The book is designed to serve as a textbook for graduate and undergraduate courses on soil and water conservation engineering for students of agricultural engineering, civil engineering, environmental engineering and related disciplines. The book presents the basics of soil and water erosion, and describes the measures to control erosion, focusing on structures to prevent and control erosion. The chapters dedicated to erosion control structures provide a detailed view of each structural construction, covering the function, design and elements of each type of structure. Some common type of structures covered in the book are terrace, bunds, vegetated waterways, and gully control structures, including spillways. The book also covers wind erosion and control structures to prevent wind erosion. Each chapter includes pedagogical elements such as examples, practice questions, and multiple-choice-type questions to improve understanding and aid in self-study. Besides serving as a textbook university coursework, the book can also serve as a supplementary or primary text for professional development courses for practicing engineers engaged in soil and water conservation or watershed management. The book will also serve as a reference for professionals, environmental consultants, and policy makers engaged in soil and water conservation related fields.
Author(s): Rajendra Singh
Series: Water Science and Technology Library, 123
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 459
City: Singapore
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Author
1 Introduction
1.1 Overview
1.2 Soil Erosion
1.2.1 Water Erosion
1.2.2 Wind Erosion
1.3 Soil and Water Conservation
1.3.1 Soil and Water Conservation Measures
1.4 Structure of the Book
References
2 Water Erosion
2.1 Water Erosion
2.2 Types of Water Erosion
2.2.1 Raindrop Splash Erosion
2.2.2 Sheet Erosion
2.2.3 Rill Erosion
2.2.4 Interrill Erosion
2.2.5 Gully Erosion
2.2.6 Tunnel Erosion
2.2.7 Streambank Erosion
2.3 Water Erosion Processes
2.3.1 Detachment
2.3.2 Transportation
2.3.3 Deposition
2.4 Factors Affecting Erosion by Water
2.5 Control of Water Erosion
2.5.1 Strategies for Controlling Water Erosion
2.5.2 Water Erosion Control Measures
References
3 Soil Loss Estimation
3.1 Background
3.2 Modelling Soil Loss
3.2.1 Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)
3.2.2 Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE)
3.2.3 SCS Curve Number Method
3.2.4 Rational Method
3.2.5 Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE)
3.2.6 Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) Model
3.2.7 EUROSEM
3.3 Measuring Soil Loss
3.3.1 Erosion Plots
3.3.2 Multislot Divisor
3.3.3 Coshocton Wheel
3.3.4 Size of Plots
References
4 Terrace
4.1 Definition
4.2 Functions
4.3 Classification
4.4 Design of Common (or Normal) Terraces
4.4.1 Terrace Spacing
4.4.2 Terrace Grades
4.4.3 Terrace Length
4.4.4 Terrace Cross-Section
4.5 Design of Bench Terraces
4.5.1 Terrace Spacing
4.5.2 Bench Width
4.5.3 Terrace Cross-Section
4.5.4 Terrace Length
4.5.5 Net Cultivated Area
4.5.6 Volume of Cut and Fill or Earthwork
4.5.7 Area Lost Under Bench Terraces
4.6 Terrace System Planning
4.7 Terrace Location
4.8 Terrace System Layout
4.9 Terrace Maintenance
References
5 Bunds
5.1 Definition
5.2 Functions
5.3 Classification
5.4 Common Design Considerations for Contour and Graded Bunds
5.4.1 Bund Spacing
5.4.2 Bund Side Slopes
5.4.3 Freeboard
5.4.4 Seepage Through Bund
5.5 Design of Contour Bunds
5.5.1 Height of Contour Bund
5.5.2 Bund Cross-Section
5.5.3 Length of the Bund
5.5.4 Earthwork
5.5.5 Area Lost Under the Bund
5.6 Design of Graded Bunds
5.7 Planning Considerations for Bunds
5.8 Alignment of Bunds
5.9 Construction of Bunds
References
6 Vegetated Waterways
6.1 Vegetated Waterways
6.2 Vegetated Waterway Design
6.2.1 Preliminary Design Considerations
6.2.2 Design Process
6.2.3 Design Procedure
6.3 Waterway Layout and Construction
6.4 Waterway Maintenance
References
7 Gully Control Structures
7.1 Background
7.2 Temporary Gully Control Structures
7.2.1 Design of Temporary Gully Control Structures
7.2.2 Number of Temporary Structures
7.2.3 Spacing Between Structures
7.2.4 Design of Spillway
7.2.5 Types of Temporary Gully Control Structures
7.3 Permanent Gully Control Structures
7.3.1 Design of Permanent Gully Control Structures
7.3.2 Energy Considerations in Design of Permanent Structures
7.3.3 Hydraulic Jump
References
8 Drop Spillway
8.1 Background
8.2 Functions
8.3 Adaptability
8.4 Advantages and Limitations
8.5 Materials of Construction
8.6 Drop Spillway: Components and Functions
8.7 Design of Drop Spillway
8.7.1 Hydrologic Design
8.7.2 Hydraulic Design of Straight Drop Spillway
8.7.3 Hydraulic Design of Box-Inlet Drop Spillway
8.7.4 Structural Design of Straight Drop Spillway
References
9 Drop-Inlet Spillway
9.1 Background
9.1.1 Standard-Crested and Flat-Crested Drop-Inlet Spillway
9.2 Functions
9.3 Adaptability
9.4 Advantages and Limitations
9.5 Materials of Construction
9.6 Drop-Inlet Spillway: Components and Functions
9.7 Design of Drop-Inlet Spillway
9.7.1 Hydraulic Design of Drop-Inlet Spillway
References
10 Chute Spillway
10.1 Background
10.2 Functions
10.3 Adaptability
10.4 Advantages and Limitations
10.5 Chute Spillway: Components and Functions
10.5.1 Entrance or Approach Channel
10.5.2 Inlet or Control Structure
10.5.3 Chute Channel or Discharge Carrier
10.5.4 Outlet or Energy Dissipater
10.6 Design of Chute Spillway
10.6.1 Hydrologic Design
10.6.2 Hydraulic Design of Chute Spillway
10.6.3 Structural Design
References
11 Wind Erosion
11.1 Background
11.2 Factors Affecting Wind Erosion
11.3 Mechanics of Movement
11.3.1 Initiation of Movement
11.3.2 Transportation
11.3.3 Deposition
11.4 Estimation of Soil Loss Due to Wind Erosion
11.4.1 Wind Erosion Equation (WEQ)
11.4.2 Revised WEQ (RWEQ)
11.4.3 Process-Based Models for Wind Erosion
11.5 Wind Erosion Control
11.5.1 Reduce the Field Width Along the Prevailing Wind Direction
11.5.2 Establish and Maintain Vegetative Cover on the Surface
11.5.3 Maintain Stable Aggregates or Clods on the Surface
11.5.4 Roughen the Land Surface
11.6 Windbreaks and Shelterbelts
11.6.1 Benefits of Windbreaks and Shelterbelts
11.6.2 Design of Windbreaks and Shelterbelts
References
12 Earthen Embankments and Farm Ponds
12.1 Earthen Embankments
12.1.1 Functions
12.1.2 Advantages and Limitations
12.1.3 Types of Earthen Embankments
12.1.4 Design of Earthen Embankments
12.1.5 Seepage Analysis
12.1.6 Internal Drainage System
12.1.7 Causes of Failure of Earthen Embankments
12.1.8 Construction
12.1.9 Maintenance and Protection
12.2 Farm Ponds
12.2.1 Types of Farm Ponds
12.2.2 Site Selection for Farm Ponds
12.2.3 Design of Excavated Ponds
12.2.4 Construction of Farm Ponds
12.2.5 Operation and Maintenance of Farm Ponds
12.2.6 Sealing of Farm Ponds
References
13 Remote Sensing and GIS Applications in Soil Conservation
13.1 Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
13.2 Remote Sensing Basics
13.2.1 Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)
13.2.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum
13.2.3 Types of Remote Sensing
13.2.4 Spectral Signature
13.2.5 Image Processing
13.2.6 Earth Observation Satellites and Missions
13.2.7 Spectral Vegetation Indices
13.3 GIS Basics
13.3.1 GIS Definition
13.3.2 GIS Components
13.3.3 Map Projections and Coordinate Systems
13.3.4 GIS Data
13.3.5 Data Models
13.3.6 Data Input
13.3.7 Spatial Analysis
13.3.8 GIS and Remote Sensing
13.3.9 Data Sources
13.4 Remote Sensing and GIS Applications
13.4.1 Soil Erosion Mapping
13.4.2 Soil Erosion Estimation
13.4.3 Watershed Prioritisation
13.4.4 Site Selection for Water Harvesting Structures
References
14 Impact of Climate and Land Use Land Cover Changes on Soil Erosion
14.1 Climate Change
14.1.1 Evidence of Climate Change
14.2 Climate Change Causes and Effects
14.2.1 Climate Change Drivers
14.2.2 Increase in Temperature
14.2.3 Alterations in Precipitation Patterns
14.2.4 Changes in CO2 Concentration and Radiative Forcing
14.2.5 Changes in Sea Levels and Glacier Retreat
14.3 Climate Change Impacts
14.3.1 Runoff
14.3.2 Floods
14.3.3 Drought
14.3.4 Agriculture
14.3.5 Landslides
14.4 Climate Change and Soil Erosion
14.4.1 Water Erosion
14.4.2 Wind Erosion
14.5 Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) Changes
14.5.1 Changes in Forest Cover
14.5.2 Alterations in Agriculture Lands
14.5.3 Decrease in Wetland Areas
14.5.4 Increase in Urban Areas
14.6 LULC Changes and Soil Erosion
14.7 Combined Impact of Climate and LULC Changes on Soil Erosion
References
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions
Index
