.18: Pronominal stems + -vat or -yat
4.19: Pronominal stems + -ti
4.20: Pronominal stem ka + cid, cana, api
4.21: Relative pronoun preceding an interrogative pronoun makes it indefinite
4.22: Relative pronoun when doubled takes on a distributive meaning
4.23: – .25: Cardinals
4.24: Alternate Cardinal Designations
4.25: Declension of Cardinals
4.26: Ordinals
4.27: – .30: Numerical Adverbs and Derivatives
4.27: Multiplicative adverbs
4.28: Adverbs of manner
4.29: Distributive adverbs
4.30: Aggregative adjectives and nouns
Chapter 5 – Conjugation of Verbs
5.1: The inflection of verbal roots
5.2: Roots
5.3: The Verbal Bases of the Ten Classes
5.4: sārvadhātuka-lakāra-s – The Four Verbal Base Tenses and Moods
5.5: Terminations taken by the 1st Conjugation Classes of Roots
5.6: Terminations taken by the 2nd Conjugation Classes of Roots
5.7: – .13: Reduplication
5.8: General Rules of Reduplication
5.9: Special Reduplication Rule for 3rd Class Roots
5.10: Special Reduplication Rules for Reduplicated Perfect
5.11: Special Reduplication Rules for Reduplicated Aorist
5.12: Special Reduplication Rules for Desiderative
5.13: Special Reduplication Rules for Intensives (or Frequentives)
5.14: – .17: Irregular Verbal Bases in sārvadhātuka-lakāra-s – The Four Verbal Base Tenses and Moods for 1st Conjugational Classes of Roots
5.15: Irregular 1st Class
5.16: Irregular 4th Class
5.17: Irregular 6th Class
5.18: – .23: Irregular Forms in sārvadhātuka-lakāra-s – The Four Verbal Base Tenses and Moods for 2nd Conjugational Classes of Roots
5.19: Irregular 2nd Class
5.20: Irregular 3rd Class
5.21: Irregular 5th Class
5.22: Irregular 8th Class
5.23: Irregular 9th Class
5.24: – .35: ārdhadhātuka-lakāra-s – The Root Tenses and Moods
5.25: The Perfect tense
5.26: There are two types of Perfect tense
5.27: Reduplicative Perfect
5.28: Irregular Forms of Perfect
5.29: Periphrastic Perfect
5.30: Aorist
5.31: Examples of Aorist
5.32: Benedictive mood
5.33: Simple Future
5.34: Periphrastic Future (or Second Future)
5.35: Conditional
5.36: – .37: Passive formations
5.37: Passive in sārvadhātuka-lakāra-s
5.38: Aorist 3rd sg. Passive
5.39: – .43: Derivative formations
5.40: Causatives
5.41: Desideratives
5.42: Intensives (or Frequentives)
5.43: Denominatives
Chapter 6 – Formation of Words
6.1: Parts of Speech
6.2: Formation of verbs
6.3: Formation of uncompounded nouns, pronoun, adjectives, participles and indeclinables
6.4: – .10: Participles and Infinitives
6.4: Active (parasmaipada) Participles -at, -vas
6.5: Middle (ātmanepada) Participle -māna, -āna
6.6: Past Participle -na, -ita, -ta
6.7: Past Active Participle -(i)tavat
6.8: Potential Passive Participle -ya, (i)tavya, -anīya
6.9: Indeclinable Participle (or Gerund) -(i)tvā, -ya, -tya, -am
6.10: Infinitive -(i)tum
6.11: – .21: Verbal Compounds, Prepositions, Adverbs and Particles
6.11: Verbal Compounds
6.12: Prefixes
6.13: Verbal compound of certain roots with adverbs
6.14: Verbal compound of the roots kṛ & bhū with adjectives or substantives
6.15: Prepositions
6.16: Prepositional Adverbs
6.17: Indeclinable participles used as prepositions accompany/govern the following cases
6.18: Nouns used as prepositions
6.19: Adverbs formed with suffixes
6.20: Conjunctive and Adverbial Particles
6.21: Interjections
6.22: – .28: Nominal stem formation
6.23: Overview of a few common suffixes
6.24: Bare Roots
6.25: Primary and secondary suffixes forming degrees of comparison
6.26: Primary suffixes kṛdanta-s
6.27: Secondary suffixes taddhita-s
6.28: Gender
6.29: – .41: Nominal Compounds
6.30: Types of samāsa
6.31: Accent in samāsa-s
6.32: vibhakti-tatpuruṣa-samāsa Oblique case compound
6.33: nañ(j)-tatpuruṣa-samāsa Negative compound
6.34: karmadhāraya-samāsa Same case compound
6.35: dvigu-samāsa Numerical compound
6.36: prādi-samāsa Prepositional compound
6.37: gati-samāsa Indeclinable compound
6.38: upapada-samāsa Non-independent compound
6.39: bahuvrīhi-samāsa Adjectival compound
6.40: dvandva-samāsa List compound
6.41: avyayībhāva-samāsa Indeclinable-like compound
Chapter 7 – Syntax
7.1: Forming words into sentences
7.2: saṃskṛta anvaya
7.3: The Article
7.4: Number
7.5: Agreement
7.6: Pronouns
7.7: Nominative Case
7.8: Accusative Case
7.9: Instrumental Case
7.10: Dative Case
7.11: Ablative Case
7.12: Genitive Case
7.13: Locative Case
7.14: Absolute Construction
7.15: – .20: Participles
7.16: Present Participles -at, -māna, -āna
7.17: Past Participles -ta, -ita, -tavat, -vas
7.18: Potential Passive Participles -tavya, -itavya, -ya, anīya
7.19: Indeclinable Participles (or Gerund) -tvā, -itvā, -ya, -tya, -am
7.20: Infinitive -tum, -itum
7.21 – .28: Tenses and Moods
7.21: Present Tense
7.22: Past Tenses
7.23: Future Tenses
7.24: Imperative Mood
7.25: Potential Mood
7.26: Benedictive Mood
7.27: Conditional Mood
7.28: Passive and Impersonal Construction
7.29 – .32: Derivatives
7.29: Causatives
7.30: Desideratives
7.31: Intensives (or Frequentives)
7.32: Denominatives
Glossary
Bibiography
Index of Sanskrit Terms
a- … anyatara
anyathā … ced
√ci … -i (connecting vowel)
√īḍ … loṭ
lṛṅ … paraspara
parastāt … samīpa
samprasāraṇa … trayas-
tri … yad tad
yadi … yuvan
Index of English Terms
Abbreviations in book … Adverbial compounds
Adverbs … Changeable consonant-ending stems
Classes of roots … Diphthongs
‘Distance or length,’ by accusative … General sandhi
Genitive case … ‘Into’ by locative
Intransitive (middle, reflexive orātmanaipada) … Participles
Particles … Pronouns
Pronunciation … Unit
‘Unto’ by dative … Writing
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