Smart Materials in Additive Manufacturing, Volume 2 covers the mechanics, modeling, and applications of the technology and the materials produced by it. It approaches the topic from an engineering design perspective with cutting-edge modeling techniques and real-world applications and case studies highlighted throughout. The book demonstrates 4D printing techniques for electro-induced shape memory polymers, pneumatic soft actuators, textiles, and more. Modeling techniques with ABAQUS and machine learning are outlined, as are manufacturing techniques for highly elastic skin, tunable RF and wireless structures and modules, and 4D printed structures with tunable mechanical properties. Closed-loop control of 4D printed hydrogel soft robots, hierarchical motion of 4D printed structures using the temperature memory effect, multimaterials 4D printing using a grasshopper plugin, shape reversible 4D printing, and variable stiffness 4D printing are each discussed as well.
- Outlines cutting-edge techniques, structural design, modeling, simulation, and tools for application-based 4D printing
- Details design, modeling, simulation, and manufacturing considerations for various fields
- Includes case studies demonstrating real-world situations where the techniques and concepts discussed were successfully deployed
- Applications covered include textiles, soft robotics, auxetics and metamaterials, micromachines, sensors, bioprinting, and wireless devices
Author(s): Mahdi Bodaghi, Ali Zolfagharian
Series: Additive Manufacturing Materials and Technologies Series
Publisher: Elsevier
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 463
City: Amsterdam
Front Cover
Smart Materials in Additive Manufacturing, Volume 2: 4D Printing Mechanics, Modeling, and Advanced Engineering Applications
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Editors biography
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: 4D printing mechanics, modeling, and advanced engineering applications
Introduction
4D printing electro-induced shape memory polymers
4D printing modeling using ABAQUS: A guide for beginners
4D printing modeling via machine learning
4D-printed pneumatic soft actuators modeling, fabrications, and control
4D-printed auxetic structures with tunable mechanical properties
4D-printed shape memory polymers: modeling and fabrication
4D textiles-Materials, processes, and future applications
Closed-loop control of 4D-printed hydrogel soft robots
Hierarchical motion of 4D-printed structures using the temperature memory effect
Manufacturing highly elastic skin integrated with twisted coiled polymer muscles: Toward 4D printing
Multimaterial 4D printing simulation using grasshopper plugin
Origami-inspired 4D RF and wireless structures and modules
Shape-reversible 4D printing aided by shape memory alloys
Variable stiffness 4D printing
References
Chapter 2: 4D printing electro-induced shape memory polymers
Introduction
Materials, working principle, and similar structures in 4D printing
4D printing with FDM
Printing parameters and their influence on deformation of PLA
Integration of conductive PLA
Materials and equipment
Electrical contacting of CPLA
Printing parameter influence on resistance
Investigation of SMP structures
Design of SMP structure
Manufacturing of SMP structures
Measuring setup
SMP structure behavior at different activation voltages
Conductive layer placement influence on the performance
Free bending of SMP structures
Blocking force of SMP structures
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3: 4D printing modeling using ABAQUS: A guide for beginners
Introduction
Methodology
4D printing mechanism and design
Modeling of thermo-mechanical 4D-printed structure
Heat generation and temperature rise due to NIR light
FEM model of the thermal-mechanical coupling in ABAQUS
Results and discussions
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: 4D printing modeling via machine learning
Introduction
Methodology
Fabrication
Analytical model
FEM modeling using hyperplastic material constitutive laws
Training data acquisition from FEM
Results and discussions
Initial analysis of the data
Linear regression
Machine learning modeling using artificial neural network
Layer configurations analysis
Activation functions analysis
4D-printed soft actuator shape classification using ML
Discussions
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: 4D-printed pneumatic soft actuators modeling, fabrication, and control
Introduction
4D-printed pneumatic soft actuators
Types
Modeling
Materials
Fabrication
Sensing and control
Capabilities
Self-healing properties and fail-safe features
Scalability and customizability
Modularity
Multimodal and programmable actuation
Applications
Soft locomotion robots
Soft grippers and parallel manipulators
Soft artificial muscles
Soft assistive wearable and medical devices
Discussion
Challenges of 4D-printed pneumatic soft actuators
Portability
Noise and vibration
3D-printing materials and printing time
Mass production and lifetime
Requirements for 4D-printed pneumatic soft actuators
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: 4D-printed structures with tunable mechanical properties
Introduction
Shape memory polymer material
Stability and functional properties of 4D-printed specimens
Geometric stability following heat exposure
Stress-free shape recovery
Tunable mechanical properties
Tunability in simple structures
Tunability in complex periodic structures
The development of heterogeneities-Local response
Summary and concluding remarks
References
Chapter 7: 4D-printed shape memory polymer: Modeling and fabrication
Introduction
4D printing programming
Constitutive equations
Thermoviscoelastic approach
Phase transformation approach
Fabrication and modeling 4D-printed elements
Materials
4D printing elements
Finite element modeling
Case studies
Self-folding structures
Gripper actuator
Self-folding smart composites
Adaptive dynamic structures
Wave propagation formulation
Design adaptive periodic structures
Adaptive diagonal structure
Adaptive parallel structure
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: 4D textiles: Materials, processes, and future applications
Introduction
State of the art
Textile
Fabric
Printing method
Prestressing technologies
Rotational symmetric substrate
Print parameters
Interfaces
Model
Form giving through surface tessellation
Applications
Finger
Orthosis
Conclusion and outcomes
References
Chapter 9: Closed-loop control of 4D-printed hydrogel soft robots
Introduction
Motion mechanism of the soft actuator
Materials and methods
Fabrication of the actuator
Optimizing the printing parameters
Results and discussions
Optimization of the 3D printing parameters
Characterizations
Mechanical tests results
Swelling measurements
Experimental setup and image processing
Ionic strength effect
Geometrical effects
Actuation performance
Electro-chemo-mechanical model of the 3D-printed polyelectrolyte actuator
Controller design
T-S fuzzy system formulations
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Hierarchical motion of 4D-printed structures using the temperature memory effect
Introduction
Temperature memory effect: Basics and literature review
Description
Experimental testing
Modeling and simulation
Exploitation of the temperature memory effect toward applicative examples
Experimental testing
Testing protocol
Preliminary experimental activity to assess the possibility to exploit the temperature memory effect
Experimental activity to evaluate and model shape memory response for sequential SMEs
Results of the screening protocol to assess the possibility to exploit the TME
Thermomechanical testing
Mechanical testing
Results of the testing protocol based on the possibility to exploit the TME
Results of the experimental activity for the generation of input data for the numerical simulation
Constitutive modeling
Model formulation
Identification of model parameters
Case study
Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11: Manufacturing highly elastic skin integrated with twisted and coiled polymer muscles: Toward 4D printing
Introduction
Materials
TCP
Silicone
Manufacturing
Results and discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Multimaterial 4D printing simulation using a grasshopper plugin
Introduction
Computational design for 4D printing
Rationales and theoretical background
The proposed tool: VoxSmart
Case studies
Modeling and simulation of known material distributions
Bimaterial beam
Hydrogel actuator
Magnetostrictive actuator
Material distribution generation
Attempt to retrieve a known distribution
Distribution computation with enforced symmetry and initial population
Conclusion and future work
Appendix: The distribution Computation component
References
Chapter 13: Origami-inspired 4D tunable RF and wireless structures and modules
Introduction
Inkjet-printing technologies
Miura-Ori tessellation
Frequency selective surfaces
Origami-inspired inkjet-printed FSS structures
Fabrication process
Results and discussions
Fabrication process of 4D-printed origami-inspired RF structures
3D-printing of the substrate
Inkjet-print SU-8 buffer layer
Inkjet-print the conductive layer
4D-printed origami-inspired frequency selective surfaces
4D-printed chipless RFID pressure sensors for WSN applications
4D-printed planar pressure sensor using metamaterial absorber
4D-printed planar pressure sensor using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology
4D-printed origami-inspired deployable and reconfigurable antennas
4D-printed one-shot deployable dielectric reflectarray antenna for mm-wave applications
Liquid-metal-alloy microfluidic-based 4D-printed reconfigurable origami antennas
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Shape-reversible 4D printing aided by shape memory alloys
Introduction
Materials and methods
Design of actuators
Experimental procedure
Simulation of actuation cycle
Numerical and experimental results
Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Variable stiffness 4D printing
Introduction
Design and working principle
Single-material actuators
Variable infill percentages
Variable infill patterns
Patterns as hinges
Multimaterial actuators
Fabrication process and experimental setup
Results and discussion
Material properties
Single-material actuators
Variable infill percentages
Variable infill patterns
Patterns as hinges
Multimaterial actuators
Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Index
Back Cover
