Space-Division Multiplexing in Optical Communication Systems: Extremely Advanced Optical Transmission with 3M Technologies

Preface
Acknowledgement
Contents
Contributors
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
1.1 Physical Limits and Prospects of Optical Communication Systems
1.2 EXAT Initiative and 3M Technologies
1.2.1 EXAT Initiative
1.2.2 3M Technologies
1.3 Requirements for Future Applications
1.3.1 Ultra-Realistic Communication
1.3.2 Optical Network Technologies for Wireless Communication Network
1.4 State-of-the-Art Terrestrial Optical Transmission
1.4.1 Expansion of Broadband Services in Japan
1.4.2 Optical Access Technology
1.4.3 High-Capacity Optical Transmission Technology
1.5 State-of-the-Art Optical Submarine Cable Systems
1.5.1 Main Features of Optical Submarine Cable Systems
1.5.2 Main Building Blocks of Optical Submarine Cable Systems
1.5.3 The State-of-the-Art Technologies in Optical Submarine Cable Systems
References
2 Optical Fibers for Space-Division Multiplexing
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Recent Progress of Single-Core Fiber Characteristics, Loss and Aeff
2.2.1 Progress of Loss Improvement for Various Types of Single-Core Fiber
2.2.2 Low-Loss Pure-Silica-Core Fiber (PSCF)
2.2.3 Optimal Fiber Design Based on Fiber FOM
2.2.4 Micro-bending Loss Sensitivity
2.2.5 Environmental and Mechanical Performances of Ultra-low-loss PSCF
2.2.6 Conclusion
2.3 Multi-core Fiber
2.3.1 Theory of Crosstalk
2.3.2 Low-Crosstalk MCF
2.3.3 High-Density MCF
2.3.4 Reliability of MCF
2.3.5 Fabrication Technology of MCF
2.3.6 Measurement Technology
2.4 Few-Mode Fiber
2.4.1 Design Trend of FMF
2.4.2 DMD and MIMO
2.4.3 Mode Coupling
2.4.4 Measurement Technology for Mode Coupling
2.5 Few-Mode Multi-core Fiber
2.5.1 FM-MCFs with Uncoupled Core Design
2.5.2 125-μm Cladding 2 LP-mode 6-core Fiber
2.6 Cabling Technology
2.6.1 Prospect for MCF Cables and Their Application Areas
2.6.2 High-Density MCF Cables
2.7 Future Perspective
2.7.1 Where Will Be the SDM Fibers First Deployed?
2.7.2 Standardization
References
3 Optical Connection Technologies
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fusion Splicing Technology
3.2.1 Outer Core Alignment
3.2.2 Uniform Heating
3.3 Optical Connectors
3.3.1 Fundamentals of Optical Connectors
3.3.2 Butt Joint-type MCF Connector
3.3.3 Lens Coupling Type MCF Connector
3.3.4 Few-Mode Fibers Connection
3.4 Fan-In/Fan-Out Device for Multi-core Fiber
3.4.1 Bundled Fiber-Type Fan-In/Fan-Out Device
3.4.2 Fused Fiber-Type Fan-In/Fan-Out Device
3.4.3 Free-Space Coupling-Type Fan-In/Fan-Out Device
3.4.4 Three-Dimensional Waveguide-Type Fan-In/Fan-Out Device
3.5 Mode Multiplexing/Demultiplexing Technologies for Few-Mode Fibers
3.5.1 Overview
3.5.2 Mode Converter, Mode Coupler and the Other Multi-mode-Related Devices Based on Optics
3.5.3 Mode Converter, Mode Coupler and the Other Multi-mode-Related Devices Based on Waveguide Technology
References
4 Optical Amplification Technologies
4.1 Introduction
4.2 History of SDM Amplification Technology
4.3 Multi-core Fiber Amplification Technology
4.3.1 Target of Multi-core EDFA
4.3.2 Categorization of Multi-core EDFA
4.3.3 State-of-the-Art Multi-core EDFA Development Technology
4.3.4 State-of-the-Art Multi-core Raman Amplification Technology
4.3.5 Evaluation Methods
4.3.6 Issues and Future Work
4.4 Few-Mode Fiber Amplification Technology
4.4.1 Target of Few-Mode EDFA
4.4.2 State-of-the-Art Few-Mode EDFA
4.4.3 State-of-the-Art Few-Mode Raman Amplification Technology
4.4.4 Evaluation Methods
4.4.5 Issues and Future Work
4.5 Amplification Techniques for Expanding Transmission Bands
4.5.1 1.3-μm Band Bismuth-Doped Amplifier
4.5.2 Over 1.65-μm Band Amplifier
4.6 Further Progress
References
5 Optical Transmission Technologies
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Overview of Transmission Technologies
5.3 Multi-level Transmission Technologies
5.3.1 Spectral Efficiency of QAM Signal and Shannon Limit
5.3.2 Fundamental Configuration and Key Components of QAM Coherent Optical Transmission
5.3.3 Higher-Order QAM Transmission Experiments
5.4 Space Division Multiplexed Transmission Technologies
5.4.1 Multi-core Transmission
5.4.2 Multi-mode Transmission
5.4.3 Multi-core Multi-mode Transmission
5.5 Signal Processing Technologies
5.5.1 State-of-the-Art Optical Signal Processing Technologies
5.5.2 SDM Processing Technologies
5.5.3 Orbital Angular Momentum
References
6 Network Technologies for SDM
6.1 Basic Technologies for Network Nodes and Network Control
6.1.1 SDM Switching and Node Elements
6.1.2 SDM Network Control and Node Configuration
6.1.3 Network Enhancements Due to MCF
6.2 Application of SDM Technologies in Short-reach Systems
6.2.1 Types of Short-reach Systems
6.2.2 Application Example of SDM Technology in Short-reach Systems
References
7 High-Power Issues
7.1 Fiber Fuse
7.1.1 Basic Properties
7.1.2 Fiber Fuse of Optical Communication Fibers
7.1.3 Detection Methods of Fiber Fuse
7.1.4 Halting (Blocking) Methods of Fiber Fuse
7.1.5 Fiber Fuse-Based Incidence
7.1.6 Fiber Fuse Tolerant Fibers
7.2 Safety of Optical Communication Systems (From the Viewpoint of IEC Laser Safety Standardization)
7.2.1 Standardization of Laser Safety
7.2.2 IEC Standards
7.2.3 Safety Specifications for Optical Fiber Communication Systems
7.2.4 Measures for Implementing Higher Optical Power
7.2.5 Conclusion
References
8 Japanese National Projects on SDM Technologies
8.1 Introduction
8.2 i-FREE
8.2.1 Various MCFs
8.2.2 Characterization of MCF
8.2.3 Interoperability Trial
8.3 i-Action
8.3.1 Research on Optical Amplifier
8.3.2 Research on Connection
8.3.3 Transmission System Technology
8.4 i-FREE2
8.4.1 MCFs for 100 Pbit/s·km Transmission
8.4.2 FM-MCF Technology
References
9 Concluding Remarks
9.1 Introduction Historical
9.2 Challenges of SDM Deployment
9.3 Major Application Fields
9.4 Additional Research Efforts Needed
9.5 Summary
References
Index