Sustainable Solutions for Environmental Pollution, Volume 2: Air, Water, and Soil Reclamation

Cover
Half-Title Page
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1 Natural-Based Solutions for Bioremediation in Water Environment
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Basic Principles
1.2.1 Bioremediation
1.2.2 Self-Purification
1.3 Aquatic Bioremediation Structures
1.4 Constructed Porous Ramps
1.5 Bank Filtration for Water Treatment
1.6 Constructed Wetlands (CWs)
1.6.1 Water Flow
1.6.2 Aquatic Vegetation
1.7 Phytoremediation and Constructed Wetlands
1.7.1 Phytoremediation Techniques
1.7.2 Aquatic Phytobiome
1.7.3 Various Aquatic Plants Used
1.7.4 Emergent Aquatic Plants
1.7.5 Floating Leaved Aquatic Plants
1.7.6 Floating Aquatic Plants
1.7.7 Submerged Aquatic Plants
1.7.8 Mixture of Macrophytes and Microalgae
1.8 Phycoremediation
1.8.1 Carbon and Nutrients (N and P) Removal
1.8.2 Micropollutant Removal
1.9 Phytoremediation
1.9.1 Carbon and Nutrients (N and P) Removal
1.9.2 Metals Removal
1.9.3 Organic Micropollutant Removal
1.10 Improving Bioremediation Systems
1.10.1 Introduction
1.10.2 Floating Treatment Constructed Wetlands
1.10.3 Electro-Bioremediation
1.10.4 Bench Tests
1.10.5 Pilot Tests
1.10.6 Field Implementations
1.10.7 Maintenance of Aquatic Bioremediation Systems
1.10.8 Biomass Management
1.10.9 Sediment Management
1.11 Animal Biodiversity
1.11.1 Biodiversity Management
1.12 Nuisances
1.12.1 Greenhouse Gases (GHG)
1.12.2 Noxious Gases
1.12.3 Mosquitoes
1.12.4 Burrowing Animals
1.12.5 Algal Blooms
1.13 Wetland Monitoring
Large-Scale CWs
1.13.2 Vegetation Monitoring
1.14 Wetland Modeling
1.14.1 Aquatic Plant Development Models
1.14.2 Micropollutants Sorption
1.14.3 Organic Micropollutant Photolysis
1.14.4 Global CW Modeling
1.15 Social Acceptance
1.15.1 Yzeron Watershed Case Study (France)
1.15.2 South Africa Case Study
1.16 Ecohydrology, an Integrative NBS Implementation
1.16.1 Three Nested Logics for Innovative NBS Implementation
1.16.2 Ecohydrology on Small Watersheds
1.17 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
2 Removal of Heavy Metals From the Environment by Phytoremediation and Microbial Remediation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Linking Heavy Metals Toxicity With Their Discharge and Removal From the Environmental Compartments
2.3 Bio-Alternative Approaches Used for Heavy Metals Removal and/or Recovery From the Environment
2.3.1 Biosorption and Bioaccumulation
2.3.2 Phytoremediation
2.4 Interactions of Heavy Metals With Biological Systems and Toxicity Threats
2.4.1 Some Expressions of Metal Toxicity in Living Organisms
2.4.2 Heavy Metals, Free Radicals, Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress
2.4.3 Some Effects of Humans’ Exposure to Heavy Metals Toxicity
2.4.4 Effects of Plants Exposure to Heavy Metals Toxicity
2.4.5 Effects of Microbes Exposure to Heavy Metals Toxicity
2.5 Synergistic Use of Plants and Bacteria for Cleaning Up the Environment Polluted With Heavy Metals
2.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Website
3 Bioremediation as a Sustainable Solution for Environmental Contamination by Petroleum Hydrocarbons
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Principles of Bioremediation
3.3 Bioremediation and Biodegradation
3.3.1 Natural Bioremediation Mechanism
3.3.2 Traditional Bioremediation Methods
3.3.3 Enhanced Bioremediation Treatment
3.4 Mechanism of Biodegradation
3.4.1 Chemical Reactions
3.5 Bioremediation of Land Ecosystems
3.5.1 Soil Evaluation
3.6 Bioremediation of Water Ecosystems
3.6.1 Biodegradation
3.6.2 Bioremediation
3.7 Challenges and Opportunities
References
4 Pollution Protection Using Novel Membrane Catalytic Reactors
Nomenclatures
Greek Letters
Abbreviations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Autothermal Systems
4.2.1 Dehydrogenation (Dehydro) and Hydrogenation (Hydro) Reactions
4.2.2 Dehydrogenation (Dehydro) Definition
4.2.3 Dehydro Reaction and the Generated Hydrogen Consumption
4.2.4 Endothermic (Endo) Dehydro Coupled With Exothermic (Exo) Reactions
4.3 The Thermal Coupling and the Autothermal (Auto) Reactors
4.3.1 Recuperative Coupling Reactor
4.3.2 Regenerative Coupling Reactor
4.3.3 Direct Coupling Reactor
4.4 The Membrane Reactor
4.5 Development Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
4.5.1 Gas-to-Liquid Fuel
4.5.2 High-Temperature Fisher-Tropsch (HTFT) Processes
4.6 HTFT Reactor Type and Developments
4.6.1 Fixed-Bed Reactor
4.6.2 Fluidized-Bed Reactor
4.6.3 Bubble Column Reactors
4.6.4 Dual-Type Membrane Reactor
4.7 Membrane Reactors Classification
4.8 Rate Expressions
4.8.1 Modeling of the Dehydro Process in Membrane Reactor
4.9 Industrial Applications
4.9.1 Heterogeneous Catalytic Gas-Phase Reactions
4.9.2 Homogeneous Gas-Phase Reactions
4.9.3 Gas-Solid Reactions
4.9.4 Applications in Biotechnology
4.10 Catalytic Membrane Reactors Coupling Dehydro of EB to S With Hydro NB to A as a Case Study
4.10.1 Introduction
4.10.2 Reactor Configuration
4.10.3 Reactor Model
4.11 Case Study of Use the Membranes in Fischer-Tropsch Reactors
4.11.1 Introduction
4.11.2 Use of Semi-Permeable Membranes in FTS
4.11.3 Water-Selective Semi-Permeable Membranes for Water Removal
4.11.4 The Use of Non-Selective Porous Membranes in FTS
4.11.5 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis in a PCM Membrane Reactor
4.12 Biofuel and Sustainability
4.13 Conclusions
References
5 Removal of Microbial Contaminants From Polluted Water Using Combined Biosand Filters Techniques
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Slow Sand Filtration
5.2.1 Sand Filters and Removal of Pollutants
5.3 Wetlands
5.3.1 Natural Wetlands
5.3.2 Constructed Wetlands
5.4 Combination of Sand Filters With Constructed Wetlands Systems
5.5 Conclusions
References
6 Biosurfactants: Promising Biomolecules for Environmental Cleanup
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Biosurfactants Types
6.3 Biosurfactants Mechanism of Remediation
6.4 Bioremediation of Petro-Hydrocarbon Contaminants
6.5 Microbial Enhance Oil Recovery (MEOR)
6.5.1 Mechanism of MEOR
6.6 Biosurfactants and Agro-Ecosystem Pollutants
6.7 Heavy Metals Removal
6.8 Biosurfactants for Sustainability
6.8.1 Low-Cost Substrates
6.9 Production Processes
6.10 Concluding Remarks
6.11 Future Aspects
References
7 Metal Hyperaccumulation in Plants: Phytotechnologies
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Phytotechnologies and Terminologies
7.2.1 Phytoaccumulation/Phytoextraction
7.2.2 Rhizofiltration
7.2.3 Phytovolatilization
7.2.4 Rhizodegradation
7.2.5 Phytodegradation/Phytotransformation
7.2.6 Phytostabilization
7.3 Biological Mechanisms
7.4 Present Gaps and Prospects
7.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
8 Microbial Remediation Approaches for PAH Degradation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biogeochemical Properties and Sources of PAH
8.3 Fate of PAH
8.4 PAH: Soil and Air Pollution
8.5 Harmful Effects of PAH
8.6 Microbe Assisted Biodegradation
8.6.1 Bacterial Assisted PAH Degradation
8.6.2 Mechanism
8.6.3 Mycoremediation
8.6.4 Algae Assisted PAH Degradation
8.7 Genes and Enzymes Involved in Microbial Degradation
8.8 Factors Affecting Microbial Biodegradation
8.9 Bioremediation and Genetic Engineering
8.10 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
9 Biomorphic Synthesis of Nanosized Zinc Oxide for Water Purification
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Properties of ZnO NPs
9.2.1 Structure and Lattice Parameters of ZnO
9.2.2 Mechanical Properties
9.2.3 Electronic Properties
9.2.4 Optical Properties
9.3 Protocol for the Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs
9.3.1 Natural Extract–Based ZnO Nanostructure
9.3.2 Microorganism-Based ZnO Nanostructures
9.3.3 Solvent System-Based “Green” Synthesis
9.4 Factors Affecting the Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles
9.4.1 pH
9.4.2 Temperature
9.4.3 Influence of the Reactant
9.4.4 Effect of Metabolites
9.5 Applications of Biologically Synthesized NPs
9.5.1 Antibacterial Effect of ZnO-NPs
9.5.2 Photocatalytic Activity
9.5.3 ZnO NPs and ROS Production
9.6 Mechanism of Biogenic Synthesis of ZnO NPs
9.7 Cytotoxicity of Nanoparticles
9.8 Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
10 Pollution Dynamics of Urban Catchments
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Environmental Protection for Sustainable Development
10.1.2 Sustainability in Industrial Wastewater Treatment
10.1.3 Sustainability in Organic Solid Waste Management
10.2 Sustainability in Domestic Wastewater Treatment
10.2.1 Centralized Sanitation and Sustainability
10.2.2 Decentralized Sanitation and Sustainability
10.2.3 Merits of Centralized Over Decentralized Sanitation
10.3 Source Area Pollutant Generation Processes
10.3.1 Automotive Activities
10.3.2 Atmospheric Depositions
10.4 Polluting Activities
10.4.1 Industrial
10.5 Characterization of Urban Pollutants
10.5.1 Air Pollution Measurements Used in Estimating Annual Average Concentrations
10.5.2 Comparative Quantification of Health Risks
10.6 The Fate and Transport of Urban Pollutants
10.7 Spatial Distribution of Urbans Pollutants
10.7.1 Tools for Monitoring the Spatial Distribution
10.8 Case Study: City of Harare
10.9 Conclusions, Challenges, Opportunities, and/or Future Aspects
References
11 Bioupgrading of Crude Oil and Crude Oil Fractions
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery
11.3 Biotransformation of Heavy Crude Oil
11.4 Biorefining of Crude Oil
11.4.1 Biodesulfurization
11.4.2 Biodenitrogenation
11.4.3 Biodemetallization
11.5 The Future of Biotechnology in the Refinery
References
12 Recyclable Porous Adsorbents as Environmentally Approach for Greenhouse Gas Capture
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Classification of Porous Materials
12.3 Recyclability Routes of Biomass to Porous Carbons
12.4 Activation Routes Processes
12.4.1 Physical Activation
12.4.2 Chemical Activation
12.5 CO2 Capture in Recyclable Porous Carbon Materials
12.6 CO2 Capture Mechanism in Porous Carbons
12.7 Prospects and Outlooks
12.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
About the Editor
Index
Also of Interest
EULA