Surface Science of Adsorbents and Nanoadsorbents: Properties and Applications in Environmental Remediation

Front Cover
Surface Science of Adsorbents and Nanoadsorbents
Surface Science of Adsorbents and Nanoadsorbents
Copyright
Interface Science and Technology
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgment
1 - Overview of surface and interface science
1. Introduction
1.1 Atoms and molecules
1.2 Element, compound, substance, and mixture
1.3 Matter and material
1.4 Chemical formulae
1.5 Chemical reactions
2. Bulk materials and nanomaterials
2.1 Definitions
2.2 Differences between bulk and nanomaterials
2.3 Types of nanomaterials
3. Science of nanomaterials
3.1 Chemistry of materials
3.2 Science of nanomaterials
3.3 Nanoscience and nanotechnology
4. Surface science and interface
4.1 Surface science
4.2 Surface chemistry
4.3 Surface physics
4.4 Surface in geometry
4.5 Difference between surface and interface
4.5.1 Morphology (structure) of a surface
4.6 Examples of surface and interface
4.6.1 Scenario I
4.6.2 Scenario II
4.6.3 Scenario III
4.6.4 Scenario IV
4.6.5 Scenario V
5. Application of surface science
5.1 Adsorption
5.2 Colloid
5.3 Emulsion
5.4 Other applications
6. Theories of surface science
6.1 The Hamiltonian
References
2 - Adsorption technology and surface science
1. Introduction
2. Adsorption and absorption
3. Adhesion
4. Tribology
5. Adsorption terms
6. Classification of adsorption process
6.1 Physisorption
6.2 Chemisorption
6.3 Ion exchange
7. Factors affecting degree of adsorption
7.1 Surface area
7.2 Heat of adsorption
7.3 Solubility of adsorbate
7.4 Other factors
8. Requirements for sorbents
9. Interactions
10. BET theory
11. Adsorption principles
12. Adsorption equilibrium
13. Conclusions
References
3 - Kinetic models and thermodynamics of adsorption processes: classification
1. Adsorption reaction models and empirical models
1.1 Overview
1.2 Steps in adsorption mass transfer
2. Mass transfer
2.1 Stages in sorption process
2.2 Why study kinetics for sorption process
3. Mass transfer models
3.1 Pseudo-first-order kinetic model
3.2 Pseudo-second-order kinetic model
3.3 Mixed-order model
3.4 Elovich model
3.5 Ritchie's equation
3.6 Brouers–Sotolongo fractal kinetic model
3.7 Pseudo-nth-order model
4. External diffusion models
4.1 Frusawa and Smith model
4.2 Mathews and Weber (M&W) model
4.3 Phenomenological external mass transfer model
5. Internal diffusion models
5.1 Boyd's intraparticle diffusion model
5.2 Weber and Morris model
5.3 Phenomenological internal mass transfer model
6. Pore volume and surface diffusion model
7. Models for adsorption onto active sites
8. Biot number
8.1 Calculation of biot number
8.2 Why calculate biot number
9. Adsorption process and model evaluation
9.1 Coefficient of correlation
9.2 Chi-square
9.3 Other indicators
10. Adsorption thermodynamics
10.1 Gibbs free energy of change (ΔG°)
10.2 Enthalpy change
10.3 Entropy change
10.4 Isosteric heat of adsorption
10.5 Hopping number
10.6 Adsorption potential
10.7 Adsorption density
10.8 Sticking probability
10.9 Activation energy
11. Conclusions
References
4 - Isotherm models of adsorption processes on adsorbents and nanoadsorbents
1. Isotherm adsorption models
2. Adsorption empirical isotherms
2.1 Linear model
2.2 Freundlich adsorption isotherm
2.3 Redlich–Peterson Isotherm
2.4 Sips model
2.5 Toth isotherm model
2.6 Temkin isotherm model
3. Adsorption models based on Polanyi's potential theory
3.1 Dubinin–Radushkevich model
3.2 Dubinin–Astakhov model
4. Chemical adsorption models
4.1 Langmuir model
4.2 Volmer isotherm model
5. Physical adsorption models
5.1 BET adsorption isotherm
5.2 Aranovich model
6. Classification based on parameters
6.1 One-parameter isotherm
6.2 Two-parameter isotherm
6.3 Three-parameter isotherms
6.4 Four-parameter isotherms
6.5 Five-parameter isotherms
7. Applications of adsorption isotherms
8. Conclusions
References
5 - Development and synthesis of nanoparticles and nanoadsorbents
1. Introduction
2. Classification of nanoadsorbents
3. Classification of nanoadsorbents
3.1 Organic nanoparticles
3.2 Inorganic nanoparticles
3.3 Carbon-based nanoparticles
3.4 Magnetic-based nanoparticles
3.5 Mixed oxide nanostructures
3.6 Nanocomposites
4. Approaches for preparation of adsorbents and nanoadsorbents
5. Preparation of nanomaterials
5.1 Top-down approach
5.2 Bottom-up approach
5.2.1 Hydrothermal method
5.2.2 Solvothermal method
5.2.3 Thermolysis of metal-containing compounds
5.2.4 Chemical vapor deposition method
5.2.5 Thermal decomposition and pulsed laser ablation
5.2.6 Templating method
5.2.7 Combustion method
5.2.8 Method of the gas phase
5.2.9 Sol–gel method
5.2.9.1 Sol–gel process
5.2.9.2 Sol–gel advantages
6. Biotechnological approach
7. Microwave-assisted synthesis of nanomaterials
8. Synthesis of polymers
9. Preparation of nanocomposites
10. Conclusions
References
6 - Large-scale production of nanomaterials and adsorbents
1. Introduction
2. Prerequisites of introducing nanomaterials
3. Manufacturing, industry, and academia
4. Terminologies used in the scale-up process
5. Steps in scale-up production of a material
5.1 Lab-scale, bench scale, pilot scale, and scale-up
5.2 Lab-scale
5.3 Bench scale
5.4 Pilot plant studies
5.5 Industrial scale
5.6 Down-scaling
6. Gas-, liquid-, and solid-based methods
6.1 Vapor-phase synthesis
6.2 Liquid-phase synthesis
6.2.1 Solid-phase synthesis
6.3 Comparison
7. Advantages of liquid-based wet chemical methods
8. Large-scale production of nanomaterials
8.1 Classification of methods
8.2 The top-down approach
8.3 The bottom-up approach
9. Requirements for scale-up
10. Challenges to scale up nanomaterial production
11. Converting waste materials into adsorbents
11.1 Methods of conversion wastes to value-added products
11.2 Procedures of conversion
11.3 Pyrolysis
11.3.1 The pyrolysis' basic principles
11.3.2 Types and classifications of the pyrolysis process
11.3.3 Types of reactor
11.4 Physical or chemical treatment
11.5 Some important considerations
12. Conclusion
References
7 - Characterization and description of adsorbents and nanomaterials
1. Introduction
2. Properties to be determined
3. Characterization of nanomaterials as adsorbents
4. Structural characterization
4.1 Raman spectroscopy
4.2 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
4.3 Attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy
4.4 Nuclear magnetic resonance
4.5 UV–Vis spectroscopy and photoluminescence
5. Surface characterization
5.1 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
5.2 Low-energy ion-scattering spectroscopy
5.3 Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
6. Elemental analysis
6.1 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
6.2 Elemental analyzer for C H N O S analysis
6.3 Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis
6.4 X-ray fluorescence
6.4.1 The X-ray fluorescence process
7. Crystallinity characterization
7.1 X-ray diffraction
7.2 Single-crystal X-ray diffraction
7.3 Small-angle X-ray scattering
8. Morphology
8.1 Scanning electron microscopy
8.1.1 Guideline of sample (specimen) preparation for SEM measurements
8.1.1.1 Cleaning
8.1.1.2 Stabilizing
8.1.1.3 Rinsing
8.1.1.4 Dehydrating
8.1.1.5 Drying
8.1.1.6 Mounting
8.1.1.7 Coating
8.1.1.8 Electron beam-sample interactions
8.1.1.9 Merits
8.2 Transmission electron microscopy
8.2.1 Sample preparation for TEM measuring
8.3 Scanning tunneling microscopy
8.4 Atomic force microscopy
8.4.1 Contact mode
8.4.2 Noncontact mode
8.4.3 Tapping mode
9. Pore structure, size, and surface area
9.1 Physisorption, BET, and BJH fitting
9.2 Dynamic light scattering
9.3 Other techniques
10. Surface charge
10.1 Point of zero charge
10.2 Zeta potential measured via Zetasizer instrument
11. Thermal stability
12. Biological evaluation
12.1 In vitro assessment methods
12.2 In vivo toxicity assessment methods
13. Mechanical properties
14. Magnetic properties
15. Benefits of nanomaterials characterization for industry
16. Challenges with nanomaterials
17. Conclusions
References
8 - Properties of nanoadsorbents and adsorption mechanisms
1. Introduction
2. Comparison between properties of adsorbents and nanoadsorbents
3. Why nanomaterials?
4. Properties of nanomaterials as adsorbents
4.1 Innate (inherent) surface properties
4.2 External functionalization
4.2.1 Oxidation of materials
4.2.2 Selective functionalization
4.2.3 Covalent conjugation
4.2.4 Noncovalent binding
4.2.5 Intrinsic surface engineering
4.2.6 Nanoparticle coating
4.2.7 Other functionalization approaches
4.3 Zeta potential
4.4 Point of zero charge
4.5 Surface area
4.6 Mechanical properties
4.7 High thermal stability
4.8 Support surface
4.9 Antimicrobial activity
5. Factors affecting properties and performance of nanomaterials
6. Types of nanoadsorbents according to their properties
6.1 Metal nanoparticles
6.2 Metal oxide
6.3 Nanoparticles coatings
6.4 Metal chalcogenides
6.5 Magnetic nanoparticles
6.6 Nanoporous materials
6.6.1 Macroporous materials
6.6.2 Mesoporous materials
6.6.3 Microporous materials
6.6.4 Nanoporous materials
6.7 Quantum dots
6.8 Silicene
6.9 MXenes
6.10 2D pnictogens (phosphorene, arsenene, antimonene, and bismuthene)
6.11 Metal-organic framework
6.12 Core–shell nanoparticles
6.13 Carbon-based materials
7. Adsorption system
8. Adsorption mechanisms
9. Key features in nanoadsorbents
10. Conclusions
References
9 - Reactors and procedures used for environmental remediation
1. Introduction
2. Potential uses of nanomaterials
3. Nanomaterial applications in water treatment
4. Treatment technologies and methods
4.1 Layout of water treatment plant
4.2 Types of reactors used in adsorption
5. Batch adsorption reactors for evaluating nanomaterials
5.1 Procedure and steps of testing
5.2 Testing powdered and granular adsorbents
6. Column adsorption reactors for evaluating nanomaterials
7. Reactors to evaluate nanomaterial-based membranes
8. Reactors to evaluate nanocatalyst photodegradation activity
9. Hybrid technologies for water treatment
9.1 Photocatalytic membrane reactors
9.1.1 Photocatalytic membrane fouling
9.1.2 Foulant types
9.2 Photoelectrochemical reactor
9.3 Other types of hybrid systems for water treatment using membrane
10. Conclusions
References
10 - Applications of nanomaterials to environmental remediation
1. Introduction on the adsorption process
2. Adsorption
2.1 Adsorption from solution phase
2.2 Applications of adsorption
2.3 Factors affecting adsorption
3. Adsorption in removing pollutants from water
3.1 Current purification methods
3.2 Drawbacks in the present water treatment process
3.3 Nanotechnology in water treatment
3.4 Adsorption mechanisms
4. Nanoadsorbents
4.1 Carbon nanostructures
4.2 Clays and modified clays
4.3 Metal oxide–based nanomaterials
4.4 Zeolites, alumina, and silica
4.5 Magnetic nanoadsorbents
4.6 Nanocomposites
4.7 Regeneration and reuse
5. Pilot scale
6. Limitations of nanomaterials for water applications and future trends
6.1 Limitations
6.2 Future research trends
7. Conclusion
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
V
W
X
Z
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