Success in Practical/Vocational Nursing

Front Cover
Success in Practical/Vocational Nursing: From Student to Leader
Copyright Page
Acknowledgments
Reviewers
LPN Threads and Advisory Board
Preface
Contents
I. RESOURCES
1 Personal Resources of an Adult Learner
The Adult Learner and Resource Management
Formal and Informal Educational Experiences
Geared for Success
Potential Hidden Dangers to Avoid
Hidden Danger Shared by all Adult Learners
Empowerment
Dangers for the Traditional Adult Learner
Dangers for the Nontraditional Learner
Special Challenges for Practical/Vocational Nursing Students
Strengths of all Adult Learners
Learners Have Rights
Responsibilities of Learners
Teaching Versus Learning
Role of Evaluation
Dealing With Referrals
Other Responsibilities of Learners
2 Academic Resources (Study Skills and Test Strategies)
Brain Dominance
Right and Left Sides of the Cerebrum
Right-Brain-Dominant Individuals
Left-Brain-Dominant Individuals
Thinking Preference
Learning Preferences
Perceptual Learning Preferences
Perceptual Learning Preference
Categories of Multiple Intelligences
Identifying and Using the Intelligences
Linguistic Learner (The Word Player)
Logical/Mathematical Learner (The Questioner)
Visual/Spatial Learner (The Visualizer)
Musical Learner (The Music Lover)
Bodily/Kinesthetic Learner (The Mover)
Interpersonal Learner (The Socializer)
Intrapersonal Learner (The Individual)
How We Learn
Mapping (Concept Map)
Visual Strategies To Enhance Understanding
Undependable Memory and Learning System
Possible Behaviors
Some Suggestions for the Student With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Although They Can Help All Learners!)
More Barriers to Learning
Inability to Understand (Comprehend) Content
Putting It all Together
General Hints for Learners
Concentration
Listening/Viewing
How to Understand (Comprehend) Information
Reading Assignments
Remembering and Forgetting
From Temporary to Permanent Memory by Way of A Neural Trace
Memory Aids
Successful Test Taking
Preparing for the Test
Taking the Test
Reviewing Your Tests
Reducing Anxiety Before Testing
Hints for Specific Questions
Beyond the Basics of Study Skills
Your School's Learning Resource Center
Different Student Skill Levels and Different Resources of the Learning Resource Center
Where to Start
Locating In-House Resources
Responsible Use of Learning Strategies
Technology Use During Learning Activities
Other Learning Resources
Syllabus and Course Outlines
Study Groups
Tutoring
Nursing Skills/Simulation Lab
Study Skills Lab
Audiovisual Materials
Internet
Mobile Devices
Computer-Aided Instruction
Guest Speakers
3 Community Resources
What Types of Community Resources Exist?
Information and Referral Agencies
Housing and Shelter Programs
Financial and Legal Assistance Programs
Health and Medical Services
Food Programs
Transportation Programs
Employment/Educational/Training Programs
Beyond Community Resources
Federal Financial Aid Resources
Nursing Organizations
Social Media (Electronic Media) And Social Networking
Internet Academic Resources
II. BUILDING BLOCKS FOR YOUR CAREER
4 How Practical/Vocational Nursing Evolved: 1836 to the Present
Modern Practical Nurses
First School of Nursing (1836)
Florence Nightingale (1820–1910)
Crimean War 1853 To 1865
Mary Seacole; Honored for Her Work
Death Rate Drops; Nightingale Decorated
Nightingale Establishes First School of Nursing In England
Nightingale's Core Belief About Nursing
Nightingale Museum on the Site of Her School of Nursing
Early Training Schools in America
Civil War (1861–1865)
Formal Training: Practical Nursing
Nursing in the Home
From Home to Public Health Nursing
Twentieth Century
Mississippi: First to License Practical Nurses
World War I Nurses 1914 To 1918
Smith Hughes Act Of 1917
Nurses Return Home: Acute Nursing Shortage Follows World War I
Depression of the 1930s
World War II 1939 To 1945
Practical Nursing Responsibilities Increase After World War II
Practical Nursing Duties Outlined
Registered Nurse and Licensed Practical Nurse Tasks Differentiated
The Korean Conflict (Also Known As United Nations Police Action or the Second Indochina War) 1950 to 1953
Registered Nurses React
Public Law 911
The Vietnam War 1961 to 1973
National Black Nurses Association
Iraq War 2003 to 2011 And The Afghan War 2001 to 2021
Nurse Leaders in U.S. Government
American Nurses Association Movement Toward Two Levels of Nursing
American Medical Association Moves to Ease Nursing Shortage
Assistive Personnel
First Computerized Testing: NCLEX-PN®
Long-Term Care Certification
Twenty-First Century
The Covid-19 Pandemic 2020—Present
You Have Come a Long Way!
5 Critical Thinking: A Lifelong Journey
Overview of Critical Thinking
Ways of Thinking
Definition of Applied Critical Thinking
Critical Thinking and Licensed Practical/ Vocational Nursing
What You Need to Think Critically
Factors That Influence Critical Thinking
Additional Factors That Influence Critical Thinking
Critical Thinking and the NCLEX-PN®
Making It Work for You
Where to go From Here
6 Ethics Applied to Nursing: Personal Versus Professional Ethics
Description and Scope of Ethics
Morals and Values
Comparison of Legal Aspects of Nursing and Ethics
Nursing Ethics
Ethical Codes of the National Association for Practical Nurse Education and Service and National Association of Licensed Practical Nurses
Your Personal Code of Ethics
Roots of Nursing Ethics
What Changed?
Ethical Decisions in Health Care
Ethics Committees
Western Secular Belief System
Ethical Responsibilities of Nurses
Principles of Ethics
Nonmaleficence (do No Harm)
Beneficence (do Good)
Autonomy (free to Choose)
Fidelity (be True)
Justice (fair to All)
Role of Beneficent Paternalism
Paternalism and Women's Health
7 Nursing and the Law: What Are the Rules?
Nurse Practice Act
Basic Terminology
Content of Nurse Practice Acts
State Board of Nursing
Functions of the Board
Disciplinary Responsibility of The Board
Disciplinary Process and Action
Nursing Licensure
Working in Other States
Verification of Licensure
Assistive Personnel
Nursing Standard of Care
How the Law Affects Licensed Practical Nurses and Licensed Vocational Nurses
Common Law Versus Statutory Law
Criminal Versus Civil Action
Intentional Torts
Unintentional Torts
Negligence
Malpractice (professional Negligence)
Malpractice Insurance for Nurses
Four Elements Needed to Prove Negligence
Steps for Bringing Legal Action
Depositions
Attorney Procedures
Giving Testimony
Liability
Kinds of Liability
Common Causes of Nursing Liability
Responsibility and Accountability in Nursing
Liability of Student Nurses and Instructors
Functioning Beyond the Scope of Practice and Experience
Specific Client Situations
Privacy and Confidentiality
Information That Must Be Revealed
Clients' Rights
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
Client Competency
Client's Right to Consent
End-of-life Issues
Patient Self-determination Act
Advance Directives
Do-not-resuscitate Order
Removal of Life Support Systems
Physician-assisted Suicide and Euthanasia
Organ Donation
End-of-life Care
Good Samaritan Act
III. RELATIONSHIP-CENTERED CARE
8 Effective Communication: Health Care Team, Clients, Faculty, and Peers
Communication Process
One-way Versus Two-way Communication
Essential Components of the Communication Process
Factors That Affect Communication
Types of Communication
Verbal Communication
Nonverbal Communication
Affective Communication
Communication Strategies
Active Listening
Active Listening Behaviors
Types of Questions
Nurse–client Communication Evaluation
Blocks to Communication
Avoiding Blocks
Communication and Body Posture
Cultural Differences
Role Changes for The Client
Nursing Jargon
Fear of the Unknown
Personal Factors
Environmental Factors
Communicating with Instructors and Staff
Respect
Trust
Honesty
Empathy
Sensitivity
Humor
Knowledge
Patience
Commitment
Self-esteem, Thoughts, and Straightforward Communication
Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation
SBAR for The Shift Report
Life Span Communication
Infants
Preschoolers
School-age Children
Teenagers
Adults
Generational Differences
Elders
Digital Communication
Electronic Documentation
E-mail
Cell Phones and Text Messaging
Social Media
Conflict Resolution
9 Assertiveness: Your Responsibility
Nonassertive (Passive) Behavior
Aggressive Behavior
Assertive Behavior
Negative Interactions: Using Coping Mechanisms
Gossip Hurts
Guidelines for Moving Toward Assertiveness
The Problem-Solving Process
Problem-Solving Steps
Negative Manipulative Interactions
Aggressiveness And Work-Related Issues
Assault
Contributing Factors
Employee Violence
Sexual Harassment
Counseling And Filing Charges
Lateral Violence
Academic Incivility
Insidious Aggression
10 Cultural Uniqueness, Sensitivity, and Competence
Definition of Culture
Characteristics of Culture
Danger: Ethnocentrism, Prejudice, and Discrimination
Avoiding False Assumptions
Think Like an Anthropologist!
Each Culture and Person is Unique
Communication
Space
Social Organization
Time
Environmental Controls
Biological Variations
Knowing Yourself
What Makes You Unique?
How Many Hats Do You Wear?
What We Share In Common
Knowing Others: Cultural Diversity
Importance of Cultural Diversity
Learning About Cultural Diversity
Areas of Cultural Diversity
Increasing Your Knowledge of Culturally Diverse Groups
Diversity Profiles of Predominant Cultural Groups in the United States
Developing Cultural Competence in Health Care Situations
Identify Your Agency's Cultural Groups
Modify Your Work Setting
Care Planning For Culturally Diverse Clients in Your Service Area
Adapting Plans of Care for Culturally Diverse Clients
11 Spiritual Needs, Spiritual Caring, and Religious Differences
Spirituality and Religion
Spiritual Versus Emotional Dimension
Importance of Spiritual Care
Who Needs Spiritual Care?
Gathering Data for Spiritual Issues
Meeting The Spiritual Needs of Clients And Their Families
Pastoral Care Team
How Clients Meet Spiritual Needs
Clients' Spiritual Practices
Religion and the Client
Value of Rituals and Practices
The Client and Prayer
The Religious American
Religion in the United States and World
Avoiding False Assumptions and Stereotypes
IV. HEALTH SYSTEM-BASED CARE
12 The Nursing Process: Your Role
The Nursing Process: The 1950s
The Nursing Process: The 1970s To The 1990s
The Nursing Process: 2000 And Beyond
What Differentiates the Licensed Practical Nurse/Licensed Vocational Nurse Role From the Registered Nurse Role
Developing Your Plan of Care for Assigned Clients
Steps Of The Nursing Process
Step 1: Data Collection
Step 2: Planning
Step 3: Implementation
Step 4: Evaluation
Where Are We Now in the Nursing Process?
Nursing Interventions Classification
Nursing Outcomes Classification
Linking North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International, Nursing Interventions Classification, and Nursing Outcomes Classification
13 Nursing Theory, Research, and Evidence-Based Practice
Nursing Theories
Rationale for Theories
Florence Nightingale: The First Nursing Theorist
Abraham Maslow's Human Needs Theory
Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory
Madeline Leininger's Culture Care Theory
Hildegard Peplau's Interpersonal Relations Theory
Rosenstock's Health Belief Theory
Sister Callista Roy's Adaptation Model
Jean Watson's Theory of Human Care
Nursing Research
Evidence-Based Practice
Background of The Evidence-Based Practice Movement
How Best Evidence for Practice Guidelines is Determined
Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing
Elements of Evidence-Based Practice
The Nurse's Role
14 The Interdisciplinary Health Care Team: The Role of the Practical/Vocational Nurse
Who is Responsible for the Client's Discharge?
Emergency Care
The Surgical Experience
Postanesthesia Care Unit
Intensive Care: A Time for Close Observation
Surgical Unit: An Eye to Discharge
Extended-Care Unit: on the Road to Rehabilitation
Home Care: Smooth Transition to Previous Family Roles
Interprofessional Health Care Team
What is Nursing?
Nursing's Place on The Health Care Team
Diversity In Educational Preparation of Nurses
Registered Nurses
Licensed Practical Nurse/Licensed Vocational Nurses
Student Nurses
Nursing Assistants
Assistive Personnel
Clerk Receptionists (Unit Secretary)
Unit Managers
Delivery of Nursing Care in Acute Care Settings
Total Patient (Client) Care (Case Method)
Functional Nursing
Team Nursing
Primary Nursing
Nursing Case Management
Skill Mix
Client-Centered–Relationship-Centered Care—A Philosophy
The Hidden Nursing Shortage
15 Health Care Settings: Continuum of Care
Public Versus Private Health Care Agencies
Public Health Care Agencies
Examples Of Public Health Care Agencies
Voluntary Health Care Agencies
Private Health Care Agencies
Types Of Hospitals
Community Hospitals
Federal Or State Government Hospitals (Public Hospitals)
Teaching And Research Hospitals
Critical Access Hospitals
Beyond The Hospital Setting
Ambulatory Services
Outpatient Clinics
Urgent Care Centers
One-Day Surgical Care Centers
Free Clinics
Alternatives To Long-Term Care Facilities
Community-Based Care
Institutional Settings
How The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act Relates To Skilled Nursing Facilities
Types Of Care
Long-Term Care Facilities
What Is Skilled Nursing Care?
Personal Care
Other Types Of Facilities/Services
Rehabilitation Services
Hospice Care
16 The Health Care System: Financing, Issues, and Trends
The United States Health Care System
Health Care Reform: The Affordable Care Act
Financing Health Care Costs
Fee-For-Service
Capitation
How Clients Pay for Health Care Services
Personal Payment
Private Health Insurance
Public Health Insurance
Cost of Health Insurance
The Uninsured
Quality, Safety, And Cost of Health Care
Improving Quality in Health Care
Improving Quality in Health Care; Payment Methods/Penalties
Improving Safety in Health Care
Improving The Cost of Health Care
Restructuring The Health Care System
Dealing With Change
V. THE LPN/LVN: YOUR ROLE TODAY AND IN THE FUTURE
17 Collaboration: Leading and Managing
Licensed Practical Nurse/Licensed Vocational Nurse as First-Line Leader
Mission Statements
The Diverse Role of The Newly Licensed Practical Nurse/Licensed Vocational Nurse
Expanded Role of Licensed Practical/Licensed Vocational Nursing
Review the Current Nurse Practice Act of Your State
Preparing for a Leadership and Management Role
Difference Between Management and Leadership
What Kind of Leader are You?
Leadership Styles
Benefits And Disadvantages of Leadership Styles
Using The Leadership Continuum as a Guide
Core Knowledge And Skills Needed for Leadership
Understanding Motivation and Human Needs
Applying Communication Skills as a Licensed Practical Nurse/Licensed Vocational Nurse Leader
Applying Problem Solving as a Licensed Practical Nurse/Licensed Vocational Nurse Leader
Team Building
Stress Management
Specific Knowledge and Skills Needed for Leadership
Occupational Skills for First-Line Licensed Practical Nurse/Licensed Vocational Nurse Leaders
Organizational Skills for First-Line Licensed Practical Nurse/Licensed Vocational Nurse Leaders
Additional Resources for The Licensed Practical Nurse/Licensed Vocational Nurse to Develop Organizational Occupational and Human Relationship Skills
Where To Begin? Job Description for Charge Nurse
How Long Will it Take Me to Prepare to be a Charge Nurse?
How This Text Can Help You to Prepare for a Future Charge Nurse Position
A Checklist of Policies, Regulations, And Routines for the Licensed Practical/Licensed Vocational Charge Nurse
Facility Organization/Legal Aspects
Federal, State, and Private Agency Regulations
Personnel Policies
Records and Unit Routines
Unit Administration
Safety Policies
Housekeeping, Maintenance, and Supplies
Equipment: How to Use it and Where to Obtain It
Food Service for Residents
Nursing Care Procedures/Assisting Health Care Provider
Medications
Documentation
Special Areas
Miscellaneous
Collecting Data as a Charge Nurse
Signs and Symptoms
The Report That Wasn't
Common Problems of Licensed Practical/ Licensed Vocational Charge Nurse
When Nursing Assistants Bring Problems From Home
Encouraging Personal Responsibility in Nursing Assistants
Dealing With Demanding/Complaining Families
Assignment and Delegation
Checking Your Nurse Practice Act
General Considerations
Differences Between Assigning and Delegating
Why Delegating is Important
Legal Aspects of Delegating
Using The Nursing Process as a Guide for Assigning Tasks and Delegating Duties
Collecting Data
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
Putting It all Together
Reporting at the End of Your Shift
18 Workforce Trends: How to Find a First Job You Will Love
Licensed Practical Nurse/Licensed Vocational Nurse Demographics
Nursing: The Licensed Practical Nurse/Licensed Vocational Nurse as a Door to Many Workforce Options And Life-Long Learning
Countless Workforce Settings Exist: Finding the Right Fit is a Rewarding Challenge
Long-Term Care Facilities (Including Subacute Units)
Assisted Living Facility
Independent Living Facility
School-Related Positions
Home Health Nursing
Mental Health Nursing
Military Services
Hospital Nursing
Outpatient Clinics, Health Care Providers' Offices, Urgent Care Centers, and Chiropractic Offices
Operating Room Nursing
Veterans Health Administration Medical Careers
Hospice and Palliative Care
Other Job Opportunities
Helpful Personal Attributes
Using Interpersonal Styles to Your Benefit
Potential References
Networking Your Way to Success
Informational Interviews to Create Future Expectations
Searching for Employment Openings
References: A Timeless Treasure
Resumes: The Contributions You Will Make
Cover Letters: Tailored to Fit the Job You Want
Answers to Application Questions
Preparing for the Interview
Interview Questions and Answers: a Challenging Opportunity
Making A Lasting Impression
Personal Hygiene
Clothing
Makeup
Accessories
Eyewear
Posture
Manner
Habits
Discussing Pregnancy Issues
Preemployment Physical Examination, Drug Screening, and Background Checks
Physical Examination
Drug Screening
Background Checks
After the Interview
Resignation With Style
National Council of State Boards of Nursing Transition to Practice Model
Staying Satisfied at Your Job
Professional Organizations
National League for Nursing
The American Nurses Association
National Association for Practical Nurse Education and Service, Inc
National Association Of Licensed Practical Nurses
Continuing Education
In-Service Training
Workshops
Continuing Education Units
Internet Resources
Certification Opportunities
Napnes Certification Programs
Nalpn Certification Programs
American Board of Managed Care Nursing Certification in Managed Care
Registered Nurse Career Pathway
Mobility
Registered Nurse Programs; Do LPNs Get Advanced Standing?
19 Licensure and Regulation: Becoming Licensed and Understanding Your State Nurse Practice Act
What is the State Nurse Practice Act?
How Does the Nurse Practice Act Guide/Govern Nursing Practice?
Variability of The State's Nurse Practice Act Applicable to Licensed Practical Nurse/ Licensed Vocational Nurse Practice
Applying for a Practical Nursing License or a Temporary Permit
What is the National Council Licensing Examination for Practical Nursing?
How the National Council Licensing Examination For Practical Nurses is Kept up to Date
Core Content
Types of Test Questions
Test Framework: Client Needs
Integration of Nursing Concepts and Processes
Overview of Application Process
National Council Licensing Examination for Practical Nurses Process Overview
Authorization to Test
Fees and other Important Information
How to Register (Internet or Telephone)
National Council Licensing Examination for Practical Nurses Administration in the United States and its Territories
Examination Security
During the Test (Source: https:// www.ncsbn.org/candidatebulletin.htm)
Reporting The Results Of The Examination(Source: https://www.ncsbn.org/ candidatebulletin.htm)
A Word About National Council Licensing Examination for Practical Nurses Review Books and National Council Licensing Examination for Practical Nurses Preparation Programs
APPENDIX A. ANSWER KEY FOR REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR THE NATIONAL COUNCIL LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR LICENSED PRACTICAL/LICENSED VOCATIONAL NURSES (NCLEX-PN®)
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
INDEX