Surface Production Operations: Volume IV: Pumps and Compressors

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Author(s): Maurice Stewart
Edition: 1st
Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
Year: 2019

Language: English
Pages: 920

Front Matter......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Dedication......Page 5
Acknowledgments......Page 6
Disclaimer......Page 9
Pumps......Page 10
Drivers......Page 12
Part 1: Pumps......Page 13
Part 2: Compressors......Page 14
References......Page 15
Pump fundamentals......Page 16
Background......Page 17
Kinetic energy (dynamic) pumps......Page 18
Centrifugal pumps......Page 20
Miscellaneous pumps......Page 21
Mechanical design......Page 22
Pressure......Page 23
Head......Page 24
Positive displacement pumps......Page 26
Static suction head vs static suction lift......Page 29
Submergence......Page 31
Vapor pressure......Page 32
Suspended solids......Page 33
Viscosity......Page 34
Continuity equation......Page 35
Velocity head......Page 36
Static head......Page 37
Suction head (HS)......Page 38
Discharge head (HD)......Page 39
Total dynamic head (TDH)......Page 40
Net positive suction head required (NPSHR)......Page 41
NPSHR reductions for centrifugal pumps......Page 42
Net positive suction head available (NPSHA)......Page 43
Acceleration head considerations for reciprocating pumps......Page 46
NPSH margin......Page 47
Inadequate suction conditions......Page 48
Power requirements......Page 50
Selection fundamentals......Page 54
Pump selection guide......Page 55
Centrifugal pumps......Page 56
Reciprocating pumps......Page 61
Rotary pumps......Page 63
Exercises......Page 64
Questions 9-12......Page 66
References......Page 68
Centrifugal pumps......Page 69
Background......Page 70
Capacity......Page 72
Head......Page 73
Altitude effects on atmospheric pressure......Page 76
Vapor pressure......Page 77
Temperature rise......Page 80
Shaft torque......Page 81
General piping design......Page 82
Suction piping......Page 84
Discharge piping......Page 87
Overview......Page 88
Total developed head......Page 91
Head-capacity characteristic curve classifications......Page 93
Drooping......Page 94
Flat......Page 95
Unstable......Page 96
Overloading......Page 98
Overview......Page 100
Determination of system friction......Page 106
Friction loss in piping......Page 107
Friction loss in valves and fittings......Page 109
Operating point......Page 111
Cutoff point......Page 113
Parallel operation......Page 115
Series operation......Page 117
Head-capacity characteristic ``performance´´ curves for pumps in parallel and series......Page 119
Ingersoll-Rand method......Page 120
Hydraulic institute method......Page 121
Overview......Page 127
Effects of changing pump speed......Page 128
Effects of changing both pump speed and impeller diameter......Page 130
Definition......Page 132
Validation of vendor quoted efficiencies......Page 134
Definition......Page 135
Suction considerations......Page 137
Cavitation......Page 138
Recirculation......Page 139
Regulating flow rate......Page 141
Pressure control......Page 144
Fixed recirculation through a globe valve (or fixed orifice) (refer to ``a´´ in )......Page 145
Pumps with variable suction conditions......Page 146
Pumps with ``drooping´´ head curves......Page 147
Fixed recirculation through a globe valve or orifice (refer to ``a´´ in )......Page 148
Variable speed......Page 150
Pump construction details......Page 151
Single volute......Page 152
Diffuser......Page 154
Split casing......Page 156
Pump supports......Page 158
Baseplates......Page 160
Centerline mounting......Page 161
Vertical in-line......Page 162
Background......Page 163
Open impellers......Page 164
Semiopen (partially open)......Page 166
Closed impellers......Page 168
Impeller flow types......Page 169
Background......Page 171
Wear ring types......Page 174
Shaft......Page 177
Stuffing box (packing)......Page 178
Stuffing box packing......Page 180
Mechanical seals......Page 184
Types of mechanical seals......Page 188
Factors affecting seal performance......Page 192
API seal classification code......Page 194
Balancing drums......Page 197
Bearings......Page 199
Hydrodynamic lubricated bearings......Page 201
Rolling contact bearings......Page 204
Grease systems......Page 207
Splash ``oil ring´´ systems......Page 208
Constant level oiler......Page 209
Cooling water systems......Page 210
Rigid couplings......Page 215
Spring grid type......Page 216
Limited-end-float type......Page 217
Single-stage pumps......Page 221
Multistage pumps......Page 224
Single-volute pumps......Page 226
Materials of construction......Page 229
Wear ring, shaft, shaft sleeve, and packing gland materials......Page 232
Piping considerations......Page 233
Overview......Page 236
Casing duty ratings......Page 237
Pump standards......Page 239
Head-capacity considerations......Page 240
Temperature considerations......Page 242
Impeller efficiency considerations......Page 245
Horizontal-single-stage, API, top/end suction, top discharge ()......Page 246
Horizontal, single-stage, ANSI B73.1, end suction, top discharge ()......Page 248
Horizontal, single-stage, ANSI B73.1, end suction, top discharge, self-priming ()......Page 250
Horizontal, single-stage, double-suction, horizontally split pump ()......Page 252
Horizontal, multistage, API, horizontally split pump suction ()......Page 254
Horizontal, multiple-stage, API, vertically split double-case (high pressure and high temperature) ()......Page 255
Vertical, single-stage, ANSI B73.2, rigid-coupling pump ()......Page 256
Vertical, single-shaft, in-line, ANSI B73.2, integral-shaft pump ()......Page 258
Vertical, single-shaft, in-line, ANSI B73.2, flexible-coupling pump ()......Page 260
Vertical, single-shaft, in-line, high-speed pump ()......Page 262
Vertical, sump, single-shaft, bearing supported pump ()......Page 263
Vertical, sump, single-stage, cantilever impeller and shaft pump ()......Page 265
Vertical, multistage, barrel pump ()......Page 267
Vertical, multistage, deep-well (vertical turbine) pump ()......Page 269
Troubleshooting......Page 271
Bearing failure considerations......Page 277
Stuffing box and mechanical seal failure considerations......Page 279
Inadequate flow considerations......Page 283
Mechanical problems......Page 284
Motor overload......Page 285
Systematic approach to troubleshooting centrifugal pumps......Page 286
Checklist for a centrifugal pump......Page 297
Thermography......Page 298
Loss of prime......Page 299
Preventing pump seizures......Page 300
Bearing failure......Page 301
Mechanical seal failure......Page 303
Operating efficiency......Page 304
Centrifugal pump data required for specification......Page 305
Exercises......Page 309
Questions 6-9......Page 310
References......Page 317
Reciprocating pumps......Page 318
Pumping action......Page 319
Plunger and piston pump ()......Page 321
Advantages......Page 325
Limitations......Page 326
Diaphragm pump......Page 327
Limitations......Page 330
Capacity......Page 331
Speed......Page 334
Viscosity......Page 335
Net positive suction head (NPSHR)......Page 336
Acceleration head......Page 340
Power and efficiency......Page 342
Pump classification......Page 343
Single- and double-acting pumps......Page 344
Reciprocating pump selection charts......Page 346
Pump construction details......Page 349
Frame......Page 351
Crankshaft......Page 352
Connecting rods and eccentric straps......Page 354
Wrist pin......Page 355
Pull rod (tie rod)......Page 356
Plunger......Page 357
Cylinder liner......Page 358
Stuffing box......Page 359
Valves......Page 363
Bearings......Page 366
Hydrodynamic bearings......Page 367
Rolling contact bearings......Page 368
Overview......Page 369
General oilfield standards......Page 370
Materials of construction......Page 371
Grouting......Page 379
Suction piping......Page 380
Piping hook-up considerations......Page 382
General considerations......Page 383
Pulsation dampeners......Page 384
Liquid-filled dampeners......Page 385
Gas-cushioned dampeners......Page 389
Performance curve comparison......Page 394
Pipe vibrations......Page 396
General design features......Page 399
Choices of driver......Page 400
Reciprocating, piston, duplex, direct-acting gas-driven (process gas, air, steam) ()......Page 401
Reciprocating pump, plunger power pump ()......Page 403
Starting reciprocating pumps......Page 405
Crankcase inspections and maintenance......Page 406
Liquid end inspection and maintenance......Page 407
Questions 6-9......Page 417
References......Page 421
Rotary pumps......Page 422
Slip......Page 423
Volumetric efficiency......Page 425
Suction considerations......Page 426
Flexible vane......Page 428
External gear......Page 430
Internal gear......Page 432
Lobe......Page 433
Three-screw......Page 434
Rotary pump selection guidelines......Page 436
Single-screw......Page 438
Rotary pump service considerations......Page 439
External gear rotary pump ()......Page 440
Internal gear rotary pump ()......Page 441
Single-screw (progressive cavity) rotary pump ()......Page 442
Two-screw rotary pump ()......Page 443
Instrumentation and control considerations......Page 445
Lubrication prior to start-up......Page 446
References......Page 447
Electric submersible pumps (ESPs)......Page 448
Down-hole oilfield ESP......Page 449
Sucker rod pump......Page 451
Hydraulic turbine driven pumps......Page 453
Gas lift systems......Page 455
Air-diaphragm pumps......Page 456
Regenerative turbine......Page 457
Jet pumps......Page 460
Peristaltic pumps......Page 461
References......Page 462
Background......Page 463
Compressor classification......Page 464
High-speed vs. slow-speed ``separable´´ units......Page 466
High-speed separable......Page 468
Low-speed integral engine compressors......Page 469
Rotary vane compressors......Page 470
Introduction......Page 472
General ``perfect´´ gas law and compressibility factor......Page 476
Gas mixtures......Page 478
Specific gravity......Page 479
Humidity......Page 480
MMSCFD......Page 481
Mass (weight) flow......Page 482
ACFM......Page 483
Introduction......Page 484
Isothermal compression......Page 486
Adiabatic head......Page 487
Adiabatic discharge temperature......Page 489
Adiabatic gas horsepower......Page 490
Thermodynamic diagrams......Page 491
Polytropic compression......Page 492
Polytropic head......Page 493
Polytropic gas horsepower......Page 494
Miscellaneous considerations and clarifications......Page 495
Preliminary selection considerations......Page 496
GPSA ``quick look´´ approximation curve......Page 497
Correct for suction temperature and pressure base......Page 499
Altitude correction......Page 500
Approximate BHP formula......Page 501
Selecting the type of compressor......Page 502
Procedure for more accurate determination of number of stages and horsepower......Page 503
Accurate determination of brake horsepower......Page 504
Compressor process, safety, and piping considerations......Page 506
Compressor duty......Page 507
System resistance curve......Page 508
Gas analysis......Page 510
Selection basis......Page 511
Approximate application ranges......Page 512
Compressor selection process......Page 513
Example economic studies......Page 519
Typical dimensional charts......Page 521
Packaging considerations......Page 523
Exercises......Page 526
Solution......Page 528
Solution......Page 529
References......Page 531
Background......Page 532
Conversion of velocity energy to pressure......Page 534
Component geometry effects performance......Page 537
Introduction......Page 540
Housing or case......Page 541
Casing materials......Page 546
Stage......Page 547
Rotor assembly......Page 548
Impellers......Page 549
Stationary components......Page 552
Single stage......Page 553
Multistage......Page 554
Diaphragm......Page 555
Shaft seals......Page 557
Labyrinth seal......Page 560
Dry carbon ``restrictive´´ seal rings......Page 561
Mechanical contact seals......Page 562
Seal oil and buffer gas systems......Page 565
Balancing drum (piston)......Page 568
Thrust bearing system......Page 571
Kingsbury thrust bearing......Page 572
Radial bearings......Page 573
Out and in......Page 576
Double flow......Page 578
Back to back......Page 579
Series/parallel......Page 581
General considerations......Page 582
Impeller performance curves......Page 584
Affinity ``fan´´ laws......Page 586
Flow through the impeller and diffuser......Page 588
Surge frequency......Page 590
Design factors affecting surge......Page 591
External symptoms and effects of surge......Page 593
Stonewall......Page 595
Horsepower and efficiency estimates......Page 598
Head/stage......Page 600
Impeller stress level......Page 601
General considerations......Page 603
Head vs. capacity map......Page 606
Dimensional map......Page 608
Semidimensional map......Page 609
Effect of system changes......Page 611
Power margins......Page 612
Inlet piping considerations......Page 613
Lube and seal oil systems......Page 617
Sulfide stress cracking......Page 619
Low temperature......Page 620
Coating considerations......Page 621
Standard instrumentation......Page 622
Variable speed vs. constant speed......Page 624
General considerations......Page 627
Capacity......Page 628
Pressure......Page 629
Speed......Page 630
General considerations......Page 631
Performance curve......Page 632
Casings......Page 634
Bearings......Page 635
Foundation mounting......Page 636
Design basis for rotating compressors......Page 638
Dynamic forces......Page 639
Other considerations......Page 640
Centrifugal compressor performance......Page 641
Exercises......Page 653
Questions 10-13......Page 654
Questions 16 and 17......Page 656
References......Page 657
Reciprocating compressors......Page 659
Compression cycle......Page 660
Volumetric efficiency......Page 663
Corrections to volumetric efficiency for gas characteristics......Page 665
Applications and limitations......Page 666
Actual inlet flow......Page 667
Compression ratios......Page 668
Discharge temperature......Page 669
Capacity......Page 671
Piston displacement......Page 673
Compressor clearance......Page 674
Power......Page 675
Discharge temperature......Page 677
Procedure for determining the number of stages......Page 678
Rod load......Page 679
Single acting......Page 680
Estimating cylinder size to accommodate a given flow rate......Page 682
Compressor types......Page 683
Frame......Page 687
Integral type......Page 688
Overview......Page 689
Cylinder materials......Page 691
Cylinder arrangements and staging......Page 692
General considerations......Page 693
Vents and drains......Page 697
Crankshafts......Page 698
Piston rod......Page 699
General considerations......Page 700
Piston rings and rider rings......Page 702
Packing......Page 705
Bearings......Page 708
Valve types......Page 712
Channel valves......Page 713
Poppet valves......Page 714
Valve velocity......Page 717
Capacity control devices......Page 718
Normal head-end clearance ()......Page 719
Normal crank-end clearance ()......Page 720
Variable speed......Page 724
Overview......Page 725
Pulsation dampeners......Page 726
Digital/analog pulsation studies......Page 729
Vibration......Page 731
General piping considerations......Page 733
Process piping considerations......Page 734
Suction and discharge piping......Page 735
Flare valve......Page 736
Suction pressure throttle valve......Page 737
Pressure relief valve......Page 738
Compressor control systems......Page 739
Load-less starting......Page 740
Gages......Page 741
Forced-feed lubrication system......Page 742
Cylinder/packing lubrication system......Page 744
Compressor cylinder cooling system......Page 746
Crankshafts......Page 747
Compressor valves......Page 748
Grouting......Page 750
Unbalanced forces......Page 751
Gas torque......Page 756
Specifications......Page 757
API STD 618-reciprocating compressors for general refinery services......Page 759
API SPEC 11P-packaged high-speed separable engine-driven reciprocating gas compressors......Page 761
Changes in capacity......Page 762
Valve upgrades......Page 763
Modifications to suction system......Page 764
Exercises......Page 777
References......Page 781
Choosing high speed vs. slow speed......Page 783
Performance maps......Page 784
Adding clearance to multistage compressors......Page 802
Effects of speed......Page 807
Multistage compressors......Page 809
Determination of safety device set points......Page 835
Determination of capacity from P-V diagram......Page 838
Compressor suction and discharge line sizing......Page 840
Pulsation bottles......Page 841
Exercises......Page 846
Reference......Page 849
Application......Page 850
Screw compressors......Page 851
Dry screw (oil-free screw) vs oil-flooded screw......Page 852
Application ranges and selection......Page 854
Liquid-ring rotary compressors......Page 857
Straight-lobe compressors......Page 858
References......Page 859
Electric motors......Page 860
Single-phase motors......Page 861
DC motors......Page 862
Internal combustion engines (I/C)......Page 863
Combustion gas turbines (CGTs)......Page 865
Aero-derivative gas turbines......Page 867
Steam turbines......Page 868
Expansion turbines......Page 869
Overview......Page 870
Economics......Page 872
Equipment purchase price......Page 874
Electric motors......Page 875
Gas turbines......Page 876
Utility costs......Page 877
Rate-of-return analysis......Page 878
Availability of reliable fuel and power......Page 879
Driver operating speed......Page 880
Remote starting and stopping......Page 881
Facility capabilities and restrictions......Page 882
Cooling water availability......Page 883
Induction motors......Page 884
Backpressure or noncondensing turbines......Page 889
Condensing turbines......Page 890
Purpose......Page 891
Advantages and disadvantages......Page 892
Purpose......Page 893
General considerations......Page 894
Vibration limit converted to dynamic force......Page 897
Other considerations......Page 898
Recommendations......Page 899
References......Page 900
B......Page 901
C......Page 902
D......Page 905
E......Page 906
F......Page 907
H......Page 908
I......Page 909
L......Page 910
M......Page 911
P......Page 912
R......Page 915
S......Page 917
V......Page 919
W......Page 920
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