Social Entrepreneurship provides a 10-stage framework for building impactful ventures within and across new and existing organizations. The book summarizes the basic steps and tools needed to understand a social or environmental challenge of your choice, develop potential solutions, build a business model, measure outcomes, and grow your impact. This fully updated second edition builds on the concepts and tools introduced previously, broadening the scope to those working or preparing to work in organizations globally. Concepts addressed include intrapreneurship and, for the first time, extrapreneurship, which considers innovating across organizations to achieve collective impact. Featuring international case studies and interviews with leaders in the field, this comprehensive guide spans multiple sectors, including health, the environment, education, agriculture, commerce, finance, and retail. Summaries, exercises, and key learning points help to aid and cement learning. A widely regarded and valuable text, Social Entrepreneurship should be core reading for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students studying entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship. The book’s applied 10-stage approach will also be valuable for those in executive education as well as professionals and entrepreneurs looking to equip themselves with the tools needed to succeed in social change.
Author(s): Teresa Chahine
Edition: 2
Publisher: Routledge
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 277
City: New York
Cover
Endorsement
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Introduction
How to Use this Book
Learning Objectives
Definitions
Applying the Social Entrepreneurship Mindset and Skill Set in Existing Institutions
Intrapreneurship
Extrapreneurship
Attributes of Social Entrepreneurship
Social Innovation
Systems Thinking
Interdisciplinary Collaboration
Building Power
Financial Viability
Social Entrepreneurship as a Path to Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development Goals
Role of Business: Stakeholder Versus Shareholder Value
Everybody a Changemaker
Institutions Supporting Social Entrepreneurs
Case Study: Practicing Extrapreneurship Through Collaborative Jujitsu
Thought Questions
Next Steps
Assignment
Notes
1 Researching Your Topic
Understanding a Social Challenge
Identifying a Challenge
Characterizing a Challenge
What We’ll Look for
Data Is Power
Approaching Your Research
Think Like a Child
Question All Assumptions
Diving Into Research: Identifying Your Challenge
1. Lived Experience
2. Geographic and Sociodemographic Setting
3. Needs-Based Approach
4. Access to Resources
5. Passion and Motivation
6. Strengths and Weaknesses
Diving Into Action: Characterizing Your Challenge
Questions to Start Answering
What Are You Trying to Change?
Who Is Affected?
Where Are the People?
Why Has this Challenge Arisen, and Why Has It Persisted?
How Do These Root Causes Affect the Challenge and Its Outcomes?
Dimensions of the Social Challenge
Dimensions of the Data
Prior Attempts to Conquer the Challenge
Tracking and Interpreting Your Investigation
Collecting Information
Interpreting Your Results
Systems Mapping
Case Study: Health Leads
Thought Questions
Next Steps
Assignment
Notes
2 Talking to People
Understanding the Lived Experience
What Is a Community?
Working in the Community
Who Is Your Community Here?
Knowledge Equity
Stakeholder Analysis
Community-Driven Research
Investing Time in People
Research Tools
Using a Collaborative Approach
Before You Start: Some Tips
1. Keep It Simple
2. Listen
3. Be Respectful
4. Be Aware of Group Dynamics
How Different Voices Show Up
Relationship Building
Reflective Practice
Reaching Out to People
Structuring Informational Interviews
After You Talk to People: Piecing It Together
Asset Mapping
Piecing Together the Puzzle
Catalyzing Change
Social Entrepreneur as a Connector
Identifying the Local Entrepreneurs
Making a Plan to Move Forward From Here
Case Study: Ciudad Saludable
Thought Questions
Next Steps
Assignment
Notes
3 Designing a Solution
Innovation and Design Thinking
Full Immersion
Deep Reflection Versus Group Dynamics for Design
User-Driven Design
Levels of Innovation
Failing Is Part of the Process
Experiment With Different Ideas
A Design Process to Try
Step 1: Assemble a Team
Step 2: Formulate a Problem Statement
Step 3: Specify Your Parameters
Step 4: Brainstorm
Step 5: Select Top Ideas
Step 6: Describe Your End User
Step 7: Create a Prototype
During and After the Design Process
Tips and Tricks to Try
Reframe
Reposition
Conduct a Premortem
Break It Down Into Mini-Challenges
Analyzing and Organizing Your Options
Don’t Rush the Design Phase
Tools for Testing and Refining Your Social Impact Idea
AAAQ Checklist
Theory of Change
Testing and Iterating Your Prototypes
Designing a System Around Your Product Or Service
Launching With a Pilot
Beyond Design
Incremental Innovation and Disruptive Innovation
Case Study: Hippocampus Learning Centers
Thought Questions
Next Steps
Assignment
Notes
4 Developing Your Idea Further
Getting Your Idea Out There
How to Do This
Where to Start
Articulating Vision, Mission, and Values
How It Works
Step-by-Step Breakdown
Customers
Value Proposition
Pricing
Competition
Positioning
Promotion
Branding
Distribution
Partnerships and Collaborations
Resources Needed
Tool: Impact Social Business Model Canvas
Evaluating Your Idea
SWOT Table
PESTEL Framework
Political
Economic
Social
Technological
Environmental
Legal
Case Study: Daily Table
Thought Questions
Next Steps
Assignment
Notes
5 Measuring Outcomes
Social Outcomes Versus Social Impact
Thinking About Your Success Metrics
Using Different Logic Models
Logframe Template
Pros and Cons of the Logframe
Setting Targets
Being Ambitious Versus Starting Small
Things to Keep in Mind
Process Versus Outcome Metrics
Linking to the Existing Evidence Base
Linking to Quality Control
Direct Versus Indirect Benefits
Considering the Supply Chain
Challenges and Best Practices in Measuring Social Outcomes
Challenges in Measuring Social Outcomes
Number of People Reached
Hard-to-Reach Populations
Systems Change and Framework Change
Contribution Versus Attribution
Funders’ Perspectives
Responding to These Challenges
Social Return On Investment
Building Systems for Data Collection and Analysis
Dos and Don’ts of Success Metrics
1. Decide Early On
2. Measure Inherently
3. Don’t Measure Too Much
4. Refer to Baseline Data
5. Control for Other Factors
6. Assess Results With Your Stakeholders
Case Study: Soufra
Thought Questions
Next Steps
Assignment
Notes
6 Ensuring Financial Viability
Sources of Revenue
High Volume, Low Cost
Differential Pricing
Other Cross-Subsidization Models
Buy One, Give One
Hybrid/Mixed Models
Grant Based/Charity Based
Responsible Business
Cost-Reduction Models
Payment Models
Distribution Models
Direct to End User Versus Intermediary Organization
Social Franchising
Microfranchising
Non-Monetized Methods
Consulting and Contracting
Different Options and Combinations
Operational Efficiency Across Delivery Models
Define Your Core Package
Standardize
Digitize
Shorten the Last Mile
Foster Local Leadership
Decentralize Operations
Tailor to the Local Population
Leveraging Existing Channels
The Role of Technology
Staying Lean
Financial Forecasting
Market Sizing
Financial Template
Defining Unit of Offering
Estimating Revenue
Estimating Expenses
Profit and Cash
Putting It Together
What to Do With Surplus Revenue
Case Study: Aravind Eye Care System
Thought Questions
Next Steps
Assignment
Notes
7 Funding Your Endeavor
Overview of the Social Investing Spectrum
Sources of Funding
Governments
Multilateral Agencies
International NGOs
Foundations
Investment Funds
Corporate Funding
Individuals
Angel Investors and Philanthropists
Friends and Family
The Crowd
Funding Vehicles
Gifts
Donations
Grants
Awards
Loans
Equity
Bonds
Evolution of Social Investment
Trends in Philanthropy
Trends in Impact Investing
Trends in Socially Responsible Investing
Trends in Venture Capital
The Missing Middle
Finding the Right Fit at Different Stages of Your Endeavor
Nonfinancial Support
Finding Your Tribe
Mentors and Coaches
Coworking Spaces
Incubators
Accelerators
Boot Camps
Fellowships
Events
Other Networks
Advisory Board
A Word of Caution
Creating Your Resource Dashboard
Next Steps
Assignment
Notes
8 Structuring as an Organization
People
Founding Team
Culture
Roles
Do You Have to Be the CEO?
Ownership Conversations
Process
Beyond the Founders
Operations
Growing Your Team
Manuals
Policies and Procedures
Process Mapping
Governance
Bylaws
Board
Criteria for Board Members
Board Cultivation and Management
Accountability
Diversity
Shared Leadership
Legal Structure
Whether and When to Form an Organization
Legal Options for New Organizations
Charity
Business
Hybrid Structures
Cooperatives
New Legal Registration Options for Social Enterprises
Global Variations
Regardless of Registration …
Asking for Help
Intrapreneurship
Extrapreneurship
Considerations for Growth
Organizational Health
Things to Keep in Mind When Growing Your Organization
Growing Too Soon: Timing Is Everything
Making Decisions Alone: Leverage Data and Feedback From Stakeholders
Growing Too Big: Stay Responsive, Adaptive, Innovative
Creating a Learning Organization
Next Steps
Assignment
Notes
9 Pitching and Communications Strategy
Packaging and Pitching Your Business Plan
Why Do You Need a Business Plan?
How to Write a Business Plan
Executive Summary
Business Plan Outline
Sample Outline
Presenting and Pitching Your Plan
The Full Deck
The Abridged Version
The Elevator Pitch
Pitching Tips
Find Your Balance
Make a Connection
Research Your Audience
Prompt Questions
Know When to Ask Questions
Common Mistakes to Avoid
What Is an “Ask”?
Humble Self-Promotion
Advice for Introverts
Building a Communications Plan
The “Who” and the “Why”
Communicating With Customers
Communicating Internally
Communicating With Funders and Other Partners
Communicating With Policymakers and the Public
Building a Goal-Oriented Communications Plan
The “What”
Messaging for Action
What’s in It for Them?
Stakeholder Ladder
Follow-Up
Multidimensional Messaging
The “How”
Social Media
Multimedia and Interactive Media
Publications
Mailing Lists
Face Time
Surveys and Feedback Forms
The “When”
Evaluating Your Communications
Different Strategies for Different Settings
Universal Tips
Be Positive
Be Thoughtful
Keep It Personal
Keep It Simple
Invoke Emotion
Next Steps
Assignment
Notes
10 Expanding Your Reach
Thinking Beyond Your Endeavor
What Is Your Endgame?
Sharing Knowledge
Research and Thought Leadership
Policymaking
Joining Forces With Others
Partnering With Government and Other Sectors
Collective Impact
Other Partnerships and Collectives for Policy Change
Building New Communities of Knowledge and Practice
From Communities to Movements
Creating New Social Innovation Ecosystems Around the World
Case Study: Catalyst 2030
Thought Questions
Handing Off
Avoiding a Bubble
Revisiting Social Entrepreneurship
Taking Next Steps Together
Summary
Assignment
Notes
Index
