Sustainable Digital Technologies for Smart Cities: Healthcare, Communication, and Transportation

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
About the Editors
List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 Comparative Analysis of Selective Harmonic Elimination for Multilevel Inverters with CSA, PSO, BA, and SA
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter (CMLI)
1.2.1 Formation of Fitness Function
1.3 Optimization Algorithm
1.3.1 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
1.3.2 Simulated Annealing (SA)
1.3.3 Bat Algorithm (BA)
1.3.4 Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA)
1.4 Comparison of Optimization Algorithms
1.5 Simulation and Experimental Results
1.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Design and Development of an Automated Product Retrieval System for a Warehouse
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Literature Survey
2.3 Conceptual Design
2.4 Detailed Design of the Arm
2.5 Inverse Kinematics
2.6 Fabricated Model
2.7 Algorithm for Path Finding
2.8 Validation Techniques
2.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Implementation of Water and Air Quality Monitoring System for Smart Agriculture using LoRa
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Objectives
3.3 Block Diagram
3.4 Smart Agriculture
3.5 Algorithm
3.6 Methodology
3.6.1 Air Quality Monitoring
3.6.2 Soil and Water Quality Monitoring
3.6.3 Automation
3.7 Results and Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Local Binary Pattern-Based Criminal Identification System
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Terms and Terminologies
4.2.1 Detection
4.2.2 Preparation
4.2.3 Prediction
4.2.4 Confidence
4.2.5 Local Binary Patterns (LBP)
4.2.6 Summarization
4.2.7 TextRank
4.3 Related Works
4.4 Conceptual Architecture
4.4.1 Perception Layer
4.4.2 Physical Layer
4.4.3 Processing Level Layer
4.4.3.1 LBP-Based Face Detector
4.4.3.2 LBPH-Based Face Label Predictor and Face Recognizer
4.4.3.3 TextRank-Based Summary Extractor
4.4.4 Criminal Identification as a Service
4.5 Prototype Implementation
4.5.1 Detection Module
4.5.2 Pre-processing Module
4.5.3 Prediction Module
4.5.4 Summarization Module
4.6 Assessment
4.7 Discussion and Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Enhancing Customer Experience in Restaurants Using Augmented Reality-Based Marketing Strategy
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Literature Review
5.3 Purposes and Objectives
5.4 Purposes and Objectives
5.5 Implementation Result
5.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Zeta – A Web-Based Restaurant-Suggesting Chatbot
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Objectives
6.3 Modules
6.3.1 The Chat Interface Module
6.3.2 Restaurant Display
6.3.3 Menu Card Module
6.4 Conclusion and Future Work
6.5 Results
References
Chapter 7 Obstacle Avoidance and Image Recognition System
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Objective
7.3 Related Works
7.4 Methodology
7.4.1 Obstacle Detection
7.4.2 Collision Avoidance
7.4.3 Traffic Symbol Recognition
7.4.3.1 Haar-Cascade Algorithm
7.4.4 Traffic Light Recognition
7.5 Hardware Requirements
7.5.1 Raspberry Pi
7.5.2 Raspberry Pi Camera
7.5.3 Ultrasonic Sensor
7.5.4 Arduino UNO
7.6 Implementation Policies
7.6.1 Vehicle Performance Guidance for Automated Vehicles
7.6.2 Model State Policy
7.6.3 Current Regulatory Tools
7.6.4 Modern Regulatory Tools
7.7 Implementation Issues
7.8 Conclusion
7.9 Future Scope
References
Chapter 8 Town Bus Tracker
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Literature Survey
8.3 Proposed Work
8.3.1 Software Module
8.3.1.1 Android Application for Town Bus Scheduler
8.3.1.2 Safety and Alert System
8.3.1.3 Tracking System
8.3.2 Hardware Module
8.3.2.1 Implementing Global Positioning System (GPS)
8.3.2.2 Arduino Functions in TBS
8.3.2.3 Implementation of Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
8.4 Conclusion
8.5 Result
8.6 Future Work
References
Chapter 9 Intelligent Predictive Analytics in Farming Using IoT in Big Data
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Literature Survey
9.3 Predictive Analysis in Farming
9.3.1 Four Outcomes of Binary Classification
9.3.2 Performance Metrics
9.3.3 Visualizing Recall and Precision
9.4 Big Data Value Chain
9.5 Machine Learning Techniques
9.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Intelligent Transportation System: A Review of VANET Applications for Urban Areas, Technologies, and Protocols
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Urbanization Effects and Smart City Solutions
10.3 Traffic Management
10.3.1 Traffic Management in ITS
10.3.2 Accident Avoidance in ITS
10.3.3 Pedestrian Accident Avoidance
10.3.4 Collision Accident Avoidance
10.3.5 ITS in Reducing the Traveling Time
10.4 VANET Protocols and Applications
10.4.1 VANET Protocols
10.4.2 Density Estimation Using VANET
10.4.3 VANET Applications
10.4.4 VANET Simulators
10.4.4.1 Mobility Simulators
10.4.4.2 Network Simulators
10.4.4.3 Vehicular Network Simulators
10.5 Comparison of “VANET” Applications and Protocols That Aid “ITS”
10.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Observer-Based Control for Rotary Servo System
11.1 Introduction
11.2 System Modeling
11.2.1 Mathematical Model of Rotary Inverted Pendulum
11.2.2 System Parameters
11.3 Implementation
11.3.1 Design of the Controller Based on Pole Placement
11.3.2 System Poles
11.3.3 Desired Poles
11.3.4 Full-State Controller Coefficient – Pole Placement
11.3.5 Simulation of a Controller
11.3.6 State Observer
11.3.7 Continuous-Time Observer Model
11.3.8 Luenberger Observer
11.3.9 Simulation of Observer
11.4 Simulation Results
11.4.1 Full-State Feedback Controller Response
11.4.2 State Observer Response
11.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Stock Market Prediction Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Algorithms
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Literature Survey
12.3 Comparison of Existing System
12.4 Proposed Work
12.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Service Line Fault Detector and Distance Calculator for Smart Cities
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Literature Review
13.2.1 Types of Faults
13.3 Existing System
13.3.1 Tracer Method
13.3.2 Terminal Method
13.4 Material and Methods
13.5 Software Used
13.5.1 Advanced IP Scanner
13.5.2 MobaXterm
13.6 Results and Discussion
13.6.1 Mult-fault (IoT):
13.6.2 Single-fault (IoT)
13.7 Conclusion and Future Enhancement
References
Chapter 14 Heart Disease Classification Using Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) Neural Network
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Materials and Methods
14.3 ECG Signal Processing through Wavelet Transform
14.4 Supervised Machine Learning Approach
14.4.1 Extreme Learning Machine (ELM)
14.4.2 Self-Adaptive Resource Allocation Network (SRAN) Classifier
14.4.3 Back Propagation Neural Network Classifier (BPNN)
14.4.4 Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN)
14.5 Performance Measure
14.6 Results and Discussion
14.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Computer-Aided Diagnosis toward Improving Severity Assessment of Dysarthria
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Related Works
15.3 Materials and Methods
15.3.1 Speech Corpus
15.3.2 Methodology
15.3.3 Speech Analysis
15.3.4 Feature Extraction
15.3.5 Severity Classification
15.4 Experimental Results and Discussions
15.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 SVM-Based Demodulator for QPSK Signal Suitable for Vehicular Communication
16.1 Introduction
16.2 System Model
16.3 Simulation Results
16.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17 Medicinal Image Watermarking System for Recovering Embedded Information from Therapeutic Restorative Images
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Literature Review
17.3 Proposed Method
17.3.1 Division of Medical Images
17.3.2 Hash Estimation of ROI
17.3.3 Run Length Encoding
17.3.4 Mapping between Pieces of ROI and RONI
17.3.5 Embedding Algorithm
17.3.6 Extraction Algorithm
17.4 Exploratory Results
17.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18 Enhancement of Security and Fusion Techniques in Wireless Medical Sensor Network
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Related Work
18.2.1 Health Data Security Using Cryptographic Techniques
18.2.2 Health Data Security Using Biometric Techniques
18.3 Biosensors Data Fusion
18.4 Comparison of Security Techniques Used in WMSN
18.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19 An Exploratory Data Analysis on Cardiovascular Disease
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Literature Survey
19.3 Objective
19.4 Data Analysis and Visualization
19.4.1 Data Cleaning and Data Transformation
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Data Analysis and Visualization
19.4.1.1 Diastolic bp and Systolic bp
19.4.1.2 Correlation between the Attributes
19.4.1.3 Gender vs CVD
19.5 Conclusion
19.6 Future Work
References
Chapter 20 A Survey on Slight Barriers to Using Blockchain in Healthcare
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Related Works
20.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21 Encountering Privacy – Sensitive Information in Medical Documents
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Proposed Method
21.3 Extracting Sensitive Words from Medical Documents
21.4 Identifying the Sensitivity of the Document
21.5 Clustering the Documents
21.6 Results and Discussion
21.7 Related Works
21.8 Conclusion and Future Work
References
Chapter 22 High Throughput Image Analysis to Assess the Morphological Characteristics of Spirulina Platensis Using ImageJ Software
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Materials and Methods
22.2.1 Culture Growth
22.2.2 Slide Preparation and Microscopy
22.3 Estimation of Geometric Parameters
22.3.1 Solidity
22.3.2 Circularity
22.3.3 Integrated Density
22.4 ImageJ
22.4.1 Insert Scale and Scale Bar
22.4.2 Image Analysis
22.5 Results
22.5.1 Grouping of Cells
22.5.1.1 Analysis of Perimeter
22.5.1.2 Analysis of Area
22.5.1.3 Analysis of Circularity
22.5.1.4 Analysis of Solidity
22.5.1.5 Analysis of Integrated Density
22.5.1.6 Calculation of the Error Percentage
22.6 Discussion
References
Chapter 23 Fluorescent Probes to Visualize Subcellular Localization of Proteins in Bacterial Cells
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Protein Tags
23.2.1 Self-Labeling Enzyme Tags
23.2.2 Fluorescent Protein Tags
23.3 Fluorescent Protein Variants
23.4 Fluorescent Protein – Types
23.5 Imaging Techniques
23.5.1 Forster Resonance Energy Transfer
23.5.2 Challenges
23.5.3 Fluorescent Recovery after Photobleaching
23.5.3.1 Limitation of FRAP
23.6 Fluorescent Loss in Photobleaching
23.7 Fluorescent Localization after Photobleaching
23.7.1 Limitations of Using Tags
23.8 Major Challenges in FPS
23.9 Conclusion
References
Index