This book describes for first time the synthesis and intensified process design in the production of top biofuels. The production of biofuels is not new. In 2019, global biofuel production levels reached 1,841 thousand barrels of oil equivalent per day, in stark comparison to the 187 thousand barrels of oil equivalent per day that was produced in 2000. Growth has largely been driven by policies that encourage the use and production of biofuels due to the perception that it could provide energy security and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in relevant sectors. From a technical point of view, almost all fuels from fossil resources could be substituted by their bio-based counterparts. However, the cost of bio-based production in many cases exceeds the cost of petrochemical production. Also, biofuels must be proven to perform at least as good as the petrochemical equivalent they are substituting and to have a lower environmental impact. The low price of crude oil acted as a barrier to biofuels production and producers focussed on the specific attributes of biofuels such as their complex structure to justify production costs.
Also, the consumer demand for environmentally friendly products, population growth and limited supplies of non-renewable resources has now opened new windows of opportunity for biofuels. The industry is increasingly viewing chemical production from renewable resources as an attractive area for investment. This book uniquely introduces the application of new process intensification techniques that will allow the generation of clean, efficient and economical processes for biofuels in a competitive way in the market.
Author(s): Juan Gabriel Segovia-Hernández, Eduardo Sanchez-Ramirez, Heriberto Alcocer-Garcia, Ana Gabriela Romero-Garcia, Juan José Quiroz-Ramirez
Series: Green Energy and Technology
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 215
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
1 Biofuels: Historical Development and Their Role in Today’s Society
1.1 Historical Development of Biofuels
1.2 Biofuels: A Key Component for Society Development
1.3 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
2 Process Intensification and Circular Economy
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Biorefineries and Sustainability
2.2.1 Biorefineries
2.2.2 Biofuels Towards Sustainability
2.3 Green Chemistry
2.3.1 Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry
2.3.2 Green Metrics
2.4 Intensified Processes to Produce Biofuels
2.5 Conclusions
References
3 Bioethanol
3.1 Bioethanol: Chemical Properties, Uses and Applications
3.2 Feedstock for Bioethanol Production
3.3 Overall Process for Bioethanol Production
3.3.1 Pretreatment
3.3.2 Hydrolysis
3.3.3 Fermentation
3.3.4 Detoxification
3.3.5 Separation and Purification of Bioethanol
3.4 Process Intensification Applied to Produce Bioethanol
3.5 Ethyl Acetate a Promising Biofuel
3.5.1 Overall Process for Bioethanol Production
3.5.2 Process Intensification Applied to Produce Bioethanol Ethyl Acetate
3.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
4 Biobutanol
4.1 Biobutanol: Chemical Properties, Uses and Applications
4.2 Butanol as a Substitute for Conventional Fuel
4.3 Clostridial Species Involved in Biobutanol Production
4.4 Feedstock for Biobutanol Production
4.4.1 Biomass Based on Starch
4.4.2 Biomass Derived from Lignocellulosic Materials
4.4.3 Biomass Derived from Algae
4.5 Overall Process for Biobutanol Production
4.5.1 Pretreatment and Hydrolysis
4.5.2 Issues Associated with ABE Fermentation
4.6 Process Intensification Applied to Butanol Production
4.6.1 Process Intensification in the Reactive Zone
4.6.2 Process Intensification Applied to the Downstream Process
4.7 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
5 2,3-Butanediol
5.1 2,3-Butanediol: Chemical Properties, Uses and Applications
5.2 Production of 2,3-BD from Fossil and Renewable Sources
5.2.1 Microorganisms Useful in the Production of 2,3-BD
5.3 Feedstock for 2,3-BD Production
5.3.1 Non-renewable Raw Materials
5.3.2 Renewable Feedstock
5.4 Process Intensification Applied to 2,3-BD Production
5.5 Process Intensification Applied to 2,3-BD Recovery
5.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
6 Methyl-Ethyl Ketone
6.1 Methyl-Ethyl Ketone: Chemical Properties, Uses and Applications
6.2 Overall Process for MEK Production
6.2.1 Overall Process for MEK Production
6.2.2 Process Intensification Applied to MEK Production
6.3 MEK Purification Using an Intensive Separation Process
6.4 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
7 Biojet
7.1 Biojet: Chemical Properties, Uses and Applications
7.2 Overall Process for Biojet Production
7.3 Process Intensification Applied to Produce Biojet
7.3.1 Feedstock for Biojet Production
7.3.2 Pretreatment
7.3.3 Feedstock Planning Design
7.3.4 Process Modeling
7.4 Process Optimization
7.4.1 Objective Functions
7.4.2 Stochastic Optimization
7.5 Results and Discussion
7.5.1 Feedstock Planning
7.5.2 Optimization of Ethanol Process
7.5.3 Optimization of Biojet Fuel Process
7.5.4 Minimum Selling Price
7.6 Conclusions
References
8 Ethyl Levulinate
8.1 Ethyl Levulinate: General Characteristics, Uses and Applications
8.2 Ethyl Levulinate as Fuel Additive
8.3 Esterification in Ethyl Levulinate Production
8.3.1 Homogeneous Catalysis
8.3.2 Heterogeneous Catalysis
8.4 Routes for EL Synthesis
8.4.1 Synthesis of EL from LA
8.4.2 Synthesis of EL from FAL
8.4.3 Synthesis of EL from Chloromethyl Furfural (CMF)
8.4.4 Synthesis of EL from Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides
8.5 Process Intensification Applied to Ethyl Levulinate Production
8.5.1 Kinetics Models for Ethyl Levulinate Production
8.5.2 Optimization and Sustainability Analysis
8.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
9 2,5-Dimethylfuran
9.1 2,5-Dimethylfuran: Chemical Properties, Uses and Applications
9.2 Overall Process for DMF Production
9.2.1 DMF Production Technologies that Use Molecular Hydrogen
9.2.2 DMF Production Technologies that Use Chemical Hydrogen Reagents
9.3 Process Economy
9.4 Biorefinery to Produces DMF from the HMF
9.5 Challenges and Opportunities in Process Intensification
References
10 The Challenge of Biofuel: Energy Generation for a Sustainable Future
References
