Sustainable Polylactide-Based Blends provides a critical overview of the state-of-the-art in polylactide (PLA)-based blends, addressing the latest advances, innovative processing techniques and fundamental issues that persist in the field. Sections cover the fundamentals of sustainable polymeric materials, polylactide and polymer blends, current and upcoming processing technologies, structure and morphology characterization techniques for PLA and PLA-based blends, and the processing, morphology development, and properties of polylactide-based blends. Final chapters focus on current and future applications, market potential, key challenges and future outlooks.
Throughout the book, theoretical modeling of immiscible polymer blends helps to establish structure-property relationships in various PLA-based polymer blends. With in-depth coverage of fundamentals and processing techniques, the book aims to support the selection of each processing method, along with an understanding of surface chemistry to achieve improved compatibility between phases.
Author(s): Suprakas Sinha Ray, Ritima Banerjee
Publisher: Elsevier
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 453
City: Amsterdam
Cover
Half Title
Sustainable Polylactide-Based Blends
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
About the author
Preface
Acknowledgments
1. Introduction
1.1 Background and motivation
1.2 Polylactide: Advantages and challenges
1.3 Polymer blend technology
1.4 Polylactide blends research outputs
1.5 Sustainability
1.6 Scope of the book
References
2. Terminology and dimensions of sustainability, life cycle assessment, and characteristics of sustainable polymer materials
2.1 Terminology
2.1.1 Sustainable development
2.1.2 Renewable resources
2.1.3 Source reduction
2.1.4 Recycling, reuse, and repair
2.1.5 Regeneration, recovery, and remanufacturing
2.1.6 Biodegradation
2.1.7 Eco-efficiency
2.1.8 Eco-design and design for the environment
2.1.9 Cradle-to-grave and cradle-to-cradle
2.1.10 Green chemistry
2.1.11 Zero waste
2.1.12 Environmental accounting
2.1.13 Ethical investments
2.1.14 Social responsibility
2.1.15 Polluter pays principle
2.2 The three dimensions of sustainability
2.2.1 Environmental approach
2.2.2 Economic and societal approaches
2.3 Life cycle assessment
2.3.1 Metrics used in life cycle assessment
2.3.2 Economic and social aspects of life cycle assessment
2.4 Characteristics of sustainable polymers
2.4.1 Feedstock
2.4.2 Process
2.4.3 Intended use
2.4.4 End-of-use
2.5 Conclusions
References
3. Science and technology of polylactide
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Chemistry and synthesis of PLAs
3.2.1 Lactic acid
3.2.2 Polymerization
3.3 Properties
3.4 Applications
3.5 Biodegradation
3.6 Life cycle assessment of PLA and PLA-based materials
3.7 Conclusion
References
4. Synthesis, properties, advantages, and challenges of bio-based and biodegradable polymers used for the preparation of blends with polylactide
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Definition and characteristics of bio-based and biodegradable polymers
4.3 Polymers derived from renewable resources
4.3.1 Natural rubber
4.3.2 Starch
4.3.3 Chitosan
4.3.4 Poly(hydroxy alkanoates)
4.3.5 Lignin
4.4 Environmentally friendly polymers derived from fossil-fuel resources
4.4.1 Poly(butylene succinate)
4.4.2 Poly[(butylene succinate)-co-adipate]
4.4.3 Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)
4.4.4 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)
4.5 Advantages of biopolymers
4.6 Challenges and opportunities of biopolymers
4.7 Biopolymers market
4.8 Conclusion
References
5. Fundamentals of polymer blend technology
5.1 Basics of polymer blends
5.2 Interphase and compatibilization
5.2.1 Interphase
5.2.2 Compatibilization by addition
5.2.3 Reactive compatibilization
5.3 Blend morphology development
5.3.1 Fundamentals of morphology development
5.3.2 Lamellar morphology development
5.3.3 Fibrillar morphology development
5.3.4 Co-continuous morphology development
5.4 Effect of processing conditions on blend morphology
5.5 Conclusions
References
6. Processing technologies for polylactide-based blends
6.1 Blending methods and equipment
6.1.1 Melt mixing
6.1.1.1 Batch mixer
6.1.1.2 Single screw extruder
6.1.1.3 Twin screw extruder
6.1.2 Solvent casting
6.2 Conclusions
References
7. Techniques for structural and morphological characterization of polymer blends
7.1 Optical microscopy
7.2 Scanning electron microscopy
7.3 Transmission electron microscopy
7.4 Atomic force microscopy
7.5 Wide-angle X-ray diffraction
7.6 Small-angle X-ray scattering
7.6.1 Data measurement, processing, and reduction
7.6.2 Background subtraction
7.6.3 Absolute intensity calibration
7.6.4 Form factor and structure factor
7.6.5 Effect of polydispersity
7.6.6 Porod approximation
7.6.7 Guinier approximation
7.6.8 Resolution in SAXS
7.6.9 Use of SAXS in polymer blend characterization
7.6.9.1 Determination of blend miscibility
7.6.9.2 Studies on crystal structure
7.6.9.3 Morphological studies on blends of block copolymer type of thermoplastic elastomers
7.7 Nuclear magnetic resonance
7.8 Infrared spectroscopy
7.9 Rheology
7.10 Conclusions
References
8. Mechanical models for polymer blends
8.1 Background of mechanical models
8.1.1 Parallel and series models
8.1.2 Takayangi models
8.1.3 Halpin-Tsai model
8.1.4 Hirsch’s model
8.1.5 Models for co-continuity and phase inversion
8.2 Conclusions
References
9. Polylactide stereocomplex
9.1 Basics of stereocomplex PLA
9.2 Processing and structural characterization of stereocomplex PLA
9.3 Degradability of stereocomplex PLA
9.3.1 Thermal degradation
9.3.2 Hydrolytic degradation and biodegradation
9.4 Mechanical properties of SC PLA
9.5 Applications of SC PLA
9.6 Conclusions
References
10. Polylactide/natural rubber blends
10.1 Processing and structural characterization of PLA/natural rubber blends
10.2 Thermal characterization of PLA/NR blends
10.2.1 Differential scanning calorimetry
10.2.2 Thermogravimetric analysis
10.3 Mechanical properties of PLA/NR blends
10.4 Degradability of PLA/NR blends
10.5 Applications of PLA/NR blends
10.6 Conclusions
References
11. Polylactide/starch blends
11.1 Basics of starch
11.2 Processing and structural characterization of PLA/starch blends
11.3 Thermal characterization of PLA/starch blends
11.3.1 Differential scanning calorimetry
11.3.2 Thermogravimetric analysis
11.4 Mechanical properties of PLA/starch blends
11.5 Degradability of PLA/starch blends
11.6 Applications of PLA/starch blends
11.7 Conclusions
References
12. Polylactide/chitosan blends
12.1 Basics of chitosan
12.2 Processing and structural characterization of PLA/ chitosan blends
12.3 Thermal characterization of PLA/chitosan blends
12.3.1 Differential scanning calorimetry
12.3.2 Thermogravimetric analysis
12.4 Mechanical properties of PLA/chitosan blends
12.5 Degradability of PLA/chitosan blends
12.6 Applications of PLA/chitosan blends
12.7 Conclusions
References
13. Polylactide/poly(hydroxyalkanoate) blends
13.1 Basics of poly(hydroxyalkanoate)
13.2 Processing and structural characterization of PLA/PHA blends
13.3 Thermal characterization of PLA/PHA blends
13.3.1 Differential scanning calorimetry
13.3.2 Thermogravimetric analysis
13.4 Mechanical properties of PLA/PHA blends
13.5 Degradability of PLA/PHA blends
13.6 Applications of PLA/PHA blends
13.7 Conclusions
References
14. Polylactide/lignin blends
14.1 Basics of lignin and polymer/lignin blends
14.2 Processing and structural characterization of PLA/lignin blends
14.3 Thermal characterization of PLA/lignin blends
14.3.1 Differential scanning calorimetry
14.3.2 Thermogravimetric analysis
14.4 Mechanical properties of PLA/lignin blends
14.5 Degradability of PLA/lignin blends
14.6 Applications of PLA/lignin blends
14.7 Conclusions
References
15. Polylactide/natural oil blends
15.1 Processing and structural characterization of PLA/natural oil blends
15.2 Thermal characterization of PLA/natural oil blends
15.2.1 Differential scanning calorimetry
15.2.2 Thermogravimetric analysis
15.3 Mechanical properties of PLA/natural oil blends
15.4 Degradability of PLA/natural oil blends
15.5 Applications of PLA/natural oil blends
15.6 Conclusions
References
16. Polylactide/poly(butylene succinate) blends
16.1 Processing and structural characterization of PLA/PBS blends
16.2 Thermal property and crystallization modification
16.3 Mechanical properties
16.4 Biodegradability, recycling, and applications
16.5 Conclusions
References
17. Polylactide/poly[(butylene succinate)-co-adipate] blends
17.1 Processing and structural characterization of PLA/PBSA blend systems
17.2 Thermal properties, crystallization modification, and thermal stability
17.3 Mechanical properties
17.4 Biodegradation and applications
17.5 Conclusion
References
18. Polylactide/poly(ε-caprolactone) blends
18.1 Processing and structural characterization of PLA/PCL blends
18.2 Thermal characterization of PLA/PCL blends
18.2.1 Differential scanning calorimetry
18.2.2 Thermogravimetric analysis
18.3 Mechanical properties of PLA/PCL blends
18.4 Biodegradability of PLA/PCL blends
18.5 Applications of PLA/PCL blends
18.6 Conclusions
References
19. Polylactide/poly(butylene adipate terephthalate) blends
19.1 Processing and structural characterization of PLA/PBAT blends
19.2 Thermal characterization of PLA/PBAT blends
19.2.1 Differential scanning calorimetry
19.2.2 Thermogravimetric analysis
19.3 Mechanical properties of PLA/PBAT blends
19.4 Degradability of PLA/PBAT blends
19.5 Applications of PLA/PBAT blends
19.6 Conclusions
References
20. Market, current and future applications
20.1 Market
20.2 Applications
References
21. Conclusions, challenges, and future outlook
21.1 Conclusions
21.2 Challenges
21.3 Future outlook
References
Index
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