Stroboscopy and High-Speed Imaging of the Vocal Function

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I. Basic Science and Introduction
1. History of Stroboscopy and High-Speed Imaging of Laryngeal Vibration
History of Stroboscopy and High-Speed Video
References
2. Principle of Stroboscopy
Stroboscopy and Talbot’s Law
References
3. Anatomy of the Larynx and Histology of the Vocal Folds
Laryngeal Framework and Skeleton Cartilage
Hyoid Bone
Thyroid Cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage
Arytenoid Cartilages and Epiglottis
Fascia, Ligaments, and Joints of the Larynx
Anatomic Regions of the Larynx
Muscles of the Larynx
Extrinsic Muscles
Cricothyroid Muscle
Thyroarytenoid Muscle
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle
Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle
Interarytenoid Muscle
Structure of the Vocal Folds
Pathology and the Involvement of the Vocal Fold Layers
References
4. Vocal Fold Vibration and Phonatory Physiology
Criteria for Normal Vocal Fold Vibration
Normal Vibratory Behavior of the Vocal Folds
The Glottal Cycle
Acoustic and Aerodynamic Interactions With Vocal Fold Vibration
The Larynx as DC to AC Airflow Converter
Mass Effects on Vocal Fold Vibration
Effect of Stiffness on Vocal Fold Vibration
Effect of Tension Change on Vocal Fold Vibration
References
5. Videokymography and High-Speed Digital Imaging of the Larynx
Disadvantages of Videostroboscopy
Videokymography
High-Speed Video Imaging of Vocal Vibration
Normal Onset and Offset of Vocal Fold Oscillation
Clinical Application of High-Speed Imaging in Diplophonia
References
6. Normal Phonation and Vocal Fold Vibration
Dynamic Changes in the Glottal Cycle
Gender Differences
Age Differences
Intensity and Amplitude Modulation
Pitch Modulation
Intensity Modulation
Pitch and Amplitude Modulation Interactions
References
7. Abnormal Vocal Fold Vibration
Introduction
Tension Abnormality
Increase in Tension of the Vocal Fold Ligament
Stiffness Abnormality
Glottal Closure and Level Difference
Unilateral Versus Bilateral Effects of Mass, Tension, and Stiffness
References
8. Instrument and Clinical Operation
Introduction
Stroboscope Versus High-Speed Imaging of Vocal Fold Vibration
Use of Stroboscopy
Documentation
Clinical Care in Laryngology and Voice Care
Phonation Research
Image Processing and Automation
References
9. The Clinical Examination Using Videostroboscopy
The Examination Room
Patient’s and Examiner’s Positions
Equipment Considerations
The Stroboscope
Videos and Cameras
Imaging Management
Endoscopes: Rigid, Fiberscope, and Videoendoscopes
Who Is Doing the Examination and What Is the Stroboscopy Data Being Used For?
Otolaryngologist Versus Speech Pathologist
Laryngoscopy Versus Phonoscopic Examination
References
10. Stroboscopy Setup and Recording
Introduction
Rigid Endoscopic Examination
Performing the Examination
Anesthesia for Rigid and Flexible Laryngoscopy
Tokens Sampled During the Stroboscopy Examination
Avoiding the Pitfalls of Stroboscopy
Artifacts
References
11. Avoiding Errors During Stroboscopy
Recording Artifacts
Closure Problems
Open Phase Predominates and Errors Related to Their Interpretation
Glottic Configuration Abnormalities
Phase Shift Findings During the Production of Falsetto
References
12. Interpretation of Videostroboscopy
Introduction
Normal Variations
Phase Shifts at Falsetto and Flute Register Are Normal
Interpretation of the Stroboscopy Examination
Fundamental Frequency
Periodicity of the Vocal Fold Oscillation
Phase of Vocal Closure During Modal “ee” Phonation
Phase Symmetry
Configuration of Glottic Closure
Vocal Fold Edge
Amplitude
Mucosal Wave
Nonvibrating Segment
Synthesis of the Clinical Voice Disorder
References
Part II. Laryngeal Disorders
13. Laryngeal Inflammation
Acute Inflammation
Chronic Laryngitis
Radiation Laryngitis
Reflux Laryngitis: Acute and Chronic
Candida Laryngitis
References
14. Granulomatous Diseases of the Larynx
Granulomatous Laryngitis
Rheumatoid Nodules and Autoimmune Deposits of the Larynx
References
15. Granulation and Contact Granuloma
Contact Ulcer, Granulation Tissue, and Intubation Granuloma
Pathophysiology/Histology
Risk Factors and Populations
Physical Examination
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment and Management
References
16. Laryngeal Trauma
Introduction
Arytenoid Dislocation
Laryngeal Stenosis
References
17. Vocal Fold Scar
Introduction
Rehabilitation Strategies for Vocal Fold Scar
Prevention of Vocal Fold Scar
Surgical Treatment in the Management of Scar
References
18. Benign Mucosal Lesions
Introduction
Nodules
Polyps
Hemorrhagic Polyps
Polypoid Corditis/Reinke’s Edema
Laryngeal Edema
Cysts
Pseudocyst and Fibrovascular Lesion
Microwebs
Vascular Ectasia
Acute Vocal Fold Hemorrhage
Sulcus Vocalis
Mucosal Bridge
References
19. Premalignant Lesions and Lesions of Uncertain Behavior
References
20. Malignant Neoplasms of the Larynx
References
21. The Aging Voice
References
22. Benign Tumors and Nonneoplastic Masses of the Larynx
Laryngeal Papillomas
Verrucous Lesions of the Larynx
Other Reactive Lesions
Internal and External Laryngoceles, Saccular Cysts
References
23. Vocal Fold Paralysis and Vocal Fold Paresis
Introduction
Signs and Symptoms
Voice Quality of Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis and Paralysis
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Paralysis and Paresis
Paralysis Versus Paresis
Role of Stroboscopy in Treatment Planning for Vocal Fold Paralysis and Paresis
Superior Laryngeal Nerve Paralysis
Combined Laryngeal Nerve Paralysis
Vocal Fold Paresis
References
24. Irritable Larynx Syndrome
References
25. Neurogenic Dysphonia
Spasmodic Dysphonia
Vocal Tremor
Neurogenic Diseases
References
26. Functional Dysphonia and Muscle Tension Dysphonia
References
27. Stroboscopy in the Management of Phonosurgery
Introduction
Preoperative Analysis of the Lesion Before Surgery
Intraoperative Use of Videostroboscopy
Postoperative Use of Stroboscopy in Analyzing Phonosurgery Results
References
Index