Sustainable Plastics: Environmental Assessments of Biobased, Biodegradable, and Recycled Plastics

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1 Introduction to Sustainability
1.1 Sustainability Definition
1.1.1 Societal Impacts of Sustainability
1.1.2 Economic Impacts of Sustainability
1.1.3 Environmental Impacts of Sustainability
1.2 Green Chemistry Definitions
1.3 Green Engineering Definitions
1.4 Sustainability Definitions for Manufacturing
1.5 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
1.6 Lean and Green Manufacturing
1.7 Summary
References
Chapter 2 Environmental Issues
2.1 The Planet Is Warming
2.2 Melting of Glaciers
2.3 Rising Seas
2.4 Causes of Global Warming
2.4.1 Increased Greenhouse Gases
2.4.2 Sources of CO2eq Emissions
2.4.3 Anti-Warming Theory
2.5 Ocean Pollution and Marine Debris
2.5.1 Plastic Marine Debris
2.5.2 Worldwide Coastal Cleanup
2.5.3 US Coastal Cleanup
2.6 Chemical Pollution from Plastics
2.7 Landfill Trash
2.8 Summary
References
Chapter 3 Life Cycle Information
3.1 Life Cycle Assessment for Environmental Hazards
3.2 Life Cycle Assessment Definitions
3.2.1 LCA Step 1: Goal and Scope Development
3.2.2 LCA Step 2: LCI Development
3.2.3 LCA Step 3: LCA Development
3.2.4 LCA Step 4: Interpretation of Results
3.3 ISO 14040/14044 Life Cycle Assessment Standards
3.4 Sensitivity Analysis
3.5 Minimal Acceptable Framework for Life Cycle Assessments
3.6 Life Cycle Inventory for Petroleum-Based Plastics
3.6.1 LCI for PET Pellets
3.6.2 LCA Sensitivity Analysis
3.6.3 LCA for PET, GPPS, HDPE, and PP Pellets
3.7 Life Cycle Assessment for Biobased Poly Lactic Acid
3.7.1 LCA Sensitivity Analysis
3.8 Summary
References
Chapter 4 Bio-Based and Biodegradable Plastics
4.1 Bio-Based Plastics Definition
4.2 Bagasse
4.3 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)
4.4 Polylactic Acid (PLA)
4.5 Thermoplastic Starch (TPS)
4.6 Petroleum-Based Compostable Polymers
4.6.1 Ecoflex
4.6.2 Poly-ϵ-
Caprolactone,
(PCL)
4.6.3 Poly(Butylene Succinate) (PBS)
References
Websites
Chapter 5 Bio-Based and Recycled Petroleum-Based Plastics
5.1 Bio-Based Conventional Plastics
5.1.1 Bio-Based Polyethylene
5.1.2 Bio-Based Polypropylene
5.1.3 Bio-Based Ethylene Vinyl Acetate
5.1.4 Bio-Based Polyethylene Terephthalate
5.2 Recycled Petroleum-Based Plastics
5.2.1 Mechanical Recycling
5.2.2 California Plastics Recycling
5.2.3 Society of Plastics Industry Recycling Codes
5.2.4 LCAs of Recycled Plastics
5.3 Oxodegradable Additives for Plastics
5.4 Summary
References
Chapter 6 End-of-Life Options for Plastics
6.1 US EPA WARM Program
6.2 Mechanical Recycling of Plastics
6.2.1 US Plastics Recycling
6.2.2 Plastics Recycling Process
6.3 Chemical Recycling
6.4 Composting
6.4.1 LCA of Composting Process
6.5 Waste to Energy
6.5.1 Municipal Solid Waste Combustion
6.5.2 Blast Furnace
6.5.3 Cement Kiln
6.5.4 Pollution Issues with Waste-to-Energy Process of Plastics
6.6 Landfill Operations
6.7 Life Cycle Assessment of End-of-Life Options
6.8 Summary
References
Chapter 7 Sustainable Plastic Products
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Sustainable Plastic Packaging
7.2.1 LCAs of Sustainable Plastic Packaging
7.2.2 Literature Review of LCAs for Plastic Packaging
7.2.3 LCA of Sustainable Plastic Containers Made from Bio-Based and Petroleum-Based Plastics
7.2.4 Greene Sustainability Index (GSI) of Sustainable Plastic Containers
7.3 Sustainable Plastic Grocery Bags
7.3.1 Literature Review of LCA of Plastic Bags
7.3.2 LCA of Plastic Bags from the Paper Industry in Hong Kong
7.3.3 Reusable Plastic Bags
7.4 Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Plastic Bottles
7.4.1 LCAs Literature Review of Plastic Bottles
7.4.2 Greene Sustainability Index of Sustainable Plastic Bottles
7.4.3 Sensitivity Analysis
7.5 Summary
References
Chapter 8 Biobased and Biodegradation Standards for Polymeric Materials
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Biodegradation Standards
8.1.2 Worldwide Biodegradation
8.1.3 Certification
8.2 Biobased Standard Test Method
8.2.1 US Biobased Standard
8.2.2 International Biobased Standards
8.3 Industrial Compost Environment
8.3.1 US Biodegradation Standards for Industrial Compost Environment
8.3.2 International Biodegradation Standards for Industrial Compost Environment
8.4 Marine Environment
8.4.1 US Biodegradation Standards for Marine Environment
8.4.2 International Aqueous Biodegradation Standards
8.5 Anaerobic Digestion
8.5.1 US Biodegradation Standards for Anaerobic Digestion
8.5.2 International Biodegradation Standards for Anaerobic Digestion
8.6 Active Landfill
8.6.1 US Biodegradation Standards for Active Landfill
8.6.2 International Biodegradation Standards for Active Landfill
8.7 Home Compost
8.7.1 European Home Compost Certification
8.7.2 US Home Composting Standards
8.8 Soil Biodegradation
8.8.1 European Soil Biodegradation Certification
8.8.2 US Soil Biodegradation Standards
8.9 Summary
References
Chapter 9 Commodity Plastics
9.1 Definition of Commodity Plastics
9.2 Commodity Plastics
9.2.1 Low-Density Poly(ethylene) (LDPE)
9.2.2 Linear Low-Density Poly(ethene) (LLDPE)
9.2.3 Metallocene Linear Low-Density Poly(ethene) (mLLDPE)
9.2.4 Polypropylene (PP)
References
Websites
Chapter 10 Engineering Plastics
10.1 Engineering Plastics Definition
10.2 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
10.3 Acetal (Polyoxymethylene)
10.4 Liquid Crystal Polymer
10.5 PBT (Polybutylene Terephthalate)
10.6 PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate)
10.7 Nylon (Polyamide)
10.8 Polyimide
10.9 Polyarylate
10.10 Polycarbonate
10.11 Thermoplastic Polyurethane
10.12 Polyether-Ether-Ketone
10.13 PPO, PPS and PPE
10.14 Polytetrafluoroethylene
References
Chapter 11 Thermoset Polymers
11.1 Automotive Thermoset Polymers
11.1.1 Polyester Resin
11.1.2 Epoxy
11.1.3 Polyurethane
11.1.4 Phenolics
11.1.5 Silicones
11.1.6 Dicyclopentadiene
11.2 Aerospace Thermosets
11.2.1 Polyimides
11.2.2 Amino Plastics
11.3 Bio-Based Thermoset Polymers
11.3.1 Bio-Based Polyesters
11.3.2 Bio-Based Epoxies
11.3.3 Bio-Based Polyurethanes
11.3.4 Bio-Based Nylon-6
11.4 Conclusions
References
Websites
Chapter 12 Polymer Composites
12.1 Automotive Polymer Composites
12.2 Thermoset Polymer Composites
12.2.1 Thermoplastic Polymer Composites
12.2.2 Kevlar Composites
12.3 Nanocomposite
12.4 Fiber Materials for Composites
12.5 Carbon Fiber Manufacturing
12.6 Properties of Fibers
12.7 Rule of Mixtures
12.8 Sandwich and Cored Polymer Composite Structures
12.9 Polymer Pre-Preg Composites
12.10 Processing of Polymer Composites for Automotive Parts
12.11 Aerospace Polymer Composites
12.12 Processing of Polymer Composites for Aerospace Parts
References
Websites
Chapter 13 Natural Fiber Polymer Composites
13.1 Natural Fibers
13.2 Raw Material Information
13.3 Fiber Properties
13.4 Automotive Use of Natural Fibers
13.5 Processing of Natural Fibers
13.6 Test Results of Natural Fibers
References
Chapter 14 Design Aspects in Automotive Plastics
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Design Process
14.3 Manufacturing Checklist for Quality
14.4 Plastic Materials for Automotive Use
14.5 Plastic Guidelines for Injection Molding
14.6 Plastic Prototypes and 3D Printing
14.7 SolidWorks Flow Simulation
14.8 Design for Manufacturing (DFM) with Plastics
14.9 Shrinkage in Plastics
14.10 Design Guidelines
14.11 Undercuts
14.12 Mold Stack Design
14.13 Mold Costs
References
Websites
Chapter 15 Future of Sustainable Plastics
15.1 Sustainable Biobased Plastics Made from Renewable Sources
15.2 Sustainable Traditional Plastics Made from Renewable Sources
15.3 Growth in Biobased Plastics with Development of Durable Goods
15.4 Growth in Biobased Plastics for Pharmaceuticals and Medical Applications
15.5 Summary
References
Index
EULA