Textiles and Their Use in Microbial Protection: Focus on COVID-19 and Other Viruses

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Editor Biographies
Contributors
Section I: Generalities
Chapter 1: Introduction to Textile Materials Used in Health Care
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Development of Textiles
1.3 Textile Structures
1.4 Textiles for Advanced Applications
1.4.1 Textiles for Technical Aims
1.4.2 High Functional Textiles
1.4.3 Textiles as an Information System
1.5 Smart Textiles
1.6 Selected Materials for the Preparation of Textile Structures
1.6.1 Fibrous Materials
1.6.2 Nanomaterials
1.6.2.1 Nanoparticles
1.6.2.2 Nanofibers
1.6.3 Aerogels
1.6.4 Shape Memory Materials
1.6.5 Thermally Adaptive Textiles
1.6.5.1 Hydrated Inorganic Salts
1.6.5.2 Polyethylene Glycol
1.6.5.3 Block Copolymers
1.6.5.4 Higher Hydrocarbons
1.6.6 Materials Sensitive to External Stimuli
1.7 Textiles for Medical Purposes
1.7.1 General Topics
1.7.2 Nonimplant Materials
1.7.3 Organ Replacements
1.7.4 Implant Materials
1.7.5 Clothing and Protective Materials
1.7.6 Development of Medical Textiles
1.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 2: Protection against Microbes: State-of-the-Art
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Microbes
2.2.1 Bacteria
2.2.2 Viruses
2.2.3 Mites
2.3 Influence of Microbes on Humans
2.4 Effects of Microorganisms on Textiles
2.5 Antimicrobial Action
2.6 Antimicrobial Agents
2.6.1 General Aspects
2.6.2 Groups of Antimicrobial Agents
2.6.3 Silver
2.6.4 Copper
2.6.5 Other Metals
2.7 Antimicrobial Textiles
2.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 3: Virology of SARS-CoV-2
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Structure of SARS-CoV-2
3.3 Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2
3.3.1 Main Protease
3.3.2 Hemagglutinin-Esterase Lectin
3.3.3 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2)
3.3.4 Receptor Binding Domain (RBD)
3.3.5 Transmembrane Protease, Serine 2 (TMPRSS2)
3.4 Life Cycle of SARS-CoV-2
3.4.1 Attachment and Entry
3.4.2 Replicase Protein Expression
3.4.3 Replication and Transcription
3.4.4 Assembly and Release
3.5 Pathogenesis and Immune Response of SARS-CoV-2
3.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Section II: Disinfection Mechanism
Chapter 4: Characterization, Indication, and Passivation of COVID-19
4.1 Introduction
4.2 General Classification of Viruses
4.3 History of Coronaviruses
4.4 Classification of Coronaviruses
4.5 Taxonomy of SARS-CoV-2
4.6 Transmission and Persistence of SARS-CoV-2
4.7 Genome Structure of Coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2
4.8 Functions of SARS-CoV-2 Proteins
4.8.1 Non-Structural Proteins (NSPs)
4.8.2 Spike Protein (S)
4.8.3 Envelope Protein (E)
4.8.4 Membrane Protein (M)
4.8.5 Nucleocapsid Protein (N)
4.8.6 Accessory Proteins
4.9 Cell Entry Mechanism of Coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2
4.10 Emergence and Epidemiology COVID-19
4.11 Treatment of SARS-CoV-2
4.12 Possible Solutions for COVID-19 Prevention
4.13 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 5: Disinfection Mechanisms of UV Light and Ozonization
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Disinfection Mechanism of UV and Influence of UV Light on CoVs State
5.2.1 UV Light and Photochemistry
5.2.2 Structure and Photochemistry of DNA and RNA
5.2.3 Reactivation Mechanisms
5.2.4 Effects of Different UV Wavelengths on CoVs
5.2.5 UV Disinfection System for Masks
5.3 Influence of Ozonization on CoVs State
5.3.1 Physical–Chemical Properties of Ozone
5.3.2 Generation of Ozone and Measurement of Its Concentration
5.3.3 Antiviral Action Mechanisms of Ozone
5.3.4 Virus Inactivation by Ozone
5.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 6: Influence of UV Light and Ozonization on Microbes State
6.1 Introduction
6.2 UV Light
6.2.1 State-of-the-Art of UV Light
6.2.2 Influence Rule of Disinfection Methods
6.2.3 Influence of UV-LED Light Source System Parameters on Inactivation Mechanism
6.2.4 Wavelength of UV-LEDs
6.2.5 UV Dose
6.2.6 Inactivation Rate Constant (K)
6.3 Ozonization
6.4 Ozone Inactivation
6.4.1 Lipid Peroxidation
6.4.2 Protein Peroxidation
6.4.3 Ozone for Disinfection
6.4.4 Air Disinfection by Ozone
6.4.5 Ozone-Based Water Treatment Processes (Ozonization)
6.4.6 Perspectives of Ozone-Based Water Treatment
6.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 7: Photocatalysis and Virus Spreading: Photocatalysis
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Photocatalysis
7.3 Coupling of Titania with Semiconductors
7.4 Modifications of TiO 2 with Metal Deposition
7.5 Modified TiO 2 with Nonmetal Deposition
7.6 TiO 2 Frameworks with Graphene and Different Carboneous Materials
7.7 Commercial Applications of TiO 2
7.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 8: Kinetic Model for Disinfection by Using of Photooxidation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Fundamental of PCO
8.2.1 Biological Effects of PCO
8.2.2 Mechanism of Cell and DNA Damage
8.3 Kinetics
8.3.1 Kinetics of PCO
8.3.1.1 Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L-H) Model
8.3.1.2 Direct–Indirect Model (D-I Model)
8.3.2 Disinfection Kinetic Models of PCO
8.3.2.1 Chick’s Model
8.3.2.2 Chick–Watson Model
8.3.2.3 Delayed Chick–Watson Model
8.3.2.4 Hom’s and Modified Hom’s Model
8.4 Factors Influencing the Disinfection Mechanism
8.4.1 Irradiation Length and Intensity
8.4.2 pH and Catalyst Loading
8.4.3 Temperature and Turbidity
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 9: Titanium Dioxide: Enhanced Disinfection
9.1 Introduction
9.2 TiO 2 Photocatalysts
9.2.1 OD – 3D TiO 2 Structures
9.2.2 Metal and Nonmetal Doped TiO 2
9.2.3 TiO 2 Heterojunctions Systems
9.2.4 Modification of TiO 2 with Graphene/Carbonaceous Materials
9.2.5 TiO 2 Functionalization Methods and Applications
9.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Impact of Copper and Ions against Coronavirus: Impact of Copper and Ions
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Mechanism of Action on the Human Body
10.3 Treatment of COVID-19
10.4 Commonly Used Materials for Inactivation of Coronavirus
10.5 Copper and Oxide
10.6 Use of Copper Against Pathogens
10.7 Effect of Copper on Coronavirus
10.8 Mechanism of Copper Action on Pathogenic Bacteria
10.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Section III: Textile Applications
Chapter 11: Copper-Coated Textiles for Viruses Dodging
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Antibacterial and Antiviral Properties of Copper and Copper Alloy
11.3 Mechanisms of Copper and Copper Oxide Disinfection for Virus
11.4 Method of Metallization of Textile
11.5 Discussion
11.6 Conclusion and Future Prospective
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 12: Eradicating Spread of Virus by Using Activated Carbon
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Activated Carbon-Based Systems and Its Applications
12.2.1 Activated Carbon for Filtration Purposes
12.2.2 Activated Carbon for Effective Face Masks
12.3 Effective Properties Influencing the Adsorption Behavior of Activated Carbon
12.4 Forms of Activated Carbon
12.4.1 Granular Activated Carbon (GAC), Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC), and Super-Powdered Activated Carbon (S-PAC)
12.4.2 Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) and Graphene
12.4.3 Activated Carbon Fibers (ACFs)
12.5 Modified Activated Carbon
12.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 13: Antiviral Finishes for Protection against SARS-CoV-2
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Nanoparticle-Based Antiviral Systems
13.2.1 Quantum Dots (QDs)
13.2.2 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)
13.2.3 Copper Nanoparticles (CuNPs) and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuONPs)
13.2.4 Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles (GONPs)
13.2.5 Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs) as Biocidal Carriers
13.3 Polymer-Based Antiviral Systems
13.3.1 Polyethyleneimine
13.3.2 Chitosan
13.3.3 Polymers with Regenerative Oxygen Species (ROS)
13.3.4 Polymers as Antiviral Carriers
13.4 Chemical/Essential Oil Extract-Based Antiviral Systems
13.4.1 Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride
13.4.2 Oregano Essential Oil
13.4.3 Sodium Pentaborate Pentahydrate (SPP)
13.4.4 Triclosan
13.4.5 Hypothiocyanite
13.4.6 Carrageenan
13.4.7 Green tea extract (GTE)
13.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 14: Fundamental Principles for Moisture Harvesting System and Its Design of Fabric
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Moisture Harvesting on the Fabric
14.3 Water Transfer through the Fabric
14.3.1 Wetting
14.3.2 Contact Angle
14.3.3 Roughness on Wettability
14.3.4 Water Contact Hysteresis
14.3.5 Measurement of Wetting
14.3.6 Wicking
14.3.7 Fabric with Fast Wetting and Quick Drying
14.3.8 Increasing the Specific Surface Area of Fiber
14.3.9 Introducing Functional Group into the Fiber
14.3.10 Blending Yarns System
14.4 One-Way Directional Water Transfer through the Fabric
14.5 Outlook
Acknowledgement
References
Index
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