Starch is the most widespread and abundant reserve carbohydrate in plants and is unique in that it can be used for the production of food, materials in bio-based products, and energy. Starch in the Bioeconomy covers the structure, biosynthesis, biodegradation, properties, and applications of starch in the context of the bioeconomy. The book
Describes the present state of cognition of the starch granule
Discusses physicochemical aspects and digestibility
Considers physical, chemical, and biochemical processes to yield a variety of starch substrates
Examines starch-based products including bioethanol, plastics, and composites and their use in various sectors including food, materials and energy
Covers the valorization of starch as a pillar of the bioeconomy
The book is aimed at researchers and industry professionals focused on the development of starch science, technology, and economics. Built on a reliable and well-documented base of information, the book presents the paths that remain to be taken to decipher this still mysterious resource that has contributed so much to the rise of humanity.
Author(s): Jean-Luc Wertz, Bénédicte Goffin
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 200
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Authors
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Key Features of Starch
1.2 Bioeconomy
1.2.1 Bioeconomy and Circular Economy
1.2.2 Bioeconomy and Sustainability
1.2.3 Life Cycle Assessment
1.3 Starch Market—Sources, Producers, and Trends
1.4 Starch in Plant Cells
1.4.1 Transitory and Storage Starch
1.4.2 How Cells Obtain Energy from Starch
1.5 Starch Biorefineries
1.5.1 Biorefinery Concept
1.5.2 Feedstock and Generated Products
1.5.3 Starch Biorefinery Scheme
1.5.3.1 Gelatinization
1.5.3.2 Liquefaction and Saccharification
1.5.3.3 Fermentation
1.5.3.4 Status and Potential
1.6 Bio-Based Plastics Including Thermoplastic Starch
1.7 Structure of the Book
References
Chapter 2 Structure of Starch
2.1 Starch Components
2.1.1 Amylose
2.1.1.1 Molecular Structure
2.1.1.2 Amylose in the Granule
2.1.1.3 Helical Conformation
2.1.2 Amylopectin
2.1.2.1 Chain Categories
2.1.2.2 Structural Types
2.1.2.3 Branched Units
2.1.2.4 Organization of Structural Units
2.2 The Starch Granule
2.2.1 Crystallinity
2.2.2 Lamellar Structure
2.2.3 Growth Rings
2.2.4 Blocklets
2.2.4.1 Structure
2.2.4.2 Phyllotactic Rules Applied to the Architecture of Blocklets
2.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 Biosynthesis of Starch
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 ADPglucose and Fundamentals of Starch Synthesis
3.1.2 Starch Synthesis from the Calvin Cycle
3.1.3 Transitory and Storage Starch
3.2 ADPglucose Pyrophosphorylase
3.2.1 Synthesis of ADPglucose
3.2.2 Crystal Structure of AGPase
3.2.2.1 Monomer
3.2.2.2 Tetramer
3.2.2.3 Activation and Inhibition
3.3 Starch Synthases
3.3.1 Synthesis of Amylose by Granule-Bound Starch Synthase
3.3.1.1 Introduction
3.3.1.2 Crystal Structure of CLg1GBSS
3.3.2 The Core Amylopectin Synthesis: Starch Synthases SSI to SSIII
3.3.2.1 Starch Synthase I (SSI)
3.3.2.2 Starch Synthase II (SSII)
3.3.2.3 Starch Synthase III (SSIII)
3.3.3 Initiation of Granule Formation: Starch Synthase IV (SSIV)
3.3.3.1 Introduction
3.3.3.2 Crystal Structure of SSIV from Arabidopsis thaliana
3.4 Branching Enzymes
3.4.1 Domain Structure
3.4.2 Crystal Structure of Branching Enzyme I (BEI)
3.5 Debranching Enzymes
3.5.1 Domain Structure
3.5.2 Crystal Structure
3.6 Factors Possibly Influencing Starch Synthesis
3.7 Overview
References
Chapter 4 Biodegradation of Starch
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Transitory Starch Turnover in Arabidopsis
4.2.1 Hydrolytic and Phosphorolytic Pathways: Current Overview
4.2.1.1 Glucan Phosphorylation as the First Step in Starch Degradation
4.2.1.2 Production of Maltose, Glucose, and Glucose-1-Phosphate in Chloroplasts
4.2.1.3 Metabolism of Maltose and Glucose to Hexose Phosphate in the Cytosol
4.2.2 Key Enzymes in Starch Degradation
4.2.2.1 Hydrolysis by Amylases
4.2.2.2 Glucan Phosphorylases
4.2.2.3 Glucan Phosphatases
4.3 Pathway of Degradation of Starch in Leaves: Current View
4.4 Pathway in Cereal Seeds
References
Chapter 5 Properties of Starch and Modified Starches
5.1 Introduction: Correlation between Structure and Properties
5.2 Physicochemical Properties of Starch
5.2.1 Characteristics of Starch Granules: Morphology, Size, Composition, and Crystallinity
5.2.2 Birefringence and Ordering
5.2.3 Glass Transition Temperature
5.2.4 Swelling Capacity and Solubility of Starch Granules
5.2.5 Gelatinization and Retrogradation Properties
5.2.6 Rheological Properties
5.3 Starch Digestibility
5.4 Unconventional Starches
5.5 Modiefid Starches
5.5.1 Introduction
5.5.2 Physical Modification of Starch
5.5.2.1 Thermal Processes
5.5.2.2 Non-Thermal Physical Processes
5.5.3 Enzymatic Modification of Starch
5.5.4 Chemical Modification of Starch
5.5.4.1 Crosslinking
5.5.4.2 Starch Graft Copolymers
5.5.4.3 Esterification
5.5.4.4 Etherification
5.5.4.5 Dual Modification
5.5.4.6 Other Chemical Modifications
5.5.5 Thermoplastic Starch
5.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
5.6.1 Targeted Properties of Starches
5.6.2 Improvement of the Properties of Thermoplastic Starch
5.6.3 Food Starch Market
References
Chapter 6 Applications of Starch in the Bioeconomy
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Starch Industry
6.2.1 Industrial Starch Market: Overview
6.2.2 Starch Production and Main Outputs in the World
6.2.3 Starch Production and Main Outputs in Europe
6.3 Influence of Structural Parameters of Starch on Its Function
6.4 Applications for the Food Industry
6.4.1 Overview
6.4.2 Edible Films
6.5 Applications for the Non-Food Industry
6.5.1 Paper and Textiles
6.5.2 Bioethanol and Other Biofuels
6.5.2.1 Bioethanol
6.5.2.2 Bio-butanol
6.5.3 Starch Plastics
6.5.4 Starch-Based Composites and Nanocomposites
6.5.4.1 Starch-Based Polymer Composites
6.5.4.2 Starch-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
References
Chapter 7 Perspectives of Starch in the Bioeconomy
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Sustainability of Starch Products
7.2.1 Vision
7.2.2 European Starch Industry
7.3 Starch for the Production of Renewable, Biodegradable Bioplastics
7.4 Starch for the Production of Ethanol
7.5 Starch for New Applications of Ionic Liquids
7.6 Starch for Novel Functional Applications
7.6.1 Applications of Starch in Self-Healing Polymeric Materials
7.6.2 Applications of Starch in Porous Foam Structures
7.6.3 Applications of Starch in Water Treatment
7.6.4 Pharmaceutical Applications
7.6.5 Applications of Starch in Antimicrobial Films and Coatings
References
Glossary/Dictionary
Index
