Terraforming Mars (Astrobiology Perspectives on Life in the Universe)

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TERRAFORMING MARS

This book provides a thorough scientific review of how Mars might eventually be colonized, industrialized, and transformed into a world better suited to human habitation.

The idea of terraforming Mars has, in recent times, become a topic of intense scientific interest and great public debate. Stimulated in part by the contemporary imperative to begin geoengineering Earth, as a means to combat global climate change, the terraforming of Mars will work to make its presently hostile environment more suitable to life―especially human life. Geoengineering and terraforming, at their core, have the same goal―that is to enhance (or revive) the ability of a specific environment to support human life, society, and industry. The chapters in this text, written by experts in their respective fields, are accordingly in resonance with the important, and ongoing discussions concerning the human stewardship of global climate systems. In this sense, the text is both timely and relevant and will cover issues relating to topics that will only grow in their relevance in future decades. The notion of terraforming Mars is not a new one, as such, and it has long played as the background narrative in many science fiction novels. This book, however, deals exclusively with what is physically possible, and what might conceivably be put into actual practice within the next several human generations.

Audience

Researchers in planetary science, astronomy, astrobiology, space engineering, architecture, ethics, as well as members of the space industry.

Author(s): Martin Beech (editor), Joseph Seckbach (editor), Richard Gordon (editor)
Edition: 1
Publisher: Wiley-Scrivener
Year: 2021

Language: English
Pages: 592

Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Part 1 INTRODUCTION
1 Terraforming and Colonizing Mars
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Earth: A Terraformed Planet
1.3 Planetary Environments
1.4 Terraforming Mars
1.5 The Role of Solar Wind
1.6 Ethical Aspects
1.7 Venus, Moon, Titan…
References
Part 2 ENGINEERING MARS
2 Terraforming Worlds: Humans Playing Games of Gods
Early Mars
Oceans Here and There
The Mars We are Creating Here
Mars: An Arena of Delusions?
References
3 Mars, A Stepping-Stone World, Macro-Engineered
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Mars-Crust as Kinetic Architecture
3.3 A Crust-Infrastructure Mixture
3.4 Infrastructure and Life-Styles
3.5 Atmosphere Enhancements for Mars
3.6 Between Then and Now
Acknowledgments
References
4 Efficient Martian Settlement with the Mars Terraformer Transfer (MATT) and the Omaha Trail
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Construction Efficiencies of MATT’s Small-Scale Terraformation
4.3 Provisioning Efficiencies of the Omaha Trail
4.4 Cosmic Ray Protection: From Omaha Trail to Omaha Shield
4.5 Conclusion
References
5 Mars Colonization: Beyond Getting There
5.1 Mars Colonization – Do We Need it?
5.2 Legal Considerations
5.3 Ethical Considerations
5.4 Consideration of Resources
5.5 Quo Vadis, the Only Civilization We Know?
5.6 Afterword. Where are We Three Years Later?
Acknowledgements
References
Part 3 ETHICAL EXPLORATION
6 The Ethics of Terraforming: A Critical Survey of Six Arguments
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Audience and Method
6.3 Preservationist Arguments
6.4 Interventionist Arguments
6.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
7 Homo Reductio Eco-Nihilism and Human Colonization of Other Worlds
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Implicit Assumptions
7.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
8 Ethical, Political and Legal Challenges Relating to Colonizing and Terraforming Mars
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Ethical Issues in Colonizing and Terraforming Mars
8.3 Ethics of Human Enhancement for Space
8.4 Environmental Ethics in Space
8.5 Political Issues in Colonizing and Terraforming Mars
8.6 Legal Issues in Colonizing and Terraforming Mars
8.7 Sexual and Reproductive Laws in a Mars Colony
8.8 Migration Law in Space
8.9 Why Terraforming Mars May Be Necessary from Ethical, Political and Legal Perspectives
8.10 Conclusions
References
Part 4 INDIGENOUS LIFE ON MARS
9 Life on Mars: Past, Present, and Future
9.1 A Very Brief Historical Introduction
9.2 Indigenous Life: Past and Present
9.3 Seeded Life: The Future
9.4 Per Aspera ad Astra
References
10 Terraforming on Early Mars?
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Outline of Section 10.2
10.3 Novel Interpretation of the Formation Process Based on Mineral Assemblages
10.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Part 5 LIVING ON MARS
11 Omaha Field – A Magnetostatic Cosmic Radiation Shield for a Crewed Mars Facility
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Methods
11.3 Design
11.4 Results
11.5 Discussion
References
12 Mars Future Settlements: Active Radiation Shielding and Design Criteria About Habitats and Infrastructures
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Problem of Cosmic Radiations
12.3 The Protection System with Artificial Magnetic Fields
12.4 Details of Our Proposal
12.5 Further Developments
12.6 Modular Settlement on Mars
Acknowledgments
References
13 Crop Growth and Viability of Seeds on Mars and Moon Soil Simulants
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Materials and Methods
13.3 Results
13.4 Discussion
13.5 Outlook Issues for the Future
Acknowledgements
References
Appendix
14 The First Settlement of Mars
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Colony Location
14.3 Colony Timeline
14.4 Colony Design
14.5 The Basics – Power, Air, Water, Food
14.6 The Material World
14.7 Exports, Economics, Investment and Cash Flow
14.8 Politics – A Socialist’s World
14.9 Conclusion and Further Thoughts
References
Part 6 IN SITU RESOURCES
15 Vulcanism on Mars
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Martian Geology
15.3 Vulcanism
References
16 Potential Impact-Related Mineral Resources on Mars
Introduction
Conclusions
References
17 Red Gold – Practical Methods for Precious-Metal Survey, Open-Pit Mining, and Open-Air Refining on Mars
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Martian Precious-Metal Ore from Asteroids
17.3 Martian Precious-Metal Survey and Physical Assay
17.4 “Mars Base Alpha” – A Red Gold Mining Camp
17.5 Semi-Autonomous Open-Pit Mining
17.6 Comminution and Separation of Meteoric Ore
17.7 Extracting Metals with Induction/Microwave Smelter
17.8 Refining with Hydrometallurgical Recovery and the Miller Process
17.9 Separating Precious Metals with Saltwater Electrolysis
17.10 Kovar Foundry
17.11 Maximizing ISRU, Minimizing Mass and Complexity
17.12 Scale-Up and Scale-Out
17.13 Conclusion, with Observations and Recommendations
References
Part 7 TERRAFORMING MARS
18 Terraforming Mars: A Cabinet of Curiosities
18.1 Introduction and Overview
18.2 Planet Mars: A Brief Observational History and Overview
18.3 The Beginnings of Change
18.4 The Foundations
18.5 First Blush
18.6 Digging In
18.7 (re)Building the Martian Atmosphere
18.8 Magnetic Shielding
18.9 Heating the Ground
18.10 A Question of Time
18.11 Conclusions
References
19 Terraforming Mars Rapidly Using Today’s Level of Technology
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Solar Wind
19.3 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
20 System Engineering Analysis of Terraforming Mars with an Emphasis on Resource Importation Technology
20.1 Summary
20.2 Introduction
20.3 Key Problem
20.4 Key Stakeholders
20.5 Goals
20.6 Macro Level Alternatives
20.7 Macro-Level Trade Study
20.8 Macro-Level Conclusions
20.9 Terraforming Efforts System - Detailed Requirements
20.10 Space Transportation System
20.11 Importing Resources Subsystem
20.12 Risks
20.13 Lean Strategies
20.14 Ethical Considerations
20.15 Overall Conclusions
20.16 Acknowledgements
20.17 Appendix
References
21 The Potential of Pioneer Lichens in Terraforming Mars
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Potential Role of Lichens in Terraformation
21.3 Exploiting Indigenous Lichens
21.4 Exploiting Lichen Symbionts on Mars
21.5 Inoculating Lichen Symbionts from Earth Cultures
21.6 Transplanting Terrestrial Lichens to Mars
21.7 Conclusions
References
Index
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