Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
About the Companion Website
Section 1 Gastrointestinal Surgery
Chapter 1 Disorders of the Salivary Gland
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Specific disorders
Salivary mucocele (sialocele)
Cervical mucocele
Ranula
Pharyngeal mucocele
Zygomatic mucocele
Parotid mucocele
Neoplasia
Sialolithiasis
Sialoadenitis
Necrotizing Sialometaplasia
References
Chapter 2 Surgical Treatment of Esophageal Disease
Surgical principles
Surgical technique
Surgical approaches
Surgical procedures
Diagnostics
Clinical signs and physical examination findings
Radiography
Esophageal endoscopy
Computed tomography
Esophageal disease
Esophageal strictures
Esophageal diverticula
Esophageal fistula
Esophageal neoplasia
Esophageal foreign body
References
Chapter 3 Vascular Ring Anomalies
Different types of vascular ring anomalies
Diagnostic
Clinical presentation
Imaging techniques
Surgical treatment
Intercostal thoracotomy
Thoracoscopy
Complications and aftercare
References
Chapter 4 Hiatal Hernia
Anatomy and physiology
Pathophysiology
History and clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Medical treatment
Surgical treatment
References
Chapter 5 Pyloric Hypertrophy
Pathophysiology
Clinical signs and physical examination
Diagnostics
Bloodwork
Radiographs
Endoscopy
Surgical management
References
Chapter 6 Gastroduodenal Ulceration
Pathophysiology
Pathogenesis of gastroduodenal ulcers in dogs
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and gastroduodenal ulcers
Pathogenesis of gastroduodenal ulceration in cats
Clinical presentation of dogs and cats with gastroduodenal ulceration
Diagnosis of gastroduodenal ulceration
Treatment of gastroduodenal ulceration
Acid suppression therapy
Cytoprotection
Adjunctive treatments
Surgical treatment
Outcome
References
Chapter 7 Gastric Dilatation Volvulus
Etiology
Intrinsic risk factors
Extrinsic risk factors
Previous splenectomy
Pathophysiology
Clinical signs
Bloodwork
Prognostic tests
Cardiac biomarkers and echocardiography
Serum lactate
Inflammatory biomarkers C-reactive protein, high-mobility group box 1, and procalcitonin
Immediate diagnostics and treatment/stabilization
Intravenous fluid therapy
Positive inotropes and vasopressors
Antiarrhythmic drugs
Antibiotics
Adjunct therapies
Gastric decompression techniques
Diagnostic imaging
Assessment of gastric wall viability
Partial gastrectomy
Gastropexy techniques
Laparoscopic-assisted derotation and gastropexy
Prophylactic gastropexy
Postoperative management
Prognosis
References
Chapter 8 Focal and Linear Gastrointestinal Obstructions
Pathophysiology
Clinical signs and physical examination
Diagnostics
Bloodwork
Fluid analysis
Radiography
Ultrasound
Endoscopy
Computed tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Surgical management
Surgical considerations
Surgical techniques
Minimally invasive techniques
Biopsies
Leak testing
Enteroplication
Postoperative care
Surgical complications and outcome
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Mesenteric Volvulus and Colonic Torsion
Mesenteric volvulus
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Colonic torsion/volvulus
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
References
Chapter 10 Gastrointestinal Neoplasia
Tumors of the stomach, small intestine, colon, and rectum
Pathology
Clinical signs
Diagnosis
Surgical treatment
Palliative treatments: stenting/rerouting/bypass
Adjuvant therapy
Prognosis
Clinical signs
Diagnosis
Surgical treatment
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy
Prognosis
References
Chapter 11 Megacolon
Pathophysiology
Congenital megacolon (Hirschsprung disease)
Idiopathic megacolon
Functional outlet obstruction
Clinical presentation
Feline megacolon
Canine megacolon
Diagnosis
Concurrent conditions
Perineal hernia
Inflammatory bowel disease
Medical treatment
Surgical treatment
Colotomy
Subtotal colectomy
Methods of anastomosis
Pelvic canal osteotomy
Postoperative management and outcome
Complications
Anastomotic leakage/dehiscence
Post-colectomy intestinal adaptation
Stricture
Recurrent constipation
Fecal incontinence
Prognosis
References
Chapter 12 Anal Sac Disease
Anatomy
Anal sac diseases
Neoplasia
Anal sacculitis/impaction/abscessation
Surgery of the anal sacs
Open anal sacculectomy
Closed anal sacculectomy
References
Section 2 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
Chapter 13 Portosystemic Shunts
Hepatic encephalopathy
Pathogenic factors implicated in hepatic encephalopathy
Brain edema
Glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid and benzodiazepine receptors
Alteration of amino acid metabolism
Mercaptans
Short-chain fatty acids
Phenols
Other identified factors
Signalment, clinical signs, and physical examination
Biochemical profile, hematology, and urinalysis
Special blood tests
Imaging
Radiography
Ultrasound
Computed tomography
Nuclear medicine
Magnetic resonance imaging
Nonsurgical differentials
Medical treatment of dogs with portosystemic shunt
Decreased production and absorption of ammonia and other neurotoxins
Lactulose
Antibiotics
Retention enema
Probiotics and fecal transplantation
Acarbose
l-ornithine-l-aspartate
Dietary management
Controlling precipitating factors
Benzodiazepine receptor modulators
Surgical treatment
Identification of a portosystemic shunt in surgery
Where to attenuate a shunt
Attenuation of the shunt
Ligature
Ameroid ring
Silicone-polyacrylic acid gradual venous occlusion device
Cellophane or thin film banding
Hydraulic occluder
Embolization with stent and coils
Other techniques for intrahepatic shunts
Prognostic indicators
References
Chapter 14 Liver Lobe Torsion and Abscess
Liver Lobe Torsion
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical signs
Diagnostics
Treatment and complications
Postoperative care
Prognosis
Liver abscess
Clinical signs
Laboratory
Imaging
Cytology
Treatment
Prognosis
References
Chapter 15 Liver Tumors and Partial Hepatectomy
Specific tumor types
Hepatocellular tumors
Biliary tumors
Carcinoids (neuroendocrine tumors)
Sarcomas
Clinical signs
Laboratory findings
Imaging modalities
Abdominal radiography and ultrasonography
Computed tomography
Surgical treatment
Preoperative considerations
Surgical approach to the liver
Methods of liver lobectomy
Minimizing intraoperative hemorrhage
General anatomy of the liver
Left lateral lobectomy
Left medial lobectomy
Left division resection (left lateral and left medial lobes)
Central division
Right lateral and caudate process of the caudate liver lobe
Papillary process of the caudate lobe
Postoperative care
Complications
References
Chapter 16 Gallbladder Mucocele
Etiology
Diagnosis
History and physical examination
Bloodwork
Urinalysis
Ultrasonography
Treatment
References
Chapter 17 Extrahepatic Biliary Tract Obstruction
Physiology of the biliary system
Clinical signs of extrahepatic biliary disease
Diagnostic evaluation
Bloodwork
Imaging modalities
Microbiology
Pathology affecting the biliary system
Cholelithiasis
Pancreatitis
Neoplasia
Mucocele
Bile peritonitis
Medical management and perioperative therapeutics
Surgery related to the biliary system
Surgery of the gallbladder
Cholecystotomy
Cholecystectomy with laparotomy
Cholecystectomy with laparoscopy
Perioperative complications
Surgery of the biliary ducts
Choledochotomy
Choledochoduodenostomy
Surgery to palliate acute and chronic biliary outflow acute obstruction: cholecystostomy and choledochal stenting
Choledochal stenting
Cholecystostomy tubes
Chronic obstruction: biliary–enteric anastamoses (cholecystoenterostomy)
Prognosis for patients with extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction
References
Chapter 18 Other Surgical Diseases of the Gallbladder and Biliary Tract: Cholecystitis, Neoplasia, Infarct, and Trauma
Trauma
Necrotizing cholecystitis and cystic artery infarction
Emphysematous cholecystitis
Neoplasia
References
Chapter 19 Pancreatitis
Pathogenesis
Etiology and risk factors
Diagnosis
Signalment
Clinical signs and physical examination findings
Clinical pathology
Laboratory tests for pancreatitis
Diagnostic imaging
Pathology
Cytology
Treatment
Treatment of the cause
Fluid therapy
Electrolyte and acid–base therapy
Nutrition
Plasma and blood transfusion
Analgesic therapy
Antiemetic therapy
Appetite stimulants
Antibiotics
Glucocorticoids
Surgery for pancreatitis
Temporary bile diversion
Feeding tube placement
Peritoneal lavage
Pancreatic and peripancreatic fluid collections
Walled-off necrosis (previously termed pancreatic abscess)
Clinical signs and diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
Pancreatic pseudocyst
Clinical signs and diagnosis
Management
Acute peripancreatic fluid collection
Acute necrotic fluid collection
References
Section 3 Peritoneal Cavity
Chapter 20 Peritonitis
Etiology
Primary peritonitis
Secondary peritonitis
Tertiary peritonitis
Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
History, clinical signs, and physical examination
Abdominocentesis
Diagnostic imaging
Laboratory testing
Treatment
Preoperative management
Anesthesia
Surgery
Lavage
Drainage
Postoperative treatment
Prognosis
References
Chapter 21 Hemoperitoneum
Etiology
Diagnosis
Clinical presentation
Imaging
Abdominal radiography
Abdominal ultrasonography
Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging
Clinical pathology
Fluid retrieval and analysis
Emergency treatment
Choice of fluid to restore effective circulating fluid volume
Methodology for emergency treatment
Endpoints of emergency treatment
Asanguinous fluid alternatives
Additional therapies
Shock and emergency treatment sequelae
Surgical intervention
Prognosis
References
Chapter 22 Pneumoperitoneum
Etiology
Presentation
Diagnosis
Sequelae
Definitive treatment
Prognosis
References
Chapter 23 Retroperitoneal Diseases
Pathogenesis
Hemoretroperitoneum
Uroretroperitoneum
Retroperitonitis
Pneumoretroperitoneum
Retroperitoneal tumors
History and clinical signs
Diagnostics
Treatment
Prognosis
References
Chapter 24 Congenital Abdominal Wall Hernia
Umbilical and ventral midline hernias
Anatomy and etiology
Clinical signs
Diagnostics
Treatment
Aftercare and prognosis
Inguinal, scrotal, and femoral hernias
Anatomy and etiology
Clinical signs
Diagnostics
Treatment
Inguinal hernia repair
Scrotal hernia repair
Femoral hernia repair
Aftercare and prognosis
References
Chapter 25 Acquired Abdominal Wall Hernia
Traumatic hernias
Anatomy and etiology
History and clinical signs
Diagnostics
Treatment
Aftercare and prognosis
Incisional hernias in abdominal wall closures
Anatomy and etiology
Clinical signs and diagnostics
Treatment
Aftercare and prognosis
References
Chapter 26 Diaphragmatic and Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic Hernias
Diaphragmatic hernia
Pathophysiology
Clinical presentation
Diagnostic imaging
Treatment
Complications and prognosis
Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia
Clinical presentation
Diagnostic imaging
Treatment
Complications and prognosis
References
Chapter 27 Perineal Hernia
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Historical findings and clinical signs
Diagnosis
Physical examination
Radiographic and ultrasound examination
Treatment
Medical treatment
Surgical treatment
Surgical anatomy
Transposition of internal obturator
Colopexy, cystopexy, and vasopexy
Postoperative management
References
Section 4 Chest Wall
Chapter 28 Pectus Excavatum
Incidence
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Conservative management
Surgery
External splinting technique
Complications
Postoperative management
References
Chapter 29 Surgery of the Thoracic Wall
Perioperative monitoring and management
Respiratory monitoring
Ventilation
Oxygenation
Cardiovascular monitoring
Blood pressure monitoring
Lactate
Electrocardiography
Thoracoscopy
Anesthetic considerations
Surgical technique
Transdiaphragmatic subxiphoid approach
Intercostal approach
Thoracotomy
Lateral or intercostal thoracotomy
Modified rib pivot lateral thoracotomy
Postoperative management
References
Chapter 30 Tumors of the Thoracic Wall
Diagnosis
Signalment
Presenting signs
Imaging
Biopsy
Treatment: chest wall resection and reconstruction
Chest wall resection
Chest wall reconstruction
Omental pedicle flap
Complications
Prognosis
Primary rib osteosarcoma
Primary rib chondrosarcoma
Prognostic factors
References
Chapter 31 Flail Chest
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Medical therapy
Surgical therapy
References
Section 5 Pleural Space
Chapter 32 Chylothorax
Diagnosis
Pathophysiology
Treatment
Secondary chylothorax (nonidiopathic)
Idiopathic chylothorax
Surgical treatment
Outcomes
Future directions
References
Chapter 33 Pyothorax in Dogs and Cats
Etiology
Diagnosis
Therapy
Initial stabilization and medical treatment
Antibiotic therapy
Thoracostomy tube
Monitoring of medical treatment
Bronchoscopy
Surgical treatment
Thoracoscopic evaluation
Median sternotomy
Outcomes
References
Chapter 34 Pneumothorax
Definition and classification
Clinical signs and physical examination findings
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic imaging
Radiography
Computed tomography
Ultrasonography
Treatment
Conservative management
Thoracocentesis
Thoracostomy tube drainage
Surgical management of pneumothorax
Tissue-sealing devices
Tissue sealants
Pleurodesis
Blood patch pleurodesis
Types of pneumothorax
Traumatic pneumothorax
Spontaneous pneumothorax
Pulmonary blebs and bullae
References
Section 6 Respiratory Surgery
Chapter 35 Oronasal and Oroantral Fistula
Anatomy
Etiology
Diagnosis
Repair techniques
References
Chapter 36 Cleft Lip and Palate
Classification
Embryology
Causative factors
Problems associated with facial clefting
Feeding
Dental problems
Nasal deformity
Ear problems
Diagnosis
Management of cleft lip and palate
Presurgical management
Cleft lip
Cleft palate
Surgical management
Timing of surgery
General considerations
Surgical considerations
Cleft lip
Surgical anatomy
Objectives
Surgical technique
Postoperative management and complications
Cleft of the primary palate
Surgical anatomy
Objectives
Surgical technique
Postoperative management and complications
Cleft of the secondary palate
Surgical anatomy
Objectives
Surgical technique
Postoperative management and complications
Prognosis
References
Chapter 37 Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome
Anatomy and pathophysiology
Primary static anomalies of the airway
Stenotic nares
Aberrant conchae, and nasopharyngeal turbinates
Soft palate hyperplasia
Further primary anomalies of the airway
Secondary dynamic changes of the airway
Nasopharyngeal obstruction and collapse
Tonsillar eversion and hypertrophy
Laryngeal collapse
Tracheal and bronchial collapse
Gastroesophageal disease associated with brachycephalic airway syndrome
Gastroesophageal reflux and hiatal hernia
Diagnosis
Clinical signs
Radiologic examination
Computed tomography
Endoscopic examination
Treatment
Medical therapy
Surgical therapy
Controversy of which surgical techniques to apply
Stenotic nares
Alapexy
Vestibuloplasty
Postoperative care
Complications
Prognosis
References
Chapter 38 Laryngeal Paralysis
Etiology
Congenital laryngeal paralysis
Acquired laryngeal paralysis
Clinical findings
History
Physical examination
Laboratory findings
Radiographic examination and ultrasonography
Laryngeal examination
Electromyography
Treatment
Medical (emergency) treatment
Surgical treatment
Arytenoid cartilage lateralization
Partial laryngectomy per os
Ventral laryngotomy approach
Castellated laryngofissure
Permanent tracheostomy
Prognosis
References
Chapter 39 Laryngeal Neoplasia
Clinical signs
Diagnosis
Surgical treatment
Local resection
Partial laryngectomy
Complete laryngectomy
References
Chapter 40 Tracheal Surgery
Tracheal collapse
Pathophysiology
Signalment and presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Tracheal obstruction
Tracheal tumors
Inflammatory tracheal masses
Tracheal foreign body
Tracheal trauma
External injury
Internal injury
Tracheal resection and anastomosis
Palliative tracheal surgery
Temporary tracheostomy
Permanent tracheostomy
References
Chapter 41 Surgical Diseases of the Lungs
Cyst, bullae, and bleb
Bronchoesophageal fistulas
Consolidated lung lobe and abscess
History
Diagnosis
Medical approach
Surgical approach
Bronchiectasis
Lung laceration
Medical treatment
Surgical approach
Lung lobe torsion
Clinical signs
Diagnosis
Medical therapy
Surgical approach
Neoplasia
Surgery of the lungs
Partial lung lobectomy
Complete lung lobectomy
Pneumonectomy
References
Section 7 Urinary Tract
Chapter 42 Pathophysiology of Renal Disease
Renal physiology and its importance in overall body function
Determinants of glomerular filtration rate
Renal blood flow
Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease
Urine output and renal failure
Differentiating acute kidney injury from chronic kidney disease
Acute kidney injury
Hemodynamic acute kidney injury
Intrinsic acute kidney injury
Postrenal acute kidney injury
Mechanism of acute kidney injury
Phases of acute kidney injury
Role of endothelial cells in acute kidney injury
Complications arising from acute kidney injury
Preventive measures in acute kidney injury
Outcome
Chronic kidney disease
References
Chapter 43 Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction
Pathophysiology of upper urinary tract stones
Patient evaluation
Physical examination findings
Clinicopathologic evaluation
Imaging
Plain radiography
Contrast study
Ultrasound
Computed tomography
Renal scintigraphy
Management of nephroliths
Medical management
Surgical management
Nephrotomy
Pyelolithotomy
Nephrectomy
Management of ureteroliths
Medical management
Surgical management
Ureterotomy
Ureteroneocystostomy
Ureteroureterostomy
Renal descensus and psoas cystopexy
Boari tube
Urinary diversion
Complications after surgery of the ureter
References
Chapter 44 Urolithiasis of the Lower Urinary Tract
Patient evaluation
Physical examination findings
Clinicopathologic evaluation
Imaging
Medical management: dietary modification and antibiotic therapy
Nonsurgical approach for removal of calculi in the lower urinary tract
Voiding hydropropulsion
Cystoscopic retrieval
Laser lithotripsy
Electrohydraulic lithotripsy
Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy
Cystoscopy with laser or electrohydraulic lithotripsy
Surgical removal of calculi in the lower urinary tract
Retrograde urohydropulsion
Cystotomy with laparotomy
Transvesicular percutaneous cystolithotomy
Laparoscopy-assisted cystotomy
Urethrotomy
Urethrostomy
Scrotal urethrostomy
Perineal urethrostomy in dogs
Perineal urethrostomy in cats
Prepubic urethrostomy
Subpubic urethrostomy
Transpelvic urethrostomy
References
Chapter 45 Ureteral Ectopia and Urinary Incontinence
Anatomic considerations
Physiology of continence
Pathophysiology of urinary incontinence
Urethral sphincter mechanism incontinence
Ectopic ureters
Neurogenic incontinence
Miscellaneous causes of urinary incontinence
History, clinical signs, and physical examination
Diagnostic imaging
Plain and contrast radiographic techniques
Ultrasonography
Cystoscopy
Computed tomography
Urethral pressure profilometry
References
Chapter 46 Treatment Strategies for Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence
Medical management
Surgical management
Injectable bulking agents
Technique
Hydraulic occluders
Procedure
Postoperative care and complications
References
Chapter 47 Treatment Strategies for Ureteral Ectopia
Creation of a new opening of the ureter in the bladder
Creation of a new stoma with ligation of the distal ureter
Creation of a new stoma with urethral-trigonal reconstruction
Reimplantation of the ureter
Canine reimplantation of the ureter
Feline reimplantation of the ureter
Ureteronephrectomy
Technique
Cystoscopic-guided laser ablation of ectopic ureters
Procedure
Postoperative care and complications
Prognosis for ureteral ectopia in dogs and cats
References
Chapter 48 Neoplasia of the Urinary Tract
Renal Neoplasia
Incidence
Pathology and biological behavior
Clinical signs
Diagnostic evaluation
Treatment
Prognosis
Ureteral neoplasia
Incidence
Pathology and biological behavior
Clinical signs
Diagnostic evaluation
Treatment
Prognosis
Neoplasia of the urinary bladder and urethra
Incidence
Pathology and biological behavior
Clinical signs
Diagnostic evaluation
Treatment
Prognosis
References
Chapter 49 Urinary Tract Trauma
Clinical signs of urinary tract trauma
Initial stabilization
Clinicopathologic evaluation
Radiographic evaluation of the patient with urinary tract trauma
Retroperitoneal hematoma
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
References
Chapter 50 Urinary Diversion Techniques
Kidney
Nephrostomy tubes
Ureter
Ureteral stents
Subcutaneous ureteral bypass
Decision making
Bladder
Cystostomy tubes
Urethra
Urethral catheterization
Urethral stents
References
Chapter 51 Idiopathic or Benign Essential Renal Hematuria
Diagnosis
Treatment options
Medical treatment
Minimally invasive surgery
Surgical treatment
Conclusion
References
Chapter 52 Renal Transplant
Feline renal transplantation
Timing
Pretransplantation screening
Donor cat
Ethics
Donor identification and screening
Outcomes following renal donation
Pretransplantation medical therapy
Surgery
Donor–recipient organization
Renal and ureteral harvest
Cold flushing and storage technique
Vascular anastomosis
Papillae transfer ureteral implantation
Mucosal apposition ureteral implantation
Nephropexy
Anesthesia considerations
Immunosuppression
Acute complications
Hemorrhage and thrombosis
Hypertension
Neurologic signs
Delayed graft function
Chronic complications
Neoplasia
Diabetes
Infection
Acute rejection
Retroperitoneal fibrosis
Ureteral stricture or obstruction
Anemia
Calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity
Miscellaneous complications
Survival
Canine renal transplantation
References
Section 8 Reproductive Tract
Chapter 53 Pyometra
Pathophysiology
Predisposing factors
The role of E. coli
The role of the host’s immune response
Pyometra in cats
Clinical signs
Diagnosis
Signalment
History
Clinical examination
Laboratory findings
Diagnostic imaging and vaginoscopy
Differential diagnosis
Uterine enlargement
Systemic clinical signs
Purulent vulvar discharge
Treatment
Indications for surgical treatment or medical therapy
Medical management of pyometra
Surgical treatment for pyometra
Possible alternative endoscopic treatment of canine pyometra
References
Chapter 54 Cesarean Section
Indications for an elective cesarean section
Ultrasound as a prediction method
Radiography as a prediction method
Foam stability test as a development prediction method
Tocodynamometer as a prediction method
Indications for an emergency cesarean section
Preoperative considerations
Physical examination and bloodwork
Preparation of the patient
Minimizing anesthetic time
Anesthetic considerations
Surgical procedure
Postoperative analgesia
Neonatal care
Complications and prognosis
References
Chapter 55 Congenital Vaginal Defects
Vaginal defects
Development
Clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Clitoral hypertrophy
References
Chapter 56 Ovariectomy and Ovariohysterectomy
Effects of age of patient at time of neutering
Ovariohysterectomy versus ovariectomy
Surgical techniques
Canine ovariohysterectomy and ovariectomy
Feline ovariectomy and ovariohysterectomy
Complications
References
Chapter 57 Scrotal and Testicular Trauma and Neoplasia
Scrotum
Lacerations and penetrating wounds
Hernia
Dermatitis
Tumors
Testes
Trauma
Tumors
Diagnosis
Metastases
Treatment
References
Chapter 58 Prostatic Disease
Noninfectious, nonneoplastic prostate diseases
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Intraparenchymal prostatic cysts
Paraprostatic cysts
Prostatic calculi
Squamous metaplasia of the prostate
Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome
Infectious prostate diseases
Chronic bacterial prostatitis
Acute bacterial prostatitis
Prostatic abscess
Neoplastic prostate diseases
Diagnosis
Clinical signs of prostatic disease
Palpation of the testes and prostate gland
Prostate imaging
Prostatic fluid analysis
Histopathology
Urinalysis
Hematology
Treatment
Castration
Antimicrobials
Prostatic drainage
Paraprostatic cyst or abscess excision with omentalization
Prostatectomy
Adjunctive prostatic neoplasia treatments
Prognosis
References
Chapter 59 Cryptorchidism
Causes
Normal development
Abnormal development
Clinical signs
Diagnosis
Laboratory assessment
Medical treatment
Surgical treatment
Extrainguinal testis
Inguinal testis
Intra-abdominal testis
Laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy
Laparoscopic-assisted technique
References
Chapter 60 Paraphimosis
Causes
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
References
Chapter 61 Priapism
Normal anatomy and physiology of erection
Etiology
High-flow priapism
Low-flow priapism
Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
References
Chapter 62 Phimosis
Causes
Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
References
Chapter 63 Penile and Preputial Trauma and Neoplasia
Trauma to the prepuce and penis
Lacerations of the prepuce and penis
Traumatic truncation and amputation of the penis
Fracture of the os penis
Injury to the proximal penis
Neoplasia of the prepuce and penis
Neoplasia of the soft tissues
Neoplasia associated with the os penis
References
Section 9 Endocrine
Chapter 64 Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Anatomy
Physiology
History and clinical signs
Diagnosis
Hematology
Serum chemistry
Urinalysis
Parathyroid hormone assays
Diagnostic imaging
Differential diagnosis
Hypercalcemia of malignancy: parathyroid hormone-related protein
Hypoadrenocorticism
Hypervitaminosis D
Renal failure
Granulomatous/inflammatory
Preoperative considerations: hypercalcemia
Surgical technique
Postoperative care
Histopathology
Nonsurgical therapy
Percutaneous ultrasound-guided ethanol ablation
Percutaneous ultrasound-guided heat ablation
References
Chapter 65 Feline Hyperthyroidism
Pathogenesis and etiology
Signalment
Clinical features
Supportive diagnostic tests
Hematology
Biochemistry
Cardiac imaging (radiographs, ultrasound, electrocardiography)
Thyroid imaging
Definitive diagnostic tests
Thyroid scintigraphy
Thyroid hormone concentrations
Treatment
Medical management
Surgical treatment
Radioactive iodine treatment
Other treatments
Complications of treatment: kidney disease and hypothyroidism
Conclusion
References
Chapter 66 Canine Thyroid Neoplasia
Clinical features
Diagnostic procedures
Physical examination
Thyroid function
Blood typing
Echocardiography and electrocardiography
Radiographs of the chest
Ultrasound of the neck
Computed tomography of the neck
Radionuclide scan
Cytology
Treatment
Surgical excision
External beam radiation therapy
131I radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Long-term monitoring
Prognosis
References
Chapter 67 Canine and Feline Insulinoma
Pathology
Pathophysiology
Signalment
Clinical signs
Physical examination
Clinical pathology
Differential diagnoses
Diagnosis
Glycemia and insulin levels
Imaging modalities
Treatment
Medical therapy
Surgical therapy
Surgical techniques
Prognosis
Feline insulinoma
References
Chapter 68 Adrenal Tumors
Adrenocortical adenocarcinoma, adrenal adenoma, adrenocortical adenomatous hyperplasia
History and physical findings
General laboratory test results
Endocrinological test results
Imaging
Preoperative preparation
Patient management during and after surgery
Adrenal medullary tumor (pheochromocytoma)
History and physical findings
Preoperative preparation and intraoperative monitoring
Aldosteronoma
History and physical findings
Intraoperative and postoperative medical management
Surgical considerations
Operative planning
Surgical approaches
Adrenal tumors with vascular invasion
Histopathology results
Cortical tumors
Medullary tumors
Prognosis
References
Section 10 Ear Surgery
Chapter 69 Anatomy of the Ear
Pinna
External ear canal
Middle ear
Inner ear
Innervation of the ear
Blood supply to the ear
References
Chapter 70 Surgery of the Pinna
Lacerations
Resection of portions of the pinna
Wedge excision, partial amputation, and total pinnectomy
Reconstruction of auricular margin defects
Aural hematoma
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Ear canal separation
References
Chapter 71 Aural Neoplasia
Origins, occurrence, and clinical signs
Tumors of the canine ear
Benign tumors
Malignant neoplasms
Tumors of the feline ear
Benign tumors
Malignant neoplasms
Alternative or adjunctive therapy for ear neoplasia
References
Chapter 72 Otitis Externa
Indications for surgical treatment
References
Chapter 73 Feline and Canine Otitis Media
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
References
Chapter 74 Surgery of the Vertical Ear Canal
Lateral wall resection
Indications
Surgical technique
Postoperative care and complications
Vertical ear canal ablation
Indications
Surgical technique
Postoperative care and complications
Lateral wall resection versus vertical canal ablation
References
Chapter 75 Imaging of the Ear for Surgical Evaluation
Radiology
Ultrasonography
Computed tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging
References
Chapter 76 Total Ear Canal Ablation and Lateral Bulla Osteotomy
Owner education
Preoperative work-up
Physical examination
Otoscopic examination
Imaging evaluation
Preoperative antibiotic and analgesia regimen choice
Surgical anatomy
Surgical equipment
Surgical technique
Postoperative care
Complications and treatment
References
Chapter 77 Subtotal Ear Canal Ablation
Indications
Surgical technique
Outcome
References
Chapter 78 Surgical Diseases of the Middle Ear
Diseases of the middle ear
Polyps
Cholesteatoma
Cholesterol granuloma
Neoplasia
Fistulas post total ear canal ablation
Treatment and surgical recommendations
Presurgical treatment
Perioperative care
Ventral bulla osteotomy
Lateral Bulla Osteotomy
Postoperative care and complications
Healing and outcome after bulla osteotomy
Summary
References
Section 11 Cardiac
Chapter 79 Coagulation Disorders and Surgery
Understanding hypocoagulability
Primary hemostasis
Secondary hemostasis
Assessment of coagulation status
Therapy for hypocoagulable patients
Hypercoagulability: a clinical conundrum
References
Chapter 80 Heart Surgery Strategies
Beating heart surgery
Inflow occlusion
Cardiopulmonary bypass
References
Chapter 81 Congenital Cardiac Shunts
Patent ductus arteriosus
Pathophysiology
Indication for surgery
Patent ductus arteriosus ligation
Outcomes
Ventricular septal defect
Pathophysiology
Indications
Pulmonary artery banding
Open repair for ventricular septal defect
Outcomes
Atrial and atrioventricular septal defect
Pathophysiology
Indication for surgery
Open repair for atrial and atrioventricular septal defects
Outcomes
Tetralogy of Fallot
Pathophysiology
Indications
Modified Blalock–Taussig shunt
Open repair of tetralogy of Fallot
Outcomes
References
Chapter 82 Valvular Heart Disease
Mitral regurgitation
Pathophysiology
Indications for surgery
Mitral valve repair
Mitral valve replacement
Outcomes
Tricuspid valve dysplasia
Indications for surgery
Tricuspid valve repair
Tricuspid valve replacement
Outcomes
References
Chapter 83 Cardiac Neoplasia
Hemangiosarcoma
Aortic body tumors
Intraluminal tumors
References
Chapter 84 Congenital Pericardial Diseases
Absence of pericardium and pericardial defects
Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia
Pericardial cysts
Clinical findings
Treatment
References
Chapter 85 Constrictive Pericarditis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
History and physical examination
Electrocardiography
Radiography
Echocardiography
Cardiac catheterization
Differentiating constrictive pericarditis from restrictive cardiomyopathy
Treatment
References
Chapter 86 Pericardial Effusion
Etiology
Pericarditis
Idiopathic pericardial effusion
Neoplastic pericardial effusion
Hemangiosarcoma of the right atrium
Chemodectoma or heart base tumor
Mesothelioma
Pathophysiology of cardiac tamponade
Diagnosis
Signalment and history
Physical examination
Laboratory evaluation
Electrocardiography
Radiography
Echocardiography
Treatment
Pericardiocentesis
Pericardiectomy
Pericardial window
Percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy
Right trial tumor resection and heart base tumor resection
References
Chapter 87 Pacemaker Therapy
Indications
Atrioventricular block
Sick sinus syndrome
Atrial standstill
Theories of artificial cardiac stimulation
Chronaxie and rheobase
Pacing equipment
Pulse generator
Leads
Surgical technique
Transdiaphragmatic approach
Mini-thoracotomy approach
Transvenous approach
Postoperative evaluation
Failure to capture
Failure to sense
Battery failure
Hemodynamic effect of pacing: pacemaker syndrome
References
Section 12 Hematopoietic
Chapter 88 Surgical Treatment of Splenic Disease
Splenic diseases
Neoplasia
Hematoma
Splenic trauma
Splenitis/splenic abscessation
Splenic torsion
Splenic infarction
Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia/immune-mediated thrombocytopenia
Diagnostics
Clinical signs/physical examination
Bloodwork
Radiographs
Ultrasound
Computed tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Splenic aspiration and biopsy
Biomarkers
Management of splenic disease
Preoperative management
Intraoperative management
Postoperative management
References
Chapter 89 Surgical Treatment of Thymic Disease
Thymic anatomy
Diagnostics
Clinical signs/physical examination
Bloodwork
Radiographs
Ultrasound
Computed tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging/positron emission tomography
Cytology/histopathology
Staging
Thymic diseases
Thymoma
Thymic lymphoma
Other thymic disease
Surgical management of thymic disease
Surgical approach
Procedures
References
Index
EULA