Sustainable Uses and Prospects of Medicinal Plants

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1 Sustainable Uses and Prospects of Medicinal Plants: A Brief Overview
Chapter 2 Protecting the Endemism of Threatened Cyclotide-Rich Medicinal Plants: The Tropical African Experience
2.1 Introduction
2.2 African Herbal Ethnomedicine and Cyclotide Discovery
2.3 Endemism of the Cyclotide-Rich Oldenlandia affinis
2.4 Endemism of Other Cyclotide-Rich Violaceae Plant Family in Africa: Emerging Threats
2.5 Competitive Approaches to Safeguard Endemic Cyclotide-Producing African Plants
2.6 Future Perspectives
2.6.1 Fighting Plant Biodiversity Loss in Africa
2.6.2 Future of African Plant Biodiversity
2.6.3 Protection and Sustainable Use of Endemic Cyclotide-Rich Species in Africa
2.7 Conclusion and Prospects
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 3 Traditional Medicinal Plant Use in Improving the Livelihoods and Well-Being of Namibian Communities
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Medicinal Mushrooms
3.2.1 Mushroom Species Contributing to the Well-Being of Namibian Communities
3.2.2 Ethnopharmacological Evidence
3.2.3 Mushroom Species Contributing to the Livelihood of Namibian Communities
3.2.4 Sustainable Use of Selected Mushroom Species
3.3 Manketti (Schinziophyton rautanenii)
3.3.1 Manketti Contributing to the Well-Being of Namibian Communities
3.3.2 Ethnopharmacological Evidence
3.3.3 Manketti as a Source of Income to Improve Livelihoods
3.3.4 Sustainable Use of Manketti
3.4 Devil’s Claw (Harpagophytum procumbens and Harpagophytum zeyheri)
3.4.1 Devil’s Claw Contributing to the Well-Being of Namibian Communities
3.4.2 Ethnopharmacological Evidence
3.4.3 Devil’s Claw Contributing to Livelihoods
3.4.4 Sustainable Use of Devil’s Claw
3.5 Governance/Institutional Structures to Access Traditional Knowledge and/or Genetic Resources
3.6 Conclusion and Prospects
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 4 Antiviral and Immune-Boosting Potentials of Four Common Edible Flowers
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Edible Flowers
4.3 Musa x paradisiaca L.; Musa acuminata Colla (Banana Inflorescence/Flower/Blossom/Heart)
4.3.1 Botanical Description
4.3.2 Culinary Uses
4.3.3 Phytochemical Constituents
4.3.4 Traditional and Pharmacological Uses of Banana Flowers
4.3.5 Antiviral and Immune-Boosting Properties
4.3.6 Assessment
4.4 Calendula officinalis Linn.(Asteraceae)
4.4.1 Botanical Description
4.4.2 Culinary Uses
4.4.3 Nutritional Composition
4.4.4 Phytochemical Constituents
4.4.5 Traditional and Pharmacological Uses
4.4.6 Antiviral and Immune-Boosting Properties
4.4.7 Cautions and Contraindications
4.4.8 Assessment
4.5 Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. (Asteraceae) (Dandelion Flower)
4.5.1 Botanical Description
4.5.2 Culinary Uses
4.5.3 Nutritional Composition
4.5.4 Phytochemical Constituents
4.5.5 Traditional and Pharmacological Uses
4.5.6 Antiviral and Immune-Boosting Properties
4.5.7 Assessment
4.6 Hibiscus sabdariffa Linnaeus (Malvaceae) (Roselle)
4.6.1 Botanical Description
4.6.2 Culinary Uses
4.6.3 Nutritional Composition of Hibiscus sabdariffa Flower
4.6.4 Phytochemical Content
4.6.5 Traditional and Pharmacological Uses
4.6.6 Antiviral and Immune-Boosting Properties
4.6.7 Assessment
4.7 Conclusions and Prospects
Conflict of Interest
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 5 Characterization and Docking Studies of Immunomodulatory Active Compounds from Rhododendron arboreum Sm. Leaves
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials and Methods
5.2.1 Materials
5.2.2 Collection of Samples
5.2.3 Preparation of Extracts
5.2.4 Antioxidant Properties
5.2.4.1 DPPH Assay
5.2.4.2 ABTS Assay
5.2.4.3 FRAP Assay
5.2.5 Extraction and Phytoconstituent Characterization
5.2.5.1 Thin Layer Chromatography Analysis of the Methanolic Extract
5.2.5.2 Isolation of Compounds by Column Chromatography
5.2.5.3 TLC of Purified Fractions
5.2.5.4 HPLC Analysis
5.2.5.5 IR and Mass Spectrometry
5.2.6 Immunomodulatory Properties
5.2.7 Candidacidal Assay
5.2.8 Cytotoxicity Assay
5.2.8.1 Cytotoxicity of H[sub(2)]O[sub(2)]
5.2.8.2 H[sub(2)]O[sub(2)] Dose Curve of Purified Compounds
5.2.8.3 Estimation of Nitric Oxide (NO) Production
5.2.9 Docking Studies
5.2.10 Statistical Analysis
5.3 Results
5.3.1 Antioxidant Assay
5.3.1.1 DPPH Assay
5.3.1.2 ABTS Assay
5.3.1.3 FRAP Assay
5.3.1.4 Thin-Layer Chromatography of the Methanolic Extract
5.3.2 Extraction and Phytoconstituent Characterization
5.3.2.1 Thin-Layer Chromatography of Purified Compounds
5.3.2.2 HPLC Analysis
5.3.2.3 Structural Characterization
5.3.3 Candidacidal Assay
5.3.4 Cytotoxicity Activity and H[sub(2)]O[sub(2)] Dose–Response Curve of the Extracts
5.3.4.1 Dose Curve of a Purified Isolated Compound
5.3.4.2 Effect of Purified Isolated Compounds on RAW264.7 Cells at Different Time Points
5.3.4.3 Estimation of Nitric Oxide (NO) Production
5.3.5 Docking Studies
5.4 Discussion
5.5 Conclusion and Prospects
Acknowledegements
References
Chapter 6 Herbal and Traditional Medicine Practices against Viral Infections : Perspectives against COVID-19
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methodology
6.3 Results
6.3.1 Mechanism of Infection by SARS-CoV-2
6.3.2 Medicinal Plants and Their Role in Viral Infections
6.3.3 Natural Compounds Against Viral Infection
6.3.4 Traditional Therapy Against COVID-19
6.4 Conclusion and Prospects
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 7 Traditional Herbal Remedies Used in Management of Acute Bronchitis, Common Cold, and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 in Southern Africa
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Symptoms and Management of Acute Bronchitis
7.1.2 Symptoms and Management of Common Cold
7.1.3 Symptoms and Management of SARS-CoV-2
7.2 Traditional Herbal Remedies for Management of Common Cold and Acute Bronchitis
7.3 Herbal Remedies with Potential for Management of SARS-CoV-2
7.4 Conclusion and Prospects
References
Chapter 8 Solanum nigrum Seed Viability and Germination, and Soil Modulation Effect on Seedling Emergence
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Materials and Methods
8.3 Statistical Analysis
8.4 Results
8.5 Discussion
8.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 9 Indian Medicinal Plants and Their Potential Against Coronaviruses
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Coronaviruses: A General Overview
9.3 Pathogenic Effect of COVID-19
9.4 Antiviral Activity of Indian Medicinal Plants Against Coronaviruses
9.4.1 Ocimum sanctum
9.4.2 Zingiber officinale
9.4.3 Curcuma longa
9.4.4 Glycyrrhiza glabra
9.4.5 Houttuynia cordata
9.4.6 Tinospora cordifolia
9.4.7 Withania somnifera
9.4.8 Allium sativum
9.4.9 Phyllanthus emblica
9.5 Conclusion and Prospects
References
Chapter 10 Scientific Evaluation and Biochemical Validation of Efficacy of Extracts and Phytochemicals from Zimbabwe: A Review of Prospects for Development of Bioproducts
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Microbial Infections
10.3 Plants as Sources of Anti-Infective Compounds
10.4 Evaluation and Biochemical Validation
10.4.1 Antibacterial Evaluation
10.4.2 Antifungal Evaluation
10.4.3 Antimycobacterial Evaluation
10.4.4 Anticancer Evaluation
10.4.5 Antibiofilm Evaluation
10.4.6 Antioxidant Evaluations, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antidiabetic Evaluations
10.4.7 Toxicological Evaluations
10.5 Development of Herbal Bioproducts
10.5.1 Antibacterial Herbal Bioproducts
10.5.2 Antifungal Bioproducts
10.6 Conclusion and Prospects
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 11 Sustainable Agricultural Practices of Industrially Utilized Tropical Medicinal Plants
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Industrially Important Tropical Medicinal Plants
11.2.1 Acorus calamus Linn (Sweet Flag)
11.2.1.1 Propagation
11.2.1.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.2.2 Adhatoda zeylanica Medic (Ardusi)
11.2.2.1 Propagation
11.2.2.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.2.3 Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. Ex. Nees (Kalmegh)
11.2.3.1 Propagation
11.2.3.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.2.4 Asparagus racemosus Willd (Shatavari)
11.2.4.1 Propagation
11.2.4.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.2.5 Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Muell. Arg. (Danti)
11.2.5.1 Propagation
11.2.5.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.2.6 Brahmi (Centella asiatica L. Urban & Bacopa monnieri [L.] Pennel)
11.2.6.1 Propagation
11.2.6.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.2.7 Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC. (Sword Bean)
11.2.7.1 Propagation
11.2.7.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.2.8 Cassia angustifolia Vahl. (Senna)
11.2.8.1 Propagation
11.2.8.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.2.9 Coleus forskohlii Briq
11.2.9.1 Propagation
11.2.9.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.2.10 Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy (Shankhpushpi)
11.2.10.1 Propagation
11.2.10.2 Chemical constituents and Utilization
11.2.11 Costus speciosus (Koen ex. Retz.) Sm. (Insulin Plant)
11.2.11.1 Propagation
11.2.11.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.2.12 Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC (Shalparni)
11.2.12.1 Propagation
11.2.12.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.2.13 Dioscorea spp
11.2.13.1 Propagation
11.2.13.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.2.14 Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk (Bhringraj)
11.2.14.1 Propagation
11.2.14.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.2.15 Glychrhizza glabra Linn (Jethimadh)
11.2.15.1 Propagation
11.2.15.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.2.16 Guggul
11.2.16.1 Propagation
11.2.16.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.2.17 Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. (Gudmar)
11.2.17.1 Propagation
11.2.17.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.2.18 Moringa oleifera Lam. (Drumstick Tree)
11.2.18.1 Propagation
11.2.18.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.2.19 Mucuna pruriens L. (DC). (Velvet beans)
11.2.19.1 Propagation
11.2.19.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.2.20 Musli—Safed Musli and Kali Musli
11.2.20.1 Propagation
11.2.20.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.2.21 Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Tulsi)
11.2.21.1 Propagation
11.2.21.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.2.22 Piper longum L. (Pippali)
11.2.22.1 Propagation
11.2.22.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.2.23 Plantago ovata Forsk—(Isabgul)
11.2.23.1 Propagation
11.2.23.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.2.24 Plumbago zeylanica Linn.—(Chitrak)
11.2.24.1 Propagation
11.2.24.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.2.25 Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. ex Kurz.—(Sarpagandha)
11.2.25.1 Propagation
11.2.25.2 Chemical Constituents and utilization
11.2.26 Rubia cordifolia L.—(Mangistha)
11.2.26.1 Propagation
11.2.26.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.2.27 Sida cordifolia L.—(Bala)
11.2.27.1 Propagation
11.2.27.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.2.28 Stevia rebaudiana Bert
11.2.28.1 Propagation
11.2.28.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.2.29 Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers—(Galo/Giloy)
11.2.29.1 Propagation
11.2.29.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.2.30 Withania sonmifera (L.) Dunal,—(Ashwagandha)
11.2.30.1 Propagation
11.2.30.2 Chemical Constituents and Utilization
11.3 Conclusion and Prospects
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 12 Prospects for Sustainable Cultivation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in India
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Demand and Supply of MAPs in India
12.2.1 Market Potential and Trade of MAPs: Indian Scenario
12.3 Need for Sustainable Cultivation of MAPs
12.4 Propagation and Supply of Quality Planting Material of MAPs
12.5 Cultivation of MAPs as Sole Crops
12.5.1 Cultivation of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in Madhya Pradesh
12.5.2 Cultivation of Pippali/Hippali (Piper longum) in Andhra Pradesh
12.5.3 Cultivation of Mentha spp. in Hills of Uttar Pradesh
12.5.4 Cultivation of Rosemary in Karnataka
12.5.5 Cultivation of Senna and Isabgol in Gujarat and Rajasthan Area
12.5.6 Cultivation of Glory Lilly (Gloriosa superba) in Tamil Nadu
12.6 Integration of MAPs in Different Farming/Cropping System
12.6.1 Need for Cropping/Farming Systems in India
12.6.2 Intercropping
12.6.3 Cultivation of MAPs with Plantation Crops
12.6.3.1 Cultivation of MAPs with Coconut Crop
12.6.3.2 Medicinal Plants in Arecanut Plantation
12.6.3.3 Intercropping of Medicinal Plants in Oil Palm-Based Cropping System
12.6.3.4 Intercropping of Medicinal Plants in Black Pepper
12.6.4 Intercropping of Aromatic Plants
12.6.5 MAPs with Field Crops
12.6.6 Medicinal Plants in Multi-Story Cropping System
12.6.7 Crop Rotation
12.6.8 Sequential Cropping
12.6.9 Alley Cropping
12.6.10 MAPs and Agroforestry
12.6.11 Silvi-Medicinal System
12.7 MAPs for Dry Lands
12.8 MAPs for Wastelands
12.9 Organic Nutrient Management in Medicinal and Aromatic Crops
12.10 MAPs Cultivation in Problematic Soils
12.11 Soilless Culture/Terrace Cultivation of MAPs
12.12 Hydroponics/Aeroponics Production of MAPs
12.13 Conclusion and Prospects
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 13 The Role of Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Sustainable Utilisation and Conservation of Medicinal Plants
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Methods and Materials
13.3 Results and Discussion
13.3.1 Cosmological Beliefs in the Sustainable Utilisation of Medicinal Plants
13.3.2 Traditional Institutions/Indigenous Legislation
13.3.3 Spiritual Beliefs and Worldviews/Traditional Beliefs
13.3.4 Myths and Taboo of Medicinal Plants
13.4 Conservation of Medicinal Plants Using IKS
13.4.1 Harvesting Practices
13.4.1.1 Restrictions on the Cutting of Green Plants
13.4.1.2 Exclusive Harvesting of the Leaves of Certain Species
13.4.1.3 Collection of Lateral Roots from Medicinal Plant Species
13.4.1.4 Seed Propagation (Sustainability)
13.5 The Importance of Plant Conservation through IK Practices Helps Strengthen Cultural Integrity and Values
13.6 Conclusions and Prospects
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 14 Metabolomics Approach: A Tool for Understanding Alzheimer’s Disease
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Materials and Method
14.3 Metabolomics
14.3.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Versus Mass Spectrometry (MS): The Most Common Analytical Technique in Metabolomics
14.3.2 Sample Preparations for Metabolomics Studies
14.3.2.1 Sample Preparation from Biofluids
14.3.2.2 Sample Preparation from Plants
14.3.2.3 Sample Preparation from Animal Tissues
14.3.3 Data Acquisition and Processing in Metabolomics
14.3.3.1 Data Acquisition Tools
14.3.3.2 Data Processing
14.3.4 Metabolite Identification
14.3.4.1 NMR-Based Identification
14.3.4.2 MS-Based Identification
14.3.5 Application of Metabolomics Biomarkers in AD
14.3.6 Applications of Metabolomics in Investigating the Anti-Alzheimer Effect of Natural Products
14.4 Limitations
14.5 Conclusions and Prospects
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 15 Can Phylogenetics Clear Plant Taxonomic Confusion for Conservation and Sound Bioprospecting?
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Taxonomy and Phylogenetics
15.2.1 Adulteration and Misidentification
15.3 Taxonomic Under- and Over-Differentiation
15.4 Methods in Taxonomy
15.5 Phylogenetic Taxonomy
15.6 The Barcoding of Life
15.7 Integration of Phylogenetics and Ethnobotany
15.7.1 Phylogenetic Ethnobotany
15.7.2 Phylogenetic Analysis and Bioprospecting
15.7.3 Phylogenetic Rationale
15.8 Phylogenetic Techniques in Cryopreservation
15.9 Conclusion and Prospects
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 16 Spices as Potential Human Disease Panacea
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Cinnamon
16.2.1 Sources of Cinnamon
16.2.2 Chemical Constitutes of Cinnamon
16.2.3 Biological and Medicinal Significance of Cinnamon
16.2.3.1 Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Cinnamon
16.2.3.2 Anti-cancer Activity of Cinnamon
16.2.3.3 Antioxidant Activity of Cinnamon
16.2.3.4 Anti-diabetic Activity of Cinnamon
16.2.3.5 Neuroprotective Activity of Cinnamon
16.3 Onion
16.3.1 Sources of Onion
16.3.2 Chemical Constitutes of Onion
16.3.3 Biological and Medicinal Significance of Onion
16.3.3.1 Antioxidant Activity of Onion
16.3.3.2 Anti-carcinogenic and Anti-mutagenic Activities of Onion
16.4 Red Chili Pepper
16.4.1 Sources of Red Chili Pepper
16.4.2 Chemical Constitutes of Red Chili Pepper
16.4.3 Biological and Medicinal Significance of Red Chili Pepper
16.4.3.1 Immunomodulatory Properties of Red Chili Pepper
16.4.3.2 Effects of Red Chili Pepper on Cardiovascular Diseases
16.4.3.3 Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Red Chili Pepper
16.4.3.4 Anti-carcinogenic and Anti-mutagenic Properties of Red Chili Pepper
16.4.3.5 Other Health Benefits of Red Chili Pepper
16.5 Conclusion and Prospects
References
Chapter 17 Commercialization of Medicinal Plants: Opportunities for Trade and Concerns for Biodiversity Conservation
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Diversity of Medicinal Plants
17.2.1 Misidentification of Medicinal Plants
17.2.2 Overharvesting of Medicinal Plants and Threats to Plant Diversity
17.2.3 Opportunities for Local Trade and Foreign Direct Investment in Medicinal Plants
17.3 A Systematic Review of Research Trend on Traded Medicinal Plants
17.3.1 Material and Methods
17.3.1.1 Data Sourcing
17.3.2 Results and Discussion
17.3.2.1 Main Data Summary from Web of Science
17.3.2.2 The Annual Scientific Production
17.3.2.3 Twenty Most Productive Authors
17.3.2.4 Twenty Most Productive Countries
17.3.2.5 Twenty Topmost Affiliations
17.3.2.6 Journal Dynamics
17.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 18 Ethnomedicinal and Other Ecosystem Services Provided by Threatened Plants: A Case Study of Cycads
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Material and Methods
18.3 Results and Discussion
18.3.1 Provisioning Services
18.3.1.1 Ethnomedicinal Services of Cycad
18.3.1.2 Food Ecosystem Services
18.3.1.3 Ecosystem Services Provided by Cycads: Goods
18.3.2 Cultural Services
18.3.2.1 Aesthetic Services of Cycad
18.3.2.2 Ecosystem Services Provided by Cycads: Spiritual and Religious Uses
18.4 Conclusions and Prospects
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
Chapter 19 Discovery of Antibacterial Lead Compounds from Three South African Marine Algae
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Materials and Methods
19.2.1 General Experimental Procedures
19.2.2 Biological Material
19.2.3 Extraction and Isolation
19.2.3.1 Pachydictyol A
19.2.3.2 C-15 Acetogenin
19.2.3.3 Cartilagineol
19.2.4 Culturing of MRSA 33591 Test Strain
19.2.5 Thin-Layer Bioautography Assay
19.2.6 Microdilution Assay
19.3 Results and Discussion
19.3.1 Isolation of 1
19.3.2 Structure Elucidation of 1
19.3.3 Isolation of 2
19.3.4 Structure Elucidation of 2
19.3.5 Isolation of 3
19.3.6 Structure Elucidation of 3
19.3.7 Biological Activity Observed for Compounds 1–3
19.3.8 The Susceptibility Assessment of Extracts and Compounds 1–3 against MRSA by Broth Microdilution
19.4 Conclusion and Prospects
Funding
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 20 An Endophytic Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales) Strain Enhances the Flavonol Contents of Helichrysum petiolare
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Materials and Methods
20.2.1 Research Design
20.2.2 Plant Materials
20.2.3 Fungus Preparation
20.2.4 Greenhouse Experiment
20.2.5 Fungal Colonisation of Plant Tissue
20.2.6 Sample Preparation for Chemical Analyses and Antioxidant Activities
20.2.7 Analysis of Secondary Metabolites on Leaves of Inoculated Plants
20.2.7.1 Total Polyphenol
20.2.7.2 Total Flavonol
20.2.8 GC–MS Analysis
20.2.8.1 Sample Preparation
20.2.8.2 GC-MS Analysis (Headspace)
20.2.8.3 Chromatographic Separation
20.2.9 Antioxidants
20.2.9.1 Sample Materials
20.2.9.2 Sample Preparation
20.2.9.3 Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP)
20.2.9.4 Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC)
20.2.10 Statistical Analysis
20.3 Results
20.3.1 Total Flavonol (mg QE/L)
20.3.2 Total Polyphenol (mg GAE/L)
20.3.3 GC–MS
20.3.4 Antioxidants
20.3.4.1 FRAP (µmol AAE/L)
20.3.4.2 Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (µmol TE/L)
20.4 Discussion
20.5 Conclusion and Prospects
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 21 Ethnobotanical Study of Plants Used for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus in South Africa
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Methodology
21.3 Results and Discussion
21.4 Conclusion and Prospects
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 22 Traditional Healthcare Practices of Herbal Drugs in Uttarakhand Himalayas, India
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Study Area
22.3 Rituals for Collection of Medicinal Plants
22.4 Methods Used for the Formulation
22.5 Erosion of Traditional Knowledge Base
22.6 The Present State of Knowledge
22.7 Conclusion and Prospects
22.8 Competing Interests
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 23 Physicochemical Characterization, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Turmeric-Black Cumin Homegrown COVID-19 Herbal Mixture
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Material and Methods
23.2.1 Herbal Raw Materials
23.2.2 Extraction
23.2.3 Physicochemical Analyses
23.2.4 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Spectrophotometric Assay
23.2.5 Nitric Oxide (NO) Inhibition Assay
23.2.6 Hydrogen Peroxide Inhibition Assay
23.2.7 Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay
23.2.8 In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Test
23.2.9 Statistical Analysis and Workflow
23.3 Results
23.3.1 In Vitro Antioxidant Activity
23.3.2 In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity
23.4 Discussion
23.4.1 Chemical Composition
23.4.2 Biological Activities
23.5 Conclusion and Prospects
Funding
Acknowledgement
Declaration of Competing Interest
References
Chapter 24 Effect of Climate Change on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine-Based Health Security in Nasarawa State, Nigeria
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Current Herbal Medicine Development and Research
24.3 Methodology
24.3.1 Area of Study Nasarawa (North Central)
24.3.2 Materials and Methods
24.3.3 Sampling Technique
24.3.4 Analytical Tools/Techniques
24.5 Results
24.5.1 Analysis of the Data from Nasarawa State
24.5.2 Limitations of the Research Project
24.6 Conclusion and Prospects
References
Appendix 24.1
Index