Sustainability Engineering: Challenges, Technologies, and Applications

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Editor Biographies
Acknowledgments
Contributors
1. Lignin-based Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage Devices Binders for LIBs
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Chemical Structure and Extraction Processes of Lignin
1.2 Lignin for Energy Conversion and Storage Devices
1.2.1 Lithium-ion Batteries (LIBs)
1.2.1.1 Carbonaceous Materials for LIB Electrodes
1.2.1.2 Carbon Nanofibers (CNFs) for LIB Electrodes
1.2.1.3 Exfoliating Agents for LIB Electrodes
1.2.1.4 Gel-/Solid Polymer Electrolytes (GPEs/SPEs) and Separators for LIBs
1.2.1.5 Binders for LIBs
1.2.2 Other Lithium-based Batteries
1.2.2.1 Lithium Metal Batteries (LMBs)
1.2.2.2 Lithium-sulfur Batteries (LSBs)
1.2.3 Na-ion Batteries (NIBs)
1.2.3.1 Carbonaceous Materials for NIB Anodes
1.2.3.2 Carbon Nanofibers (CNFs) for NIB Anodes
1.2.4 Lead-acid Batteries
1.2.5 Supercapacitors (SCs)
1.2.5.1 Activated, Templated, and Composite Carbon Materials for SC Electrodes
1.2.5.2 Lignin-based Electroactive Materials for SC Electrodes
1.2.5.3 Lignin-derived Carbon and Metal Oxide-based Composites
1.2.5.4 Lignin (Non-carbonized)-electron-conducting Polymer-based Composites
1.2.5.5 Lignin (Non-carbonized)-graphite/CNT-based Composites
1.2.5.6 Lignin-based Electrolytes for SCs
1.2.6 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs)
1.2.7 Redox Flow Batteries (RFBs)
1.2.8 Lignin in Other Energy Conversion and Storage Devices
1.3 Challenges, Opportunities, Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
2. Hydrocracking of Palm Oil Into Biofuel Over Ni-Al2O3-bentonite (Aluminosilicate) Nanocatalyst
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Research Method
2.2.1 Material
2.2.2 Instruments
2.2.3 Bentonite Material Preparation
2.2.4 Bentonite Activation Using Sulfuric Acid
2.2.5 Pillarization with Al2O3
2.2.6 Bentonite Impregnation Using Nickel
2.2.7 Catalyst Characterization
2.2.8 Palm Oil Hydrocracking
2.3 Results and Discussion
2.3.1 Ni-Al2O3-bentonite Catalyst Preparation
2.3.2 Natural Bentonite Modification Into Ni-Al2O3-bentonite Catalyst
2.3.3 Bentonite Structure Analysis Using the X-ray Diffraction Method
2.3.4 Analysis of the Bentonite Functional Group Using the FTIR Method
2.3.5 Acidity Determination on the Bentonite Surface
2.3.6 Analysis of Compound Content Using Bentonite by XRF Method
2.3.7 Analysis of Specific Total Surface Area and Porosity Using the BET Method
2.3.8 Analysis of Morphology Structure Using TEM
2.3.9 Activity Test of the Ni-Al2O3-bentonite Catalyst
2.3.10 Catalyst Effect Test Towards the Total Product of Hydrocracking Palm Oil
2.3.11 Catalyst Effect Test Towards the Liquid Product of the Palm Oil Hydrocracking Reaction
2.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
3. Optimization-based Development of a Circular Economy Adoption Strategy
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Integrated Planetary Model
3.2.1 Model Description
3.2.2 Model Governing Equations
3.2.2.1 Ecological Stocks and Flows
3.2.2.2 Economics-related Flows
3.2.2.3 Human Society
3.2.3 Modeling of Circular Economy
3.2.4 Model Simulations and Observations
3.2.5 The Need for a Novel Method
3.3 Optimization Model Formulation
3.3.1 Fisher Information
3.3.2 Optimization Model
3.4 Scenario Planning
3.4.1 Sensitivity Analysis
3.5 Results and Discussion
3.5.1 Optimization Problem Solution
3.5.2 Sensitivity Analysis
3.5.2.1 Annual Rate of Growth in CF
3.5.2.2 Delay in Growth in CF
3.5.2.3 Maximum Limit of CF
3.6 Conclusions
References
4. "Waste"-to-energy for Decarbonization: Transforming Nut Shells Into Carbon-negative Electricity
4.1 Introduction and Background
4.2 Pistachio Waste Critical Material Attributes
4.2.1 Particle Size Distribution
4.2.2 Moisture Content
4.2.3 Inorganic Content and Composition (Ash)
4.2.4 Protein Content
4.3 Bulk Material Handling System Design
4.4 V-Grid Gasifier Extended Trials and Design Recommendations
4.5 Techno-economic Analysis
4.5.1 Process Model Description and Assumptions
4.5.2 Economic Assumptions
4.5.3 TEA Results for Case A and Case B
4.5.4 TEA Sensitivity Analysis and Discussion
4.6 Life-cycle Assessment
4.6.1 LCA Method and Assumptions
4.6.2 Carbon Intensity Results and Discussion
4.7 General Methodology To Optimize Preprocessing, Conveyance, and Conversion
4.8 Conclusions and Lessons Learned
4.9 Disclaimer
References
5. Carbon Recycling: Waste Plastics to Hydrocarbon Fuels
5.1 Introduction and Background
5.1.1 Current Plastic Waste Disposal Method and Environmental Impacts
5.1.2 Catalytic Pyrolysis
5.1.3 Aims and Objectives
5.2 Hydrocarbon Composition of Liquid Products From Waste Plastics
5.3 Effects of Catalyst on Pyrolysis Temperature
5.4 Product Viscosity and Density Analysis
5.5 Effect of Catalyst-polymer Ratio on Product Yield
5.6 Mineral Distribution in Catalyst
5.7 Potential Cracking Mechanism
5.8 Results Summary
5.9 Circular Economy and Sustainability
5.9.1 Carbon Recycling
5.9.2 Carbon Fixation
5.9.3 Carbon Capture
5.10 Conclusions
References
6. Recycling Plastic Waste to Produce Chemicals: A Techno-economic Analysis and Life-cycle Assessment
6.1 Introduction and Background
6.2 Recycling of Polymers for the Production of Chemicals via Pyrolysis
6.2.1 Process Description
6.2.2 Steam Cracker Mass Balance
6.2.3 Feedstock Considerations
6.2.4 Reactor Considerations
6.2.5 Detailed Process Modeling
6.2.5.1 Thermal Pyrolysis Process
6.2.5.2 In-situ and Ex-situ Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis (CFP)
6.2.6 Process Economics
6.2.6.1 Feedstock Cost
6.2.7 Techno-economic Analysis Results
6.3 Recycling of Polymers for the Production of Chemicals via Gasification
6.3.1 Process Description
6.3.1.1 Syngas-to-Methanol
6.3.1.2 Methanol-to-Olefins
6.3.1.3 Methanol-to-Formaldehyde
6.3.2 Feedstock and Reactor Considerations
6.3.3 Methanol from Waste Plastics Detailed Process Modeling
6.3.4 Techno-economic Analysis Results
6.4 Life-cycle Assessment
6.4.1 Life-cycle Assessment Results
6.5 Summary and Conclusions
Disclaimer
References
7. Municipal Water Reuse for Non-potable and Potable Purposes
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Municipal Water Reuse for Non-potable Purposes
7.2.1 Technologies
7.2.2 Economy
7.2.3 Water Quality
7.2.4 Environmental
7.2.5 Legal and Institutional Constraints
7.3 Municipal Water Reuse for Potable Purposes
7.3.1 Technologies and Trends
7.3.2 Economy
7.3.3 Water Quality
7.3.4 Environmental
7.3.5 Legal and Institutional Constraints
7.3.6 Acceptance
7.3.7 Key Lessons Learned
7.4 Amount of Water That Can be Provided Through Municipal Water Reuse—Effect of Non-revenue Water (NRW) and other Consumptive, Treatment, Conveyance, and Storage Losses
7.4.1 Mathematical Framework for Municipal Water Reuse for Non-potable Purposes
7.4.2 Mathematical Framework for Municipal Water for Potable Purposes
7.5 Summary of Relative Cost and Electricity Usage
7.6 Conclusions
Note
References
8. An Ethical Reflection on Water Management at the Community Level as a Contribution to Peace
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Water Access, Engineering, and Conflicts
8.3 An Essential and Endangered Resource
8.4 Managed Water as a Common Good
8.5 Effective Institutions
8.6 Sharing Water for Peace
References
9. Human Behavior Dynamics in Sustainability
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Social Dilemma Assessment
9.2.1 Win-Win
9.2.2 You're the Sucker
9.2.3 Free Rider
9.2.4 Tragedy of the Commons
9.3 Conclusions
Note
References
10. Regional Sustainable Technology Systems
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Characteristics of Renewable Resources
10.3 Basic Engineering Guidelines for Renewable Resource Utilization
10.3.1 Respect Ecosystems and Strive to Enhance or at Least Preserve Their Quality
10.3.2 Take Responsibility for the Whole Value Chain
10.3.3 Adapt Technical Solutions to Their Local/Regional Context
10.3.4 Increase Resource Utilization Efficiency by Integrating Technologies
10.4 Tools to Help Engineers Establish Regional Sustainable Technology Systems
10.5 Conclusions
Notes
References
11. Renewable Microgrids as a Foundation of the Future Sustainable Electrical Energy System
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Microgrids' Market Potential
11.3 Microgrids of the Future
11.4 Regulatory Aspects of Microgrids
11.5 Summary and Conclusions
11.6 Disclaimer
References
12. Applications of Electrochemical Separation Technologies for Sustainability: Case Studies in Integrated Processes, Material Innovations, and Risk Assessments
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Applications of EST in Biorefinery
12.2.1 Current Technologies for Organic Acid Production with Bioconversion Processes
12.2.2 Integrated Bioprocess Design
12.2.3 Separative Bioreactor (SB)
12.2.4 Innovative Electrodeionization Technology to Capture Organic Acids
12.2.5 Demonstration of Separative Bioreactor Performance for Organic Acid Production
12.2.6 Integrated Fermentation and EDI Separative Bioreactor (IF-EDI-SB)
12.2.7 Anaerobic Fermentation to Produce Succinic Acid
12.2.8 Aerobic Fermentation to Produce Gluconic Acid
12.2.9 Conclusion
12.3 Ammonia Removal and Recovery from Nutrient-rich Wastewater
12.4 Material Innovations in Electrochemical Separations
12.4.1 Case Study in Ion-exchange Membrane Development
12.4.2 Innovations in Spacer Channel Conductors
12.4.3 Innovations in Hybrid Materials
12.5 Reducing Risks in Water-energy Interdependency Networks
12.6 Summary
References
13. All-electric Vertical Take-off and Landing Aircraft (eVTOL) for Sustainable Urban Travel
13.1 Introduction
13.2 eVTOL Life-cycle Assessment: A Case Study
13.2.1 Methodology and Assumptions
13.2.2 Life-cycle Inventory
13.2.2.1 Inputs: Foreground Data
13.2.2.2 Inputs: Background Data
13.2.3 Calculation and Processes
13.2.4 Results and Reporting
13.2.5 End-of-Life (EoL) Treatment
13.2.6 Uncertainty Characterization
13.2.7 Sensitivity Analysis
13.3 Leveraging New Technologies in LCA
13.4 Summary and Future Work
13.5 Disclaimer
References
14. Current Progress in Sustainability Evaluation, Pollution Prevention, and Source Reduction Using GREENSCOPE
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Background
14.2.1 Data Requirements
14.2.2 Sustainability Metrics
14.2.3 GREENSCOPE Interfaces
14.3 Steady-state Process Case Studies
14.3.1 Acetic Acid Production Process Optimization
14.3.1.1 Introduction and Process Description
14.3.1.2 Acetic Acid Process Base Case
14.3.1.3 Acetic Acid Process Optimized Case
14.3.1.4 Sustainability Evaluation
14.3.1.4.1 Material Efficiency
14.3.1.4.2 Environmental Efficiency
14.3.1.4.3 Energy Efficiency
14.3.1.4.4 Economic Efficiency
14.3.1.5 Conclusions
14.3.2 Biofuel Production via Novel Biorefinery Process
14.3.2.1 Introduction and Process Description
14.3.2.2 Sustainability Evaluation
14.3.2.2.1 Material Efficiency
14.3.2.2.2 Energy Efficiency
14.3.2.2.3 Environmental Efficiency
14.3.2.2.4 Economic Efficiency
14.3.2.3 Conclusions
14.4 Dynamic Process Case Study
14.4.1 Gasification Process Optimization and Control
14.4.1.1 Introduction
14.4.1.2 Gasification Process Model in Aspen HYSYS
14.4.1.3 Multi-objective Optimization
14.4.1.4 Model Predictive Control Implementation Results
14.4.1.5 Conclusions
14.5 Challenges, Conclusions, and Future Work
Disclaimer
Acknowledgement
References
15. Germany's Industrial Climate Transformation Strategy and the Role of Carbon Capture and Utilization as a Building Block: Targets, Pathways, Policies, and Societal Acceptance
15.1 Climate Protection in Germany: Goals and Planned Pathways for 2030 and 2050
15.2 The Building Blocks of Germany's Industrial Decarbonization Strategy
15.2.1 Building Block 1: Expansion of Renewable Energy for Electricity Production
15.2.2 Building Block 2: Electrification and Energy Efficiency Improvements
15.2.3 Building Block 3: Establishment of a Green Hydrogen Economy
15.2.4 Building Block 4: A Circular Economy
15.2.5 Building Block 5: Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) and Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU)
15.3 Deep Dive CCU: A Niche Topic in Germany's Industrial Decarbonization Strategy?
15.3.1 CCS and CCU as CO2 Mitigation Strategies
15.3.2 CCU in Germany and the EU: A Brief History
15.3.3 CO2 Capture: The Regulatory Framework in Germany
15.3.4 CO2 Infrastructure
15.3.5 The Legal Status of CO2: Waste Product or Industrial Resource?
15.3.6 CCU Policy Instruments in the EU and the United States: A Brief Comparison
15.3.7 Societal Acceptance of CCU in Germany
15.4 Outlook and Conclusions
Notes
References
Index