Sustainable Materials for Oil and Gas Applications

Front Cover
Sustainable Materials for Oil and Gas Applications
Copyright Page
Dedications
Contents
List of contributors
About the authors
Preface for volume 1
1. Importance and emergence of advanced materials in energy industry
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Importance of advanced materials in the oil and gas industry
1.2.1 Introduction
1.2.2 Advanced materials
1.2.2.1 Nanocrystalline materials
1.2.2.2 Bulk metallic glass
1.2.2.3 Diamond-like carbon
1.3 Importance of nanotechnology in the oil and gas industry
1.4 Challenges in the oil and gas industry and nanotechnological solutions
1.4.1 Exploration
1.4.2 Drilling and production
1.4.3 Enhanced oil recovery
1.4.4 Refining and processing
1.5 Outlook and future challenges
1.6 Conclusions
References
2. A biophilic material in petroleum exploration and production: iodine
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Relationship between petroleum and iodine
2.2.1 Relationships between iodine, organic matter, and organic carbon
2.2.2 Relationships of formation, migration, and trapping between oil and iodine
2.3 Occurrence mechanisms of iodine-rich waters and their relations with oil and gas deposits
2.3.1 Iodine-rich waters
2.3.2 Occurrence mechanisms of iodine-rich waters
2.3.3 Relationship between oil and gas deposits and iodine-rich waters
2.4 Iodine geology in oil and gas exploration
2.4.1 Hydrogeochemistry in oil and gas exploration
2.4.2 Iodine hydrogeochemistry in oil and gas exploration
2.4.2.1 Integrated use of iodine hydrogeochemistry and oil in water analysis (total petroleum hydrocarbons in water) in oil...
2.4.2.1.1 Determination of relationship with hydrocarbon accumulations of waters
2.4.2.1.2 Determination of iodine source in water and relationship between I/Br ratio of waters and Kerogen type
2.4.2.1.3 Determination of source, maturity, and sedimentation environment redox conditions of hydrocarbons in iodine-rich ...
2.4.3 Usage of iodine-129 isotope in petroleum geology
2.4.4 Usage of iodine pedogeochemistry in oil and gas exploration
2.4.5 Usage of iodine hydrogeochemistry during well drilling
2.5 Iodine hydrogeochemistry in reservoir evaluation and oil production
2.5.1 The relationships between oil (bbl)/water (bbl) ratios, water% (bbl) ratios, and iodine contents of formation waters
2.5.2 The relationship between iodine contents of formation waters and oilfield reserves
2.6 Conclusions
References
3. Advanced materials and sensors in well logging, drilling, and completion operations
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Advanced sensors in well logging operations
3.2.1 Microseismic imaging
3.2.2 Tiltmeter mapping
3.2.3 Electromagnetic-based deep reservoir monitoring
3.3 Advanced sensors in drilling and well completion operations
3.3.1 Fiber optic sensors
3.3.2 Three-dimensional computer vision techniques
3.3.2.1 Stereo vision
3.3.2.2 Time-of-flight
3.3.2.3 Structured light vision
3.3.2.4 2D and 3D integrated cuttings sensing technology
3.3.3 Fluid measurement sensors
3.3.3.1 Automated fluid rheology and density
3.3.3.1.1 Obtaining the rheological parameters
3.3.3.2 Flow rate, density and mass flow rate measurement meters
3.3.3.2.1 Transit time ultrasonic flow meter
3.3.3.2.2 Pulsed ultrasound Doppler flow meter
3.3.3.2.3 Magnetic flow meter
3.3.3.2.4 Gamma-ray densitometer
3.3.3.2.5 Coriolis U-tube mass flow rate meter
3.4 Advanced materials in drilling and well completion operations
3.4.1 Nanoparticles in drilling fluids
3.4.2 Altered fracturing fluid and proppants
3.4.3 Chemical tracers
References
4. Nanoparticles for enhanced oil recovery
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Physics and chemistry of nanoparticles
4.2.1 Types of nanoparticles
4.2.2 Physical properties of silica nanoparticles
4.2.3 Chemical properties of silica nanoparticles
4.3 Enhanced oil recovery mechanisms of nanofluid
4.3.1 Mobility control
4.3.1.1 Nanoparticles stabilized foam
4.3.1.2 Nanoparticles-enhanced polymer flooding at high temperature and high salinity conditions
4.3.1.3 Diversion using nanofluid
4.3.2 Increase in capillary number
4.3.2.1 Oil–water interfacial tension reduction and emulsification by nanoparticles
4.3.2.2 Wettability alteration by nanoparticles
4.3.2.3 In situ upgrading of heavy oil with nanoparticles
4.4 Adsorption and transportation of nanoparticles in porous media
4.4.1 Stability of nanoparticles suspension at reservoir conditions
4.4.2 Adsorption and transportation of nanoparticles in core samples
4.5 Health, safety and environment
4.5.1 Classification of water based chemicals
4.5.2 Environmental impact of chemical enhanced oil recovery
4.5.3 Safety and health related to nanoparticle handling
4.6 Future works
4.7 Conclusions
References
5. Intelligent materials in unconventional oil and gas recovery
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Nanocatalysis and nanofluids for heavy oil
5.2.1 Mechanisms of nanomaterials in heavy oil reservoirs
5.2.1.1 Nanocatalysis
5.2.1.2 Nanofluids
5.2.2 Studies of nanomaterials in heavy oil reservoirs
5.3 Nanoparticles for enhanced oil recovery in shales
5.4 Materials for formation damage control
5.4.1 Mechanisms of formation damage
5.4.1.1 Formation damage due to fines migration
5.4.1.2 The problem of fines migration during low salinity water flooding
5.4.2 Formation damage control due to fines migration using nanoparticles
5.4.3 Formation damage due to clay instability
5.4.3.1 Mechanisms of clay instability
5.4.3.2 Application of nanoparticles for clay stabilization
5.4.4 Formation damage due to fluid leak-off
5.4.4.1 Mechanisms of fluid leak-off
5.4.4.2 Nanoparticles for fluid leak-off
5.5 Materials to strengthen wellbore in shales
5.5.1 Mechanisms of wellbore strengthening
5.5.2 Nanoparticles for wellbore strengthening
5.6 Materials to improve gas hydrate recovery
5.6.1 Gas hydrate recovery mechanism
5.6.2 Nanoparticles for gas hydrate recovery
References
6. State-of-the-art materials in petroleum facilities and pipelines
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Oil and gas facilities
6.1.2 Oil and gas pipelines
6.2 Advanced materials for produced water treatment in oil and gas facilities
6.2.1 Nano-filtration membranes
6.2.1.1 Nanofibrous polyvinylidene fluoride membrane (PVDF)
6.2.1.2 Hybrid carbon nanotube (CNT) and carbon nitride (CNx) membrane
6.2.2 Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP)
6.2.2.1 MNPs for EOR polymer removal from produced water
6.3 Advanced sensing techniques for oil and gas facilities and pipelines
6.3.1 Graphene and its potential in sensing
6.3.1.1 Graphene sensor for CO2 detection
6.3.1.2 Graphene sensor for scale monitoring
6.4 Nanocoatings for oil & gas facilities
6.4.1 Silane-nanoceramic coating
6.4.1.1 Silane-nanoceramic as a thermal insulator
6.4.1.2 Experimental analysis and validation
6.4.1.3 Thermal insulation effect
6.4.1.3.1 Comparison between ordinary ceramic coatings and silane-nanoceramic coatings
6.4.1.3.2 Comparison between different riser installation coatings
6.4.1.3.3 Thermal insulation with respect to coating structure
6.4.1.3.4 Thermal insulation with respect to coating thickness
6.4.1.4 Seawater corrosion resistance
6.4.2 Carbon nanotube composites
6.4.2.1 Application in ultradeepwater oil fields
6.4.2.2 Carbon nanotube arrays
6.4.2.3 Water-based CNT composite conductors
6.4.2.4 Acid-based CNT composite conductors
6.4.2.5 Resistivity observation and study conclusion
References
Further reading
Index
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