Surface and Groundwater Resources Development and Management in Semi-arid Region: Strategies and Solutions for Sustainable Water Management

Preface
Contents
Evapotranspiration Importance in Water Resources Management Through Cutting-Edge Approaches of Remote Sensing and Machine Learning Algorithms
1 Introduction
2 Importance of Evapotranspiration in Water Resource Management
2.1 Water Resource Management and Climate Change
2.2 Role in Water Resource Management of Accurate ET Estimation
2.3 Quantitative ET Estimation: Current Perspective
3 Directions for Future Research
4 Conclusions
References
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Morphometric Analysis: A Case Study of Burhanpur Watershed
1 Introduction
1.1 Role of RS and GIS
1.2 Application of Morphometric Analysis
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area: Geography and Environment
2.2 Geo-morphometric Analysis: Parameter Quantification
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusion
References
A GIS-Based DRASTIC Approach for Aquifer Vulnerability Assessment: Study Conducted in the Municipal Corporation Region of Ranchi, Jharkhand
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Material and Method
3.1 Methodology
3.2 Data Collection
3.3 Depth to Water Table
3.4 Digital Elevation Model
3.5 Hydrogeological Map
3.6 Soil Type
3.7 Rainfall Data
3.8 Land Use Data
3.9 Weights and Ratings
4 Result and Discussion
4.1 Preparation of Thematic Map of DRASTIC Parameters
4.2 Depth to Water Table (D)
4.3 Net Recharge (R)
4.4 Aquifer Type (A)
4.5 Soil Type (S)
4.6 Topography (T)
4.7 Impact of Vadose Zone (I)
4.8 Hydraulic Conductivity (C)
4.9 Aquifer Vulnerability Index Map Using DRASTIC Parameters
5 Conclusion
References
Evaluation of Infiltration Models in an Agricultural Catchment Using Guelph Permeameter in Mysore District
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Field Investigations
2.3 Determination of Field Infiltration Rates
3 Infiltration Models and Parameters
3.1 Philip’s Model
3.2 Kostiakov Model
4 Models Performance Evaluation Parameters
4.1 Coefficient of Determination (R2)
4.2 Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)
4.3 Mean Absolute Error (MAE)
4.4 Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE)
5 Results and Discussions
5.1 Determination of Soil Physical Properties
6 Determination of Model Parameters
7 Statistical Performance Evaluation of Infiltration Models
8 Conclusion
References
Investigation of Trends and Variability Associated with the SPI and SPEI as a Drought Prediction Tools in Gujarat Regions, India
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Data and Methods
2.2 Description of Drought Indices
2.3 Mann–Kendall (MK) Trend Tests
2.4 Magnitude of Trend Using Sen’s Slope Estimator
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Temporal Evolution of the SPI and SPEI Analysis
3.2 Serial Correlation and Seasonality Factors
3.3 Seasonal and Annual Trends in SPI
3.4 Linear Relationship Between SPI and SPEI for Pre and Post Monsoon Reasons
4 Conclusion
References
Fluoride Mobilization and Provenance Identification in Semi-arid Conditions: A Hydrochemical and Isotopic Approach
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Factors Responsible for Fluoride Release
3.1 Natural Causes
3.2 Anthropogenic Inputs
4 Fluoride Release and Mobilization: A Hydrochemical Approach
4.1 pH/Alkalinity/Temperature
4.2 Rock Water Interaction
4.3 Ion Effects
4.4 Evaporation and Salt Effects
5 Application of Stable Isotopes in Provenance and Process Identification
6 Mitigation Measures
6.1 In-Situ
7 Conclusion
References
Simulation–optimization Models for Aquifer Parameter Estimation
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Mfree Based Groundwater Simulation Model
2.2 Inverse Groundwater Modelling: As an Optimization Problem Using SO Approach
3 Optimization Models
3.1 Working of CMA-ES Optimization
4 Initialization
4.1 Selection and Recombination for Calculation of Mean Vector
4.2 Adapting the Covariance Matrix
4.3 Estimating Covariance Matrix
4.4 Rank-μ Update
4.5 Cummulation: Utilizing the Evolution Path
4.6 Combining Rank-µ Update and Commulation
4.7 Step Size Control
5 Results and Discussion
5.1 Problem Description: Synthetic Confined Rectangular Problem
5.2 Model Input
5.3 Parameter Setting for Developed SO Models
5.4 DE, PSO and DE-PSO Based Model Setting
5.5 CMA-ES Based Model Setting
5.6 Comparative Performance of Results Obtained Through the Developed SO Models
6 Conclusions
References
Water Resources and Irrigation Management Using GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques: Case of Multan District (Pakistan)
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Materials and Methods
3.1 Remote Sensing and Its Approaches
3.2 Geographic Information System (GIS)
4 Satellite Image Processing
4.1 Spatial Land Use and Land Cover (LULC)
4.2 Image Classification
4.3 Water Allocation Assessment
4.4 Spatio-Temporal Precipitation
4.5 Evapotranspiration (ETo) Spatial Distribution Map
4.6 Soil Fertility Status
4.7 Groundwater Status
4.8 Accuracy Assessment
5 Conclusion
References
Coorelating Stream Guage Stations Using Multi Gene Genetic Programming and Random Forest
1 Introduction
2 Tree Based Techniques
2.1 Multi Gene Genetic Programming (MGGP)
2.2 Random Forest (RF)
3 Study Area and Data
4 Methodology Adopted
5 Results and discussion
6 Conclusion
References
Mapping and Trend Analysis in Water Spread Area of Upper and Lower Lakes of Bhopal, Using Remote Sensing Technique
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Data Used
2.3 Water Body Extraction
2.4 Non-parametric Trend Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Comparison of Different Band Ratios for Correct Water Spread Area
3.2 Accuracy Analysis
4 Trend Analysis
5 Discussion
6 Conclusions
References
Water Resource Management for Alleviating Crop Diseases in Semi-Arid Regions
1 Introduction
2 Diseases of Crop Plants in the Semi-Arid Regions
3 Irrigation and Plant Diseases
4 Role of Biocontrol Microorganisms in Water Use Efficiency and Plant Disease Control
5 Role of Water Scarcity as a Cause of Plant Disease
6 Management of Water Resources to Alleviate Plant Diseases
7 Conclusion
References
Evaluation of Guelph Permeameter for Measuring Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity on Semi-arid Agricultural Catchment
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area Description
2.2 Site Investigation
2.3 Determination of Physical Properties of Soil
2.4 Estimation of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity by Various Method
2.5 Performance Assessment of Rawls and Brakensiek Regression Equation
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Determination of Physical Properties of Soil
3.2 Determination of Ks Obtained from Field, Laboratory and Estimated Values by Rawls-Brakensiek Regression Equation
3.3 Comparison of Ks Measured from GP with Ks of DRI, CHPT, FHPT and Rawls-Brakensiek Regression Equation
4 Conclusions
References
Applicability of Geospatial Technology for Drainage and Hypsometric Analysis of Koyna River Basin, India
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Data Collection
2.3 Methodology
2.4 Drainage Analysis
2.5 Hypsometric Analysis
2.6 Prioritization of Sub-watershed Using Drainage Analysis and Hypsometric Analysis
3 Result and Discussion
4 Linear Factors
4.1 Drainage Density (Dd)
4.2 Stream Frequency (Fs)
4.3 Texture Ratio (T)
4.4 Drainage Texture (Dt)
4.5 Infiltration Number (In)
4.6 Length of Overland Flow (Lovf)
4.7 Constant of Channel Maintenance (Cm)
5 Shape Factors
5.1 Circulatory Ratio (Rc)
5.2 Compactness Coefficient (Cc)
5.3 Form Factor (Rf)
5.4 Elongation Ratio (Re)
6 Relief Factors
6.1 Relief Ratio (Rh) and Relative Relief (Rr)
6.2 Ruggedness Number (Rn)
6.3 Prioritization of Different Sub-watersheds for Flash Flooding Using Morphometric Analysis
6.4 Prioritization of Different Sub-watersheds Based on Soil Erosion Using Hypsometric Analysis
7 Conclusions
References
Exploring the Suitability of Groundwater for Domestic Water Quality and Irrigation Purpose in Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu
1 Introduction
2 Material and Methods
2.1 Domestic Water Quality Index (DWQI)
2.2 Irrigation Ground Water Quality Index (IWQI)
2.3 Cluster Analysis
3 Result and Discussion
3.1 Groundwater Chemistry Mechanism
3.2 Domestic Ground Water Quality
3.3 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
3.4 Irrigation Water Quality
3.5 Integrated Ground Water Quality
4 Conclusion
References
Evaluation of Morphometric Parameters of Drainage Networks Derived from Topographic Maps and DEM Using Geographical Information System—A Study on Semi-Arid River Basin, India
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Description of the Study Area
3 Methodology
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Basic Parameters
4.2 Derived Parameters
4.3 Shape Parameters
5 Conclusions
References
Surface Water Quality Forecasting Using Machine Learning Approach
1 Introduction
2 Parameters Associated to Surface Water Quality Estimation
2.1 Physical Parameters
2.2 Chemical Parameters
2.3 Biological Parameters
3 Conspectus of ML
3.1 Linear Regression
3.2 Decision Tree (DT)
3.3 K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN)
3.4 Support Vector Machine (SVM)
3.5 Naive Bayes
3.6 Random Forest (RF)
3.7 Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
4 An Overview on Application of ML for SWQ Analysis
5 Comparison of Different Water Quality Prediction Models
6 Limitations of ML Based Approach
6.1 Availability of the Data
6.2 Limited Applicability
6.3 Selection of Appropriate Input Parameters
6.4 Requirement of Professional Background
7 Conclusion
References
Assessment of Groundwater Prospects Zones Using RS, GIS, and MIF Methods
1 Introduction
1.1 Statement of Problem
2 Study Area
3 Methodology
3.1 MIF for Assessment of Sub-class Weights and Percentage Influence
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 MIF and Sub-class Weights
4.2 Lithology
4.3 Land Use
4.4 Slope
5 Lineament Density
6 Drainage Density
7 Rainfall
8 Soil
9 Groundwater Potential Zones
10 Conclusions and Future Scope
References
Impact of Surface Temperature on Soil Chemical Properties Using Coupled Approach of Satellite Imagery, Gamma Test and Regression Based Models in Semi-arid Area
1 Introduction
2 Material and Methods
2.1 Description of Study Area
2.2 Collection of Soil Samples
2.3 Analysis of Soil Samples
2.4 Land Surface Temperature Estimation
2.5 Gamma Test (GT)
2.6 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis (MLR)
2.7 Multiple Non-linear Regression Analysis (MNLR)
2.8 Performance Evaluation of Models
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Land Surface Temperature Estimation and Statistical Analysis of Data
3.2 Karl Pearson’s Correlation Analysis of LST with All Measured Soil Chemical Parameters
3.3 Best Input Selection Using Gamma Test
3.4 Model Generation Using Multiple Linear Regression Analysis and Residual Study
3.5 Model Generation Using Multiple Non-linear Regression Analysis
4 Conclusions
References
Assessment of Rainfall (R), Evapotranspiration (ET), and Crop Coefficient (Kc) Using Satellite Data
1 Introduction
2 Descriptions of Different Models of Satellite-Based Rainfall Measurement
2.1 The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission
3 Climate Data Record (CDR)
4 CHIRPS
5 CMORPH
6 GPM
7 GSMaP
8 TMPA
9 Descriptions of Different Models of Satellite-Based ET and Kc Measurement Models
9.1 MODIS ET
9.2 SEBAL Based ET
10 Kc Using Remote Sensing
10.1 Crop Coefficient (Kc) Estimation Using the Traditional Method
10.2 WDI and ETc Estimation
11 Relationship Between NDVI and Kc
12 Case Study: Ludhina District of Punjab, India
13 Conclusions
References
Study on Development of Design Rainfall for Stormwater Management System in an Urban Catchment
1 Introduction
2 Study Area and Data Used
3 Methodology
4 Check the Fitness of Rainfall Data with Various Distribution
5 Preparation of Intensity–Duration–Frequency (IDF) Curves
6 Simulation Rainfall-Runoff Model
7 Result and Discussion
8 Conclusion
References
Evaluation of Effective Criteria on Determination of Capable Areas to Construction of Underground Dam in Shahrekord Watershed, Iran
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Identification and Selection of Appropriate Areas for the Construction of Underground Dams
2.3 Determination of Initial Proper Area for Construction Underground Dam
2.4 Prioritization of Axes for the Construction of Underground Dams
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Detection and Selection of Appropriate Areas for Underground Dams
3.2 Identification of Appropriate Locations Within These Ranges
3.3 Prioritizations of the Axes for the Construction of the Underground Dam
4 Conclusions
References
Evaluation of Multi Indicators for Groundwater Recharges Conditions of the Asna River Basin, Maharashtra, India with Integration of Fuzzy Logic and GIS Tools
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Methodology
4 Result and Discussion
4.1 Drainage and Drainage Density
4.2 Lineaments & Lineaments Density (Ld)
4.3 Geomorphology
4.4 Slope
4.5 Rainfall
4.6 Water Table Fluctuation (WTF)
4.7 Groundwater Potential Recharge Zones (GWPRZ)
5 Conclusion
References