Springer Handbook of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics

Foreword
Foreword to the First Edition by Herbert Walther
Preface
Preface to the First Edition
Editorial Board
Contents
List of Tables
About the Authors
Part A Mathematical Methods
1 Units and Constants
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Atomic Units
1.3 Natural Units
1.4 Fundamental Constants
References
2 Angular Momentum Theory
2.1 Orbital Angular Momentum
2.2 Abstract Angular Momentum
2.3 Representation Functions
2.4 Group and Lie Algebra Actions
2.5 Differential Operator Realizations of Angular Momentum
2.6 The Symmetric Rotor and Representation Functions
2.7 Wigner–Clebsch–Gordan and 3–j Coefficients
2.8 Tensor Operator Algebra
2.9 Racah Coefficients
2.10 The 9–j Coefficients
2.11 Tensor Spherical Harmonics
2.12 Coupling and Recoupling Theory and 3n–j Coefficients
2.13 Supplement on Combinatorial Foundations
2.14 Author's Comments
2.15 Tables
References
3 Group Theory for Atomic Shells
3.1 Generators
3.2 Classification of Lie Algebras
3.3 Irreducible Representations
3.4 Branching Rules
3.5 Kronecker Products
3.6 Atomic States
3.7 The Generalized Wigner–Eckart Theorem
3.8 Checks
References
4 Dynamical Groups
4.1 Noncompact Dynamical Groups
4.2 Hamiltonian Transformation and Simple Applications
4.3 Compact Dynamical Groups
References
5 Perturbation Theory
5.1 Matrix Perturbation Theory (PT)
5.2 Time-Independent Perturbation Theory
5.3 Fermionic Many-Body Perturbation Theory (MBPT)
5.4 Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory
References
6 Second Quantization 
6.1 Basic Properties
6.2 Tensors
6.3 Quasispin
6.4 Complementarity
6.5 Quasiparticles
References
7 Density Matrices
7.1 Basic Formulae
7.2 Spin and Light Polarizations
7.3 Atomic Collisions
7.4 Irreducible Tensor Operators
7.5 Time Evolution of State Multipoles
7.6 Examples
7.7 Summary
References
8 Computational Techniques
8.1 Representation of Functions
8.2 Differential and Integral Equations
8.3 Computational Linear Algebra
8.4 Monte Carlo Methods
References
9 Hydrogenic Wave Functions
9.1 Schrödinger Equation
9.2 Dirac Equation
9.3 The Coulomb Green's Function
9.4 Special Functions
References
10 Software for Computational Atomic and Molecular Physics
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Software for Atomic Physics
10.3 Software for Molecular Physics
10.4 Software Libraries and Repositories
10.5 General Tools
References
Part B Atoms
11 Atomic Spectroscopy
11.1 Frequency, Wavenumber, Wavelength
11.2 Atomic States, Shells, and Configurations
11.3 Hydrogen and Hydrogen-Like Ions
11.4 Alkalis and Alkali-Like Spectra
11.5 Helium and Helium-Like Ions; LS Coupling
11.6 Hierarchy of Atomic Structure in LS Coupling
11.7 Allowed Terms or Levels for Equivalent Electrons
11.8 Notations for Different Coupling Schemes
11.9 Eigenvector Composition of Levels
11.10 Ground Levels and Ionization Energies for Neutral Atoms
11.11 Zeeman Effect
11.12 Term Series, Quantum Defects, and Spectral-Line Series
11.13 Sequences
11.14 Spectral Wavelength Ranges, Dispersion of Air
11.15 Wavelength Standards
11.16 Spectral Lines: Selection Rules, Intensities, Transition Probabilities, f Values, and Line Strengths
11.17 Atomic Lifetimes
11.18 Regularities and Scaling
11.19 Tabulations of Transition Probabilities
11.20 Spectral Line Shapes, Widths, and Shifts
11.21 Spectral Continuum Radiation
11.22 Sources of Spectroscopic Data
References
12 High Precision Calculations for Helium
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Three-Body Schrödinger Equation
12.3 Computational Methods
12.4 Variational Eigenvalues
12.5 Total Energies
12.6 Radiative Transitions
12.7 Future Perspectives
References
13 Atomic Multipoles
13.1 Polarization and Multipoles
13.2 The Density Matrix in Liouville Space
13.3 Diagonal Representation: State Populations
13.4 Interaction with Light
13.5 Extensions
References
14 Atoms in Strong Fields
14.1 Electron in a Uniform Magnetic Field
14.2 Atoms in Uniform Magnetic Fields
14.3 Atoms in Very Strong Magnetic Fields
14.4 Atoms in Electric Fields
14.5 Recent Developments
References
15 Rydberg Atoms
15.1 Wave Functions and Quantum Defect Theory
15.2 Optical Excitation and Radiative Lifetimes
15.3 Electric Fields
15.4 Magnetic Fields
15.5 Microwave Fields
15.6 Collisions
15.7 Autoionizing Rydberg States
References
16 Rydberg Atoms in Strong Static Fields
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Semiclassical Approximations
16.3 Regular Trajectories and Regular Wave Functions
16.4 Chaotic Trajectories and Irregular Wave Functions
16.5 Nuclear-Mass Effects
16.6 Quantum Theories
References
17 Hyperfine Structure
17.1 Splittings and Intensities
17.2 Isotope Shifts
17.3 Hyperfine Structure
References
18 Precision Oscillator Strength and Lifetime Measurements
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Oscillator Strengths
18.3 Lifetimes
References
19 Spectroscopy of Ions Using Fast Beams and Ion Traps
19.1 Spectroscopy Using Fast Ion Beams
19.2 Spectroscopy Using Ion Traps
References
20 Line Shapes and Radiation Transfer
20.1 Collisional Line Shapes
20.2 Radiation Trapping
References
21 Thomas-Fermi and Other Density-Functional Theories
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Thomas–Fermi Theory and Its Extensions
21.3 Nonrelativistic Energies of Heavy Atoms
21.4 General Density Functional Theory
21.5 Recent Developments
References
22 Atomic Structure: Variational Wave Functions and Properties
22.1 Nonrelativistic and Relativistic Hamiltonians
22.2 Many-Electron Wave Functions
22.3 Variational Principle
22.4 Hartree–Fock and Dirac–Hartree–Fock Methods
22.5 Multiconfiguration (Dirac)-Hartree–Fock Method
22.6 Configuration Interaction Methods
22.7 Atomic Properties
22.8 Summary
References
23 Relativistic Atomic Structure
23.1 Mathematical Basics
23.2 Dirac's Equation
23.3 QED: Relativistic Atomic and Molecular Structure
23.4 Many-Body Theory For Atoms
23.5 Spherical Symmetry
23.6 Numerical Methods for the Radial Dirac Equation
23.7 Finite Differences
23.8 Many-Electron Atoms
23.9 GRASP – Information and Software
References
24 Many-Body Theory of Atomic Structure and Processes
24.1 Diagrammatic Technique
24.2 Calculation of Atomic Properties
24.3 Concluding Remarks
References
25 Photoionization of Atoms
25.1 General Considerations
25.2 An Independent Electron Model
25.3 Particle–Hole Interaction Effects
25.4 Theoretical Methods for Photoionization
25.5 Related Photoionization Processes
25.6 Applications to Other Processes
25.7 Future Directions
References
26 Autoionization
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Projection Operator Formalism
26.3 Forms of P and Q
26.4 Width, Shift, and Shape Parameter
26.5 Other Calculational Methods
26.6 Related Topics
References
27 Green’s Functions of Field Theory
27.1 Introduction
27.2 The Two-Point Green's Function
27.3 The Four-Point Green's Function
27.4 Radiative Transitions
27.5 Radiative Corrections
References
28 Quantum Electrodynamics
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Basic QED Formalism
28.3 Perturbation Theory with Green Functions
28.4 Two-Particle Bound States
28.5 Many-Electron Bound States
28.6 Recoil Corrections at High Z
28.7 Concluding Remarks
References
29 Tests of Fundamental Physics
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Consistency of Fundamental Physics
29.3 Topics in This Review
29.4 Electron bold0mu mumu gg29.3gggg-Factor Anomaly
29.5 Atom Recoil Experiments and Mass Spectrometry
29.6 Mass-Ratio Measurements Using the bold0mu mumu gg29.5gggg-Factor of Hydrogen-Like Ions
29.7 Hydrogen Atom Energy levels
References
30 Atomic Clocks and Constraints on Variations of Fundamental Constants
30.1 Atomic Clocks and Frequency Standards
30.2 Atomic Spectra and Their Dependence on the Fundamental Constants
30.3 Laboratory Constraints on Temporal Variations of Fundamental Constants
30.4 Summary
References
31 Searches for New Particles Including Dark Matter with Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Systems
31.1 Nongravitational Interactions of Spinless Bosons
31.2 New Forces
31.3 Laboratory Sources
31.4 Astrophysical Sources
31.5 Cosmological Sources
References
32 Searches for New Physics
32.1 Parity Nonconserving Effects in Atoms
32.2 Electric Dipole Moments and Related Phenomena
32.3 Tests of the CPT Symmetry
32.4 Lorentz Symmetry Tests
32.5 AMO Tests of General Relativity
References
Part C Molecules
33 Molecular Structure
33.1 Concepts
33.2 Characterization of Potential Energy Surfaces
33.3 Intersurface Interactions: Perturbations
33.4 Nuclear Motion
33.5 Reaction Mechanisms: A Spin-Forbidden Chemical Reaction
33.6 Recent Developments
References
34 Molecular Symmetry and Dynamics
34.1 Dynamics and Spectra of Molecular Rotors
34.2 Rotational Energy Surfaces and Semiclassical Rotational Dynamics
34.3 Symmetry of Molecular Rotors
34.4 Tetrahedral-Octahedral Rotational Dynamicsand Spectra
34.5 High-Resolution Rovibrational Structure
34.6 Composite Rotors and Multiple RES
References
35 Radiative Transition Probabilities
35.1 Overview
35.2 Molecular Wave Functions in the Rotating Frame
35.3 The Energy–Intensity Model
35.4 Selection Rules
35.5 Absorption Cross Sections and Radiative Lifetimes
35.6 Vibrational Band Strengths
35.7 Rotational Branch Strengths
35.8 Forbidden Transitions
35.9 Recent Developments
References
36 Molecular Photodissociation
36.1 Observables
36.2 Experimental Techniques
36.3 Theoretical Techniques
36.4 Concepts in Dissociation
36.5 Recent Developments
36.6 Summary
References
37 Time Resolved Molecular Dynamics
37.1 Introduction
37.2 The Principle of Time-Resolved Spectroscopy
37.3 Pump-Probe Scheme
37.4 Transient Absorption in the Liquid Phase
37.5 Further Implementations
References
38 Nonreactive Scattering
38.1 Definitions
38.2 Quantal Method
38.3 Symmetries and Conservation Laws
38.4 Coordinate Systems
38.5 Scattering Equations
38.6 Matrix Elements
38.7 Semi and Quasi-Classical Methods
38.8 Example: CO–H2
38.9 New Directions
References
39 Gas Phase Reactions
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Normal Bimolecular Reactions
39.3 Association Reactions
39.4 Concluding Remarks
References
40 Gas Phase Ionic Reactions Abstract
40.1 Overview
40.2 Reaction Energetics
40.3 Chemical Kinetics
40.4 Reaction Processes
40.5 Electron Attachment
40.6 Recombination
References
41 Clusters
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Metal Clusters
41.3 Carbon Clusters
41.4 Ionic Clusters
41.5 Semiconductor Clusters
41.6 Noble Gas Clusters
41.7 Molecular Clusters
41.8 Recent Developments
References
42 Infrared Spectroscopy
42.1 Introduction
42.2 Historical Evolution of Infrared Spectroscopy Practice
42.3 Quantitative Analysis by Infrared Spectroscopy
42.4 Molecular Spectroscopy
42.5 Remote Sensing
42.6 The Evolution of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
42.7 Laser-Based Infrared Spectroscopy
42.8 Intensities of Infrared Radiation
42.9 Sources for IR Spectroscopy
42.10 Relationship Between Source Spectrometer Sample and Detector
42.11 Simplified Principle of FTIR Spectroscopy
42.12 The Scanning Michelson Interferometer
42.13 Infrared Spectroscopy Application Activity 2020
42.14 Conclusion
References
43 Laser Spectroscopy in the Submillimeterand Far-Infrared Regions
43.1 Introduction
43.2 Experimental Techniques Using Coherent SM-FIR Radiation
43.3 Submillimeter and FIR Astronomy
43.4 Upper Atmospheric Studies
References
44 Spectroscopic Techniques: Lasers
44.1 Laser Basics
44.2 Laser Designs
44.3 Interaction of Laser Light with Matter
44.4 Recent Developments
References
45 Spectroscopic Techniques: Cavity-Enhanced Methods
45.1 Limitations of Traditional Absorption Spectrometers
45.2 Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy
45.3 Cavity-Enhanced Spectroscopy
45.4 Extensions to Solids and Liquids
References
46 Spectroscopic Techniques: Ultraviolet
46.1 Light Sources
46.2 VUV Lasers
46.3 Spectrometers
46.4 Detectors
46.5 Optical Materials
References
Part D Scattering Theory
47 Classical, Quantal, and Semiclassical Propagators and Applications to Elastic Scattering
47.1 What Is Semiclassics?
47.2 Quantum, Classical, and Semiclassical Propagators
47.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Semiclassics
47.4 Applications to Elastic Scattering
47.5 Quantal Elastic Scattering
47.6 Classical Elastic Scattering
47.7 Semiclassical Elastic Scattering
47.8 Coulomb Elastic Scattering
47.9 Results for Model Potentials
References
48 Orientation and Alignment in Atomic and Molecular Collisions
48.1 Introduction
48.2 Collisions Involving Unpolarized Beams
48.3 Collisions Involving Spin-Polarized Beams
48.4 Example
48.5 Further Developments
48.6 Summary
References
49 Electron–Atom, Electron–Ion, and Electron–Molecule Collisions
49.1 Electron–Atom and Electron–Ion Collisions
49.2 Electron–Molecule Collisions
49.3 Electron–Atom Collisions in a Laser Field
References
50 Quantum Defect Theory
50.1 Overview
50.2 Conceptual Foundation of QDT
References
51 Positron Collisions
51.1 Scattering Channels
51.2 Theoretical Methods
51.3 Particular Applications
51.4 Binding of Positrons to Atoms
51.5 Positronium Scattering
51.6 Antihydrogen
51.7 Reviews
References
52 Adiabatic and Diabatic Collision Processes at Low Energies
52.1 Basic Definitions
52.2 Two-State Approximation
52.3 Single-Passage Transition Probabilities in Common Trajectory Approximation
52.4 Double-Passage Transition Probabilities
52.5 Multiple-Passage Transition Probabilities
References
53 Ion–Atom and Atom–Atom Collisions
53.1 Introduction
53.2 General Considerations and Formulation of the Problem
53.3 Approximate Versus Full Many-Electron Treatments
53.4 Calculational Techniques
53.5 Description of the Ionization Continuum
References
54 Ultracold Rydberg Atom–Atom Interaction
54.1 Zero/Short-Range Neutral Collisions
54.2 Low-Energy Phase Shift and Zero-Energy Scattering Length
54.3 Ultralong-Range Rydberg Molecules: Fermi's Idea Redux
54.4 Fermi Extended: Do Elastic Collisions Result in Inelastic Chemical Reactions?
54.5 Ion-Pair Molecules
54.6 Few-Body Short-Range Scattering
54.7 Collective Quantum Many-Body Effects
References
55 Ion–Atom Charge Transfer Reactions at Low Energies
55.1 Classical and Semiclassical Treatments
55.2 The Molecular Orbital Approach
55.3 Cold and Ultracold Charge Exchange and Association
55.4 New Developments and Future Prospects
References
56 Continuum Distorted Wave and Wannier Methods
56.1 Introduction
56.2 Continuum Distorted Wave Method
56.3 Wannier Method
References
57 Basic Atomic Processes in High-Energy Ion–Atom Collisions
57.1 Introduction
57.2 Atomic Ionization and Projectile-Electron Loss
57.3 Electron Transfer Processes
57.4 Electron–Positron Pair Production
References
58 Electron–Ion, Ion–Ion, and Neutral–Neutral Recombination Processes
58.1 Recombination Processes
58.2 Collisional-Radiative Recombination
58.3 Macroscopic Methods
58.4 Zero-Range Methods
58.5 Hyperspherical Methods
58.6 Field-Assisted Methods
58.7 Dissociative Recombination
58.8 Mutual Neutralization
58.9 One-Way Microscopic Equilibrium Current, Flux, and Pair Distributions
58.10 Microscopic Methods for Termolecular Ion–Ion Recombination
58.11 Radiative Recombination
58.12 Useful Quantities
References
59 Dielectronic Recombination
59.1 Introduction
59.2 Theoretical Formulation
59.3 Comparisons with Experiment
59.4 Radiative-Dielectronic Recombination Interference
59.5 Dielectronic Recombination in Plasmas
References
60 Rydberg Collision Theories
60.1 Rydberg Collision Processes
60.2 General Properties of Rydberg States
60.3 Correspondence Principles
60.4 Distribution Functions
60.5 Classical Theory
60.6 Universality Properties
60.7 Many-Body and Multiparticle Effects
60.8 Working Formulae for Rydberg Collisions
60.9 Impulse Approximation
60.10 Binary Encounter Approximation
60.11 Born Approximation
References
61 Mass Transfer at High Energies: Thomas Peak
61.1 The Classical Thomas Process
61.2 Quantum Description
61.3 Off-Energy-Shell Effects
61.4 Dispersion Relations
61.5 Destructive Interference of Amplitudes
61.6 Recent Developments
References
62 Classical Trajectory and Monte Carlo Techniques
62.1 Theoretical Background
62.2 Region of Validity
62.3 Applications
62.4 Conclusions
References
63 Collisional Broadening of Spectral Lines
63.1 Impact Approximation
63.2 Isolated Lines
63.3 Overlapping Lines
63.4 Quantum-Mechanical Theory
63.5 One-Perturber Approximation
63.6 Unified Theories and Conclusions
References
Part E Scattering Experiment
64 Photodetachment
64.1 Negative Ions
64.2 Photodetachment
64.3 Experimental Procedures
64.4 Measuring Properties of Negative Ions
64.5 Investigation of Fundamental Processes
64.6 Observations and Applications of Negative Ions
References
65 Photon–Atom Interactions: Low Energy
65.1 Theoretical Concepts
65.2 Experimental Methods
65.3 Additional Considerations
References
66 Photon–Atom Interactions: Intermediate Energies
66.1 Overview
66.2 Scattering Cross Sections
66.3 Experimental Progress
66.4 Theory, Computation, and Data
66.5 Future Directions
References
67 Electron–Atom and Electron–Molecule Collisions
67.1 Basic Concepts
67.2 Collision Processes
67.3 Coincidence and Superelastic Measurements
67.4 Experiments with Polarized Electrons
67.5 Electron Collisions with Excited Species
67.6 Electron Collisions in Traps
67.7 Current Applications
67.8 Emerging Applications
References
68 Ion–Atom Scattering Experiments: Low Energy
68.1 Low-Energy Ion–Atom Collision Processes
68.2 Experimental Methods for Total Cross Section Measurements
68.3 Methods for State-Selective Measurements
References
69 Ion–Atom Collisions – High Energy
69.1 Basic One-Electron Processes
69.2 Multielectron Processes
69.3 Electron Spectra in Ion–Atom Collisions
69.4 Quasi-Free Electron Processes in Ion–Atom Collisions
69.5 Some Exotic Processes
References
70 Reactive Scattering
70.1 Introduction
70.2 Experimental Methods
70.3 Experimental Configurations
70.4 Elastic and Inelastic Scattering
70.5 Reactive Scattering
70.6 Recent Developments
References
71 Ion–Molecule Reactions
71.1 Introduction
71.2 Specification of Cross Sections
71.3 Instrumentation
71.4 Kinematics
71.5 Recent Examples of State-Resolved Measurements
71.6 The Future of the Field
References
Part F Quantum Optics
72 Light-Matter Interaction
72.1 Multipole Expansion
72.2 Lorentz Atom
72.3 Two-Level Atoms
72.4 Relaxation Mechanisms
72.5 Rate Equation Approximation
72.6 Light Scattering
References
73 Absortion and Gain Spectra
73.1 Introduction
73.2 Index of Refraction
73.3 Density Matrix Treatment of the Two-Level Atom
73.4 Line Broadening
73.5 The Rate Equation Limit
73.6 Two-Level Doppler-Free Spectroscopy
73.7 Three-Level Spectroscopy
73.8 Special Effects in Three-Level Systems
73.9 Summary of the Literature
References
74 Laser Principles
74.1 Gain, Threshold, and Matter–Field Coupling
74.2 Continuous Wave, Single-Mode Operation
74.3 Laser Resonators and Transverse Modes
74.4 Photon Statistics
74.5 Multimode and Pulsed Operation
74.6 Instabilities and Chaos
References
75 Types of Lasers
75.1 Introduction
75.2 Single-Atom Transitions
75.3 Molecular Transitions
75.4 Solid-State Transitions
75.5 Free Electron Lasers
75.6 Nonlinear Optical Processes
References
76 Nonlinear Optics
76.1 Nonlinear Susceptibility
76.2 Wave Equation in Nonlinear Optics
76.3 Second-Order Processes
76.4 Third-Order Processes
76.5 Stimulated Light Scattering
76.6 Other Nonlinear Optical Processes
76.7 New Regimes of Nonlinear Optics
References
77 Coherent Transients
77.1 Introduction
77.2 Origin of Relaxation
77.3 State Evolution
77.4 Numerical Estimates of Parameters
77.5 Homogeneous Relaxation
77.6 Inhomogeneous Relaxation
77.7 Resonant Pulse Propagation
77.8 Multilevel Generalizations
77.9 Disentanglement and “Sudden Death” of Coherent Transients
References
78 Multiphoton and Strong-Field Processes
78.1 Introduction
78.2 Weak-Field Multiphoton Processes
78.3 Strong-Field Multiphoton Processes
78.4 Strong-Field Calculational Techniques
78.5 Atto-Nano Physics
References
79 Cooling and Trapping
79.1 Notation
79.2 Control of Atomic Motion by Light
79.3 Magnetic Trap for Atoms
79.4 Trapping and Cooling of Charged Particles
79.5 Experimental
79.6 Applications
References
80 Quantum Degenerate Gases
80.1 Introduction
80.2 Elements of Quantum Field Theory
80.3 Basic Properties of Degenerate Gases
80.4 Experimental
80.5 BEC Superfluid
80.6 Optical Lattice as Quantum Simulator
References
81 De Broglie Optics
81.1 Wave-Particle Duality
81.2 The Hamiltonian of de Broglie Optics
81.3 Evolution of De Broglie Waves
81.4 Refraction and Reflection
81.5 Diffraction
81.6 Interference
81.7 Coherence of Scalar Matter Waves
References
82 Quantum Properties of Light
82.1 Introduction
82.2 Quantization of the Electromagnetic Field
82.3 Quantum States
82.4 Field Observables: Quadratures
82.5 Phase-Space Representations of the Light: P, Q, and Wigner Functions
82.6 Squeezed State
82.7 Detection of Quantum Light by Array Detectors
82.8 Two-Mode Squeezed States
82.9 Quantum Entanglement
82.10 Non-Gaussian Nonclassical States
82.11 Beam Splitter, Interferometer, and Measurement Sensitivity
References
83 Entangled Atoms and Fields: Cavity QED
83.1 Introduction
83.2 Atoms and Fields
83.3 Weak Coupling in Cavity QED
83.4 Strong Coupling in Cavity QED
83.5 Micromasers
83.6 Cavity Cooling
83.7 Cavity QED for Cold Atomic Gases
83.8 Applications of Cavity QED
References
84 Quantum Optical Tests of the Foundations of Physics
84.1 Introduction: The Photon Hypothesis
84.2 Quantum Properties of Light
84.3 Nonclassical Interference
84.4 Complementarity and Coherence
84.5 Measurements in Quantum Mechanics
84.6 The EPR Paradox and Bell's Inequalities
84.7 Single-Photon Tunneling Time
84.8 Gravity and Quantum Optics
References
85 Quantum Information
85.1 Entanglement and Information
85.2 Simple Quantum Protocols
85.3 Quantum Logic
85.4 Quantum Algorithms
85.5 Error Correction
85.6 The DiVincenzo Checklist
85.7 Physical Implementations
85.8 Outlook
References
Part G Applications
86 Applications of Atomic and Molecular Physicsto Astrophysics
86.1 Introduction
86.2 Photoionized Gas
86.3 Collisionally Ionized Gas
86.4 Diffuse Molecular Clouds
86.5 Dark Molecular Clouds
86.6 Circumstellar Shells and Stellar Atmospheres
86.7 Supernova Ejecta
86.8 Shocked Gas
86.9 The Early Universe
86.10 Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array
86.11 Recent Developments
86.12 Other Reading
References
87 Comets
87.1 Introduction
87.2 Observations
87.3 Excitation Mechanisms
87.4 Cometary Models
87.5 Summary
References
88 Aeronomy
88.1 Basic Structure of Atmospheres
88.2 Density Distributions of Neutral Species
88.3 Interaction of Solar Radiation with the Atmosphere
88.4 Ionospheres
88.5 Neutral, Ion, and Electron Temperatures
88.6 Luminosity
88.7 Planetary Escape
References
89 Applications of Atomic and Molecular Physics to Global Change
89.1 Overview
89.2 Atmospheric Models and Data Needs
89.3 Tropospheric Warming/Upper Atmosphere Cooling
89.4 Stratospheric Ozone
89.5 Atmospheric Measurements
References
90 Surface Physics
90.1 Low Energy Electrons and Surface Science
90.2 Electron–Atom Interactions
90.3 Photon–Atom Interactions
90.4 Atom–Surface Interactions
90.5 Recent Developments
References
91 Interface with Nuclear Physics
91.1 Introduction
91.2 Nuclear Size Effects in Atoms
91.3 Electronic Structure Effects in Nuclear Physics
91.4 Muon-Catalyzed Fusion
References
Index