Textbook of Parasitic Zoonoses

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
About the Book
The Genesis
The Content Organization
The Value Addition
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I: General Parasitology
Parasite Taxonomy
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Evolution of Classification Systemics
Taxonomy of Protozoal Parasites
Cavalier-Smith (2003) Classification of the Kingdom Protozoa
Corliss (1994) Classification of the Kingdom Protozoa
Taxonomy of Helminthic Parasites
Modern Methods for Classification of Parasites
Case Study
Taxonomical Position of Microspora
Research Questions
Further Readings
Host-Parasite Relationship and Clinical Manifestations
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Definitions
Sources of Infection
Modes of Transmission
Clinico-pathological Correlations
Effect of Parasite on the Host
Effect of Host on Parasite
Interactions with the Host Intestinal Microbiota
Clinical Manifestations
Spectrum of Clinical Manifestations
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Parasite Immunology
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Innate Immune Responses
Adaptive Immune Response
Adaptive Response to Protozoan Parasites
Adaptive Response to Helminth Parasites
Role of T17 Cells in Helminth Infections
T-Regulatory Cells and Immunoregulation
Immune Evasion by Parasites
Conclusion
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Parasitic Genomics
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Beginning of Parasitic Genomic Era
Application in Parasitology
Parasitic Diagnosis
Pathogen Discovery
Host-Parasite Interactions
Host Susceptibility Studies
Molecular Mimicry and Antigenic Variation
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-Associated (CRISPR-Cas) in Parasites
Epidemiological Tracking
Drug Discovery
Drug Resistance
Vaccine Development
Conclusion
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Parasite Proteomics
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Tools for Proteomic Analysis
Bottom-Up Proteomics
Quantitative Proteomics
Top-Down Proteomics
Emerging Proteomics Strategies
Applications of Proteomics in Parasite Biology
Malaria
Toxoplasmosis
Leishmaniasis
Helminthiasis
Integrative Proteomics Is the Future
Case Studies
Research Questions
Further Readings
Epidemiology of Parasitic Infections
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Symbiosis
The Parasite
The Host
Parasitic Zoonoses
Sources of Infections
Humans
Animals
Arthropod Vectors
Water and Soil
Transmission of Infections
Geographical Distribution of Parasites
Burden of Disease
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Diagnosis of Parasitic Zoonoses
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Collection of Specimens
Microscopy
Stool Microscopy
Blood Microscopy
Urogenital Specimens Microscopy
Duodenal Fluid Microscopy
Sputum Microscopy
Perianal Swab Microscopy
Aspirated Materials Microscopy
CSF Microscopy
Biopsy Materials Microscopy
Examination of Intact/Part of Worm
Culture of Specimens
Schistosome Egg Viability Test
Immunodiagnosis
Intradermal Skin Tests
Antibody-Based Serological Tests
Simple Serological Tests
Antigen-Based Serological Tests
Molecular Diagnosis
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Real-Time PCR
Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP)
Luminex Technology
DNA Probe
Proteomics
Miscellaneous Tests
Animal Inoculation
Xenodiagnosis
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Chemotherapy of Parasitic Infections
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Goals of Chemotherapy
Antiparasitic Agents
Chemotherapy of Protozoal Infections
Chemotherapy of Gastrointestinal Protozoa
Chemotherapy of Genital Protozoa
Chemotherapy of Blood and Tissue Protozoa
Antimalarial Agents
Mechanism of Action of Antimalarial Agents
Chemotherapy of Helminthic Infections
Chemotherapy of Cestodes and Trematodes
Chemotherapy of Nematodes
Chemotherapy of Ectoparasites
Drug Resistance
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Prevention and Control of Parasitic Zoonoses
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Preventive and Control Measures
Prevention and Control of Zoonotic Infections in Humans
Controlling Infection in the Reservoir Hosts
Interruption of Transmission Cycle
Sanitation Measures Including Good Personal Hygiene
Pet and Stray Animals Management
Reducing Vector Population and Vector Bites
Prevention and Control Among Animals
Surveillance
Animal Control Measures
Control of Livestock, Meat Industry and Market
Vector Control Measures
Impact of Control Measures
Conclusion
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Part II: Zoonotic Protozoal Infections
Toxoplasmosis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Trophozoites/Tachyzoites
Bradyzoite/Tissue Cyst
Sporozoites
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Toxoplasma gondii
Hosts
Definitive Host
Intermediate Host
Infective Stages
Transmission of Infection
Asexual Cycle
Sexual Cycle
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Animal Inoculation
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Leishmaniasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Promastigote
Amastigote
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL)
Life Cycle of Leishmania Donovani
Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Bite of Sand Fly
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
In Vitro Culture
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL)
Hosts
Primary Hosts
Vectors
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
In Vitro Culture
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Local Therapy
Systemic Therapy
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (MCL)
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control of Leishmaniasis
Vaccines for Leishmaniasis
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
African Trypanosomiasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Parasite Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Trypomastigotes or Long Slender Forms
Metacyclic Trypomastigotes or Short Stumpy Forms
Intermediate Forms
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Trypanozoon Trypanosomes
Hosts
Primary Host
Intermediate Host
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Question
Further Readings
American Trypanosomosis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Trypomastigote
Epimastigote
Amastigote
Cultivation of Parasite
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi
Hosts
Primary Host
Intermediate Host
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Transmission Pathways
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Xenodiagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Malaria
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Plasmodium knowlesi
Hosts
Definitive Host
Intermediate Host
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Hyperparasitaemia
Parasite Sequestration
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Other Zoonotic Malaria
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Babesiosis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
Morphology
Sporozoite
Trophozoite
Merozoite
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Babesia spp.
Hosts
Definitive Hosts
Intermediate Hosts
Accidental Host
Infective Stage
Mode of Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
In Vitro Culture
Serology
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Cryptosporidiosis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
The Oocyst
The Sporozoite
The Merozoite
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Cryptosporidium spp.
Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Asexual Stage (Sporogony)
Sexual Stage (Gametogony)
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Laboratory Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Coproantigen Detection
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Sarcocystosis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Oocysts and Sporocysts
Sarcocysts
Cultivation of Parasite
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Sarcocystis spp.
Hosts
Infective Stages
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Intestinal Sarcocystosis
Muscular Sarcocystosis (Extra-intestinal Sarcocystosis)
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Balantidiasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Trophozoites
Cysts
Cultivation of Parasite
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Balantioides coli
Host
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Laboratory Diagnoses in Humans and Animals
Microscopy
In Vitro Cultures
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Part III: Zoonotic Helminthic Infections: Trematode
Schistosomiasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
Parasite Morphology
Adult
Miracidium
Cercaria
Egg
Cultivation of Parasite
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Schistosoma spp.
Hosts
Definitive Hosts
Intermediate Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Urinary Schistosomiasis
Intestinal Schistosomiasis
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Other Schistosoma Species
Schistosoma intercalatum
Schistosoma mekongi
Schistosoma malayensis
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Fasciolosis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult
Eggs
Larval Stages
Metacercariae
Cultivation of Parasite
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Fasciola spp.
Hosts
Definitive Hosts
Reservoir Hosts
Intermediate Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Other Tests
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Fasciolopsiasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Eggs
Infective Larva
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Fasciolopsis buski
Hosts
Definitive Host
Intermediate Host
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infections in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Other Diagnostic Parameters
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Paragonimiasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult
Eggs
Metacercaria and Cercaria
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Paragonimus Species
Hosts
Definitive Hosts
First Intermediate Hosts
Second Intermediate Hosts
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Immunodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Imaging Techniques
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Studies
Research Questions
Further Readings
Echinostomiasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Eggs
Metacercariae
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Echinostoma spp.
Hosts
Definitive Hosts
Intermediate Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Other Methods
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Dicrocoeliasias
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Eggs
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Hosts
Definitive Host
Intermediate Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Opisthorchiasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Metacerceria
Egg
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Opisthorchis spp.
Hosts
Definitive Hosts
Intermediate Hosts
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Other Tests
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Clonorchiasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Metacercaria
Eggs
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Clonorchis sinensis
Hosts
Definitive Hosts
Intermediate Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infections in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Histopathology
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Amphistomiasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Eggs
Metacercaria
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Amphistomes
Hosts
Definitive Host
Intermediate Hosts
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Heterophyiasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Metacercaria
Eggs
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Heterophyes heterophyes
Hosts
Definitive Hosts
First Intermediate Hosts
Second Intermediate Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Metagonimiasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Eggs
Metacercaria
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Metagonimus spp.
Hosts
Definitive Hosts
First Intermediate Host
Second Intermediate Host
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Immunodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Nanophyetus Infection
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Eggs
Metacercariae
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Nanophyetus spp.
Host
Definitive Hosts
Intermediate Hosts
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Diagnosis in Humans
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Diagnosis in Animals
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Part IV: Zoonotic Helminth Infection: Cestode
Diphyllobothriasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Infective Larvae
Eggs
Cultivation of Parasite
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Diphyllobothrium Species
Host
Definitive Hosts
Intermediate Hosts
Infective Stage for Humans
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
In-vitro Culture
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Taeniasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Eggs
Larva
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Taenia saginata, Taenia solium and Taenia asiatica
Hosts
Definitive Host
Intermediate Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Intestinal Taeniasis
Cysticercosis
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis of Taeniasis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Diagnosis of Cysticercosis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Other Methods
Diagnosis of Ocular/Orbital Cysticercosis (OCC)
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Echinococcosis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Egg
Larval Form
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
The Life Cycle of Echinococcus spp.
Hosts
Definitive Hosts
Intermediate Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Cystic Echinococcosis
Alveolar Echinococcosis
Polycystic Echinococcosis
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Cystic Echinococcosis
Alveolar Echinococcosis
Polycystic Echinococcosis
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Cystic Echinococcosis
Alveolar Echinococcosis
Polycystic Echinococcosis
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Casoni´s Skin Test
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Antibody Detection
Antigen Detection
Molecular Diagnosis
Other Methods
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Sparganosis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Eggs
Larva
Cultivation of Parasite
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Spirometra spp. Hosts
Host
Definitive Hosts
First Intermediate Hosts
Second Intermediate Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Methods
Other Diagnostic Modalities
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Dipylidiasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
The Adult Worm
Eggs
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Dipylidium caninum
Host
Definitive Hosts
Intermediate Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Hymenolepiasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Eggs
Larva
Cultivation of Parasite
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Hymenolepis Species
Hosts
Definitive Hosts
Intermediate Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
In Vitro Culture
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Studies
Research Questions
Further Readings
Bertiellosis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult
Egg
Cysticercoid
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Bertiella Species
Host
Definitive Hosts
Intermediate Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Raillietina Infection
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Eggs
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Raillietina spp.
Hosts
Definitive Hosts
Intermediate Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Inermicapsifer Infections
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Inermicapsifer madagascariensis
Hosts
Definitive Hosts
Intermediate Hosts
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Infection in Humans
Epidemiology and Public Health
Laboratory Diagnosis
Microscopy
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Report
Research Questions
Further Readings
Part V: Zoonotic Helminth Infection: Nematode
Trichinellosis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
The Adult Worm
Larva
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Trichinella spiralis
Hosts
Definitive Hosts
Intermediate Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Other Laboratory Findings
Epidemiological Diagnosis
Diagnosis in Animals
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Dracunculiasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Infective Larvae
Cultivation of the Parasite
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Dracunculus medinensis
Hosts
Definitive Hosts
Intermediate Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Is Dracunculiasis a Zoonotic Disease?
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Other Tests
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Capillariasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
Parasite Morphology
C. philippinensis
Adult Worm
Eggs
Larvae
C. hepatica
Adult Worm
Eggs
Cultivation of the Parasite
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Capillaria phillipinensis
Host
Definitive Hosts
Intermediate Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Life Cycle of Capillaria hepatica
Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Intestinal Capillariasis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Other Tests
Hepatic Capillariasis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Strongyloidiasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Female Parasite
Male Parasite
Eggs
Larvae
Cultivation of the Parasite
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Strongyloides Species
Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Cycle in the Environment
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Autoinfection
Hyper-infection Syndrome
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Acute Strongyloidiasis
Chronic Strongyloidiasis
Hyper-infection Syndrome and Disseminated Infection
Gastrointestinal Manifestations
Cardiopulmonary Manifestations
Sepsis
Central Nervous System Manifestations
Strongyloides stercoralis Infection in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Strongyloides stercoralis Infection in the Transplanted Patient
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
In Vitro Culture
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Ancylostomiasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Eggs
Larvae
Cultivation of the Parasite
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Ancylostoma spp. (Fig. 4)
Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis in Humans
Microscopy
In Vitro Cultivation
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Diagnosis in Animals
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Ascariasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Eggs
Cultivation of the Parasite
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Ascaris suum
Host
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
In Humans
In Pigs
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
In Humans
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
In Pigs
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Dioctophymiasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Eggs
Larvae
Cultivation of the Parasite
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Dioctophyma renale
Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Angiostrongyliasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Genomics and Proteomics
Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Eggs
Larvae
Cultivation of the Parasite
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Angiostrongylus spp.
Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Other Tests
Treatment
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Trichostrongyliasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Larva
Eggs
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Trichostrongylus spp.
Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Human Trichostrongyliasis
Microscopy
Diagnosis of Animal Trichostrongyliasis
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Other Tests
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Toxocariosis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult Worms
Eggs
Larvae
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Toxocara Spp.
Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Development in Canid Host
Development in Human Host
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Infection in Humans
Visceral Larva Migrans (VLM)
Ocular Larva Migrans/Ocular Toxocariosis (OLM/OT)
Covert Toxocariosis (CT)
Neurological Toxocariosis (NT)
Toxocariosis in Animals
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of Toxocariosis in Humans
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Other Methods
Diagnosis of Toxocariosis in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Anisakiasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
L3 Larvae
Eggs
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Anisakis Spp.
Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Other Tests
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Gnathostomiasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Infective Larva
Eggs
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Gnathostoma spp.
Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Cutaneous Gnathostomiasis
Visceral Gnathostomiasis
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Other Methods
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further readings
Dirofilariasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Microfilariae
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Dirofilaria spp.
Hosts
Definitive Hosts
Intermediate Hosts/Vectors
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Diagnosis in Humans
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Other Tests
Diagnosis in Animals
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Thelaziasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Eggs
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Thelazia spp.
Hosts
Intermediate Hosts
Infective Stages
Transmission of Infections
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment for Animal Infections
Treatment for Human Infections
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Gongylonemiasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Eggs
Infective Larvae
Cultivation of Parasite
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Gongylonema pulchrum
Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Immunodiagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Ternidens Infection
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Egg
Larva
Rhabditiform Larvae
Filariform Larva
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Ternidens deminutus
Hosts
Definite Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infections in Humans
Infections in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
In Vitro Culture
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Oesophagostomum Infection
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Eggs
Larva
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Oesophagostomum Spp.
Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
In Vitro Culture
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Other Tests
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Mammomonogamiasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Eggs
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animal
Life Cycle of Mammomonogamus spp.
Hosts
Definitive Hosts
Intermediate Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
In vitro Culture
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Part VI: Infections Caused by Pentastomids, Arthropods and Ectoparasites
Pentastomiasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult Worm
Eggs
Larvae
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Pentastomes
Hosts
Definitive Hosts
Intermediate Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Other Methods
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Scabies
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
Morphology
Adult
Egg
Larva
Nymph
Cultivation of Parasites
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Sarcoptes scabiei
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Classic Scabies
Bullous Scabies
Nodular Scabies
Crusted (Norwegian Scabies)
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
Skin Scraping
Skin Biopsy
Burrow Ink Test (BIT)
Adhesive Tape Test
Dermoscopy
Videodermoscopy (VD)
Reflectance Confocal Microscopy (RCM)
Optical Coherence Tomography
Immunodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Myiasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
Morphology
Adult
Eggs
Infective Larvae
Cultivation of Parasite
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Myiasis Causing Flies
Hosts
Infective Stage
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Diagnosis
Microscopy
In Vitro Culture
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Readings
Tungiasis
Learning Objectives
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Genomics and Proteomics
The Parasite Morphology
Adult Flea
Eggs
Larva
Pupa
Cultivation of Parasite
Laboratory Animals
Life Cycle of Tunga Species
Hosts
Infective Agent
Transmission of Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Immunology
Infection in Humans
Infection in Animals
Epidemiology and Public Health
Laboratory Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Case Study
Research Questions
Further Reading
Feedback
Index