Stakeholder Perspectives on World Heritage and Development in Africa argues that World Heritage Sites (WHS) across the African continent should adopt practical, innovative, creative, and alternative management approaches that bring greater socio-economic benefits to society, whilst protecting their Outstanding Universal Value.
Drawing on empirical evidence gathered in conversation with stakeholders at WHS across Africa, the book explores the challenges involved in implementing conservation and socio-economic development as a stakeholder-driven process. Demonstrating that heritage can no longer be viewed as totally separate from its socio-economic context, Pascall argues that decisions about the management of heritage need to make sense at the local level if they are to be supported by stakeholders. As the book shows, heritage is still viewed and managed through systems, approaches, and strategies inherited from the colonial period, despite the increasing availability of inclusive governance systems. Stakeholders offer alternative, creative, and innovative approaches that capitalize on the potential of World Heritage to contribute to socio-economic development, whilst ensuring that its credibility and integrity are maintained.
Stakeholder Perspectives on World Heritage and Development in Africa offers unique insights into local perspectives on World Heritage and development in Africa. The book will be essential reading for academics, students, development partners, and practitioners around the world who are interested in museums and heritage, conservation, development, and the African continent.
Also, the book will be useful in the preparation of nomination dossiers, management plans, development plans, and in disaster risk management at WHS.
Author(s): Pascall Taruvinga
Publisher: Routledge
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 276
City: London
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
CONTENTS
List of figures
List of plates
List of tables
Abbreviations
Acknowledgements
Preface
1. Introduction: Stakeholders, Conservation, and Development
Introduction: The Idea!
Heritage Management Philosophy: Protection for Posterity
Africa and the Evolving Heritage Management Systems
World Heritage Concept and Africa
Development Dimensions and World Heritage
Debunking Heritage Governance and Stakeholders in Africa
Novelty: Stakeholders, Conservation, and Development
Empirical Perspectives: Introducing the Main and Supportive Case Studies
Structure of the Book
Conclusion
2. Geopolitics, Socio-Economic Context, and Heritage Management in Africa
Introduction: Irony of Conservation and Development in Africa
Africa: Geopolitics and Socio-Economic Needs
Heritage Management Systems and Practices in Africa
Traditional Management Systems (TMS) and Africa
Emergence of SBMS in Africa
World Heritage Management System and Africa
Emerging Relationship: Conservation and Development
Tension or No Tension: Conservation and Development?
Pre-Colonial Understanding of Sustainability
National Sovereignty and Decision-Making
Tradeoff Perspectives; “Aswan High Ground”
Exclusionist Approach: Marginalizing Stakeholders
Culture Statistics: Towards Measuring Impact of Conservation and Development
Conclusion
3. Multiple and Multi-Layered Stakeholder Framework and World Heritage Governance
Introduction: Towards Stakeholders Approach
Heritage Governance “Scaffolding” in Africa
Pioneering Spirit and Experiences: Pre-Colonial Governance in Africa
Appropriation and Exclusionary Governance: Perpetuating Colonial Approaches
Universalism: World Heritage Governance
Inclusivity and Transparency: Democracy and Human Development
Stakeholder Management Theory
Governance Principles
Power, Legitimacy, and Urgency
Stakeholder Participation Models
Global-Local Nexus Concept: Stakeholder Interactions
Towards MMSF
“Multiple” and “Multi-Layered” Perspective
Localization and Globalization Perspectives of MMSF
Identifying Stakeholders Using MMSF
Conclusion: Understanding Stakeholder Perspectives
4. History, Values, Significance, and Management of the Case Study: Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape World Heritage Site
Introduction: The Case Study
Historical Context: Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape, South Africa
Significance of Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape
Cultural Values and Significance
Nature Values and Significance
Transfrontier Conservation Values
Management of Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape
Management as a National Heritage Site
Management as a National Park
Interstate Governance of the GMTFCA
Management as WHS
Cross-cutting Management Dimensions of MCLWHS
The Integrated Management Planning Framework of MCLWHS
Conclusion: Systemic Exclusionary or Inclusive Management Approaches?
5. Unmasking Stakeholders at World Heritage Sites
Introduction
Stakeholders: From Passive to Active “Social Power”
“Dormant” Giants Awakened at WHS
IDCs: Spirituality, Intangibles, and Contested Narratives
Academics: Own Interest as Professionals Representing Others!
Farmers: Crops, Livestock, Fruits, and Wildlife
Private Sector: Extractive Industries, Profits, Unfulfilled Promises, and Social Responsibility
Land Restitution: Restorative Aspirations, Judiciary Players and the Reality!
GMTFCA Stakeholders: “Mixed Grill”
Military Stakeholders: Peace, Security, and Border Patrols
Tourists: Domestic, Regional, and International Arrivals
Politicians and MCLWHS
Emerging Stakeholders at MCLWHS
Conclusion
6. Empirical Stakeholder Perspectives: Emerging Profiles, Views, and Perceptions
Introduction
Field Approach: Stakeholders Perspectives
State of Conservation: MCLWHS
Mining Impacts at MCLWHS
Management and Institutional Factors at MCLWHS
Biological Resource Use/Modification (Land Conversion)
Buildings and Development
MCLWHS in the Eyes of Experts
Stakeholder Theory in Heritage Contexts
Identifying Multiple and Multi-layered Stakeholders at Heritage Site
Power, Legitimacy, Influence, Capability, and Role of Stakeholders
Stakeholders and Benefits from Development at WHS
Overarching Views of Experts
“Kingdom, Spirituality and Access”: IDCs and MCLWHS
Our Kingdom, Our Spirituality
Paradigm Shift: From Exclusion to Inclusion
Long-known Practised Relationship: Conservation and Development
Emerging Stakeholders Perspectives at MCLWHS
Stakeholders and Their Knowledge on MCLWHS
Roles and Responsibilities of Stakeholders at MCLWHS
Stakeholder Views on the Benefits of Protecting MCLWHS
Relationship between Conservation and Socio-economic Development
Conclusion
7. Stakeholders, Conservation, and Development
Introduction: Crossing and Integrating Frontiers
Multiple and Multi-Layered Stakeholders at WHS
What is of Value to Stakeholders at WHS?
MMST and WHS in Africa
Stakeholder Management: Dynamic and Continuous Process
Stakeholders Aspirations in World Heritage Governance
WHS Governance and Stakeholders
Stakeholder Perspectives on Conservation at WHS
Resource Mobilization at WHS
Stakeholders Perspectives on SDGs
Level of Stakeholder Awareness on Developments at WHS
Stakeholder Influence on Socio-Economic Decisions
Benefits of Development at WHS
Camaraderie between Conservation and Development
Development Benefitting Conservation at WHS
Measuring Heritage Contribution to Socio-Economic Indicators at WHS
Camaraderie and Co-existence as a Reality!
Stakeholder Opportunities and Challenges at WHS
Opportunities for Stakeholders at MCLWHS
Challenges for Stakeholders at MCLWHS
Conclusion
8. Conclusion: From Local to Global Perspectives
Introduction: Abandoning the Conservation Comfort Zone
“Inseparable and Inexorable Relations” between Conservation and Sustainable Development?
Deconstructing, Constructing, and Reconstructing Stakeholder Profiles at WHS
Stakeholders and the Development Value Proposition at WHS
Localization of SDGs at WHS
Governance and Adaptive Management at WHS
Converting Challenges into Opportunities: Reimagining the Role Stakeholders
Beyond the Conservation Comfort Zone: Multi- and Inter-Disciplinary Approach
Futuristic Perspectives on Conservation and SD
Conclusion: Local Challenges, Local Solutions
References
Index
