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Small Animal Anesthesia Techniques

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Concise, practical reference to the technical aspects of delivering anesthesia in small animal practice

Small Animal Anesthesia Techniques offers quick reference to essential information for anesthetizing canine, feline, and exotic animal patients, presenting easy-to-follow protocols to support veterinary technicians and veterinary practitioners in safely and effectively delivering anesthesia in clinical practice. This book is highly unique in its quick reference, techniques-focused approach, making it ideal for all professionals seeking procedure-based coverage of the topic.

Designed for fast access in the clinical setting, the text covers practical information on anesthetic plans, equipment, potential complications, and more. A companion website provides video clips, images, and worksheets.

The Second Edition has been thoroughly updated throughout to reflect advances in equipment, knowledge, and trends, now covering anaphylaxis under anesthesia, opioid alternatives in the face of drug shortages, feline and canine pain scales, reducing mortality associated with anesthesia, managing difficult intubations, the importance of gastroprotectants and use of medications to combat vomiting, and other trending topics and areas of interest since the 2014 edition was published. Additional images, tables, and charts have also been added to further enhance the text.

Small Animal Anesthesia Techniques also provides information on:

  • Important concepts of anesthesia, including safety in anesthesia through practical steps like anesthesia checklists
  • New and important advances in equipment, such as patient warming and difficult airway management equipment
  • Relevant literature reviews of a multitude of drugs for use peri-operatively, including CBD for analgesia and liposomal encapsulated bupivacaine for long term wound desensitization
  • New developments that an evolving veterinary practice demands, including those not yet popular in the mainstream

Small Animal Anesthesia Techniques is a must-have reference for small animal veterinary technicians and practitioners. It is an extremely valuable resource both in the knowledge contained within and the highly practical guidelines for implementing concepts in the field to provide better care to small animals of all types.

Author(s): Amanda M. Shelby, Carolyn M. McKune
Edition: 2
Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 433
City: Hoboken

Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the companion website
Section I: General topics in anesthesia and analgesia
Chapter 1 Anesthetic process
I. Preanesthetic workup
A. Patient workup
II. Factors involved in creating an anesthetic plan
A. Patient species problem list
B. Specific patient problem list
C. Inhaled anesthesia and drug-induced problem list
D. Procedure-driven problem list
E. Anesthetic morbidity and mortality
F. Anesthesia checklist
III. Patient preparation
IV. Premedication
V. Induction
A. Intubation
VI. Anesthetic maintenance
A. Options for anesthetic maintenance
B. Fluid therapy
VII. Recovery from anesthesia in the clinical setting
A. Timeline and signs of recovery at home
B. Communications about returning home
References
Chapter 2 Anesthesia equipment and monitoring
I. Gas pressures in a hospital system
II. Setting up the anesthesia machine
A. Selecting a breathing system
B. Reservoir bag
C. Troubleshooting leaks (Box 2.7)
III. Barotrauma
A. Temporary occlusion device (Figure 2.4)
B. Pressure relief valves (Table 2.3, Figure 2.5)
IV. Mechanical ventilation (MV) or intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV)
A. Classification of ventilators
B. Optional ventilator features
C. Troubleshooting common problems of a mechanical ventilator
V. Monitoring equipment
A. Circulatory system
B. Ventilation
C. Thermoregulation
D. Blood gas analysis
References
Chapter 3 Adverse events/anesthetic complications
I. Cardiovascular complications
A. Sinus bradycardia
B. Atrial ventricular (AV) block
C. Bundle branch blocks
D. Atrial flutter and fibrillation
E. Ventricular arrhythmias
F. Cardiac arrest rhythms: asystole, pulseless electrical activity (PEA), and ventricular fibrillation (VF)
G. Isorhythmic dissociation
II. Blood pressure
A. Hypertension
B. Hypotension
C. Blood loss/hemorrhage
III. Respiratory complications
A. Hyperventilation (hypocapnia)
B. Hypoventilation (hypercapnia)
C. Hypoxemia/inappropriate P:F ratio
D. Pulmonary thromboembolism
E. Pneumothorax
F. Postanesthetic aspiration pneumonia
G. Respiratory distress or arrest
IV. Acid–base disturbances
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
V. Electrolyte disturbances
A. Calcium
B. Potassium
C. Sodium
VI. Glycemic control
A. Hyperglycemia
B. Hypoglycemia
VII. Other complications
A. Anaphylaxis/anaphylactoid reaction
B. Gastrointestinal dysfunction secondary to anesthesia
C. Hyperthermia
D. Hypothermia
E. Noxious stimuli (“breakthrough pain” or “arousal”)
F. Recovery complications
References
Chapter 4 Anesthetic considerations for specific procedures
I. Soft tissue surgeries
A. Abdominal exploratory (exploratory laparotomy)
B. Amputations (digits, forelimb, hindlimb, tail)
C. Superficial mass removal
D. Head and neck procedures
E. Perianal surgeries (anal sacculectomy, perianal fistula, vulvoplasty)
F. Reproductive procedures
G. Thoracotomy procedures
H. Urological procedures (cystotomy, perineal urethrostomy [PU])
II. Orthopedic/neurology procedures
A. Orthopedic procedures on the head
B. Thoracic limb orthopedic procedures
C. Hindlimb orthopedic procedures
D. Dorsal hemilaminectomy
E. Ventral slot
III. Scoping procedures
A. Bronchoscopy and bronchial alveolar lavage (BAL) (Box 4.33)
B. Rhinoscopy and biopsy (Box 4.34)
C. Gastroscopy (upper/lower GI) (Box 4.35)
References
Chapter 5 Anesthesia in patients with concurrent disease
I. Cardiovascular disease
A. Conduction and rhythm disturbances
B. Structural abnormalities
II. Endocrine diseases
A. Diabetes insipidus
B. Diabetes mellitus
C. Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing disease)
D. Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease) [26]
E. Hyperthyroidism
F. Hypothyroidism
G. Pheochromocytoma
H. Insulinoma
III. Hepatic function diseases
IV. Neurological disorders: Intracranial disease
V. Renal insufficiencies
VI. Respiratory/pulmonary disease
A. Upper airway disease
B. Lower airway disease
C. Space-occupying respiratory disease
VII. Other conditions that influence anesthesia
A. Age
B. Body condition
C. Pregnancy
D. Shock/trauma patient
References
Chapter 6 Anesthesia and analgesia in the exotic patient
I. Common exotic mammals
A. Ferrets
B. Hedgehogs
C. Pot-bellied pigs (PBPs)
D. Rabbits
E. Rodents (chinchillas, gerbils, guinea pigs, hamsters, mice, rats)
II. Avians
III. Reptiles
References
Chapter 7 Nonopioid analgesia alternatives and locoregional blocks
I. Nonopioid analgesic constant-rate infusions
A. Ketamine
B. Dexmedetomidine
C. Lidocaine
II. Oral gabapentinoids
III. Psychotropic drugs
IV. Cannabinoids
V. Antiinflammatories
VI. Nonpharmacological pain therapy
A. Acupuncture
B. Physical rehabilitation
VII. Local-regional anesthetic techniques
A. Local anesthetics (LAs)
B. Equipment used for local-regional anesthesia
C. Local-regional anesthesia
D. Peripheral nerve blocks
VIII. Conclusion
References
Section II: Drug formulary
I. Acepromazine maleate phenothiazine
II. Albuterol intermediate acting beta-2-adrenergicagonist
III. Alfaxalone synthetic neuroactive steroid with anesthetic properties
IV. Amantadine oral NMDA antagonist analgesic
V. Aminocaproic acid
VI. Amiodarone class 3 antiarrhythmic drug
VII. Atenolol beta-1-adrendergicantagonist
VIII. Atipamezole alpha-2antagonist
IX. Atracurium nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent
X. Atropine anticholinergic, parasympatholytic agent
XI. Bupivacaine (standard formulation) local anesthetic
XII. Bupivacaine (liposomal encapsulated) local anesthetic
XIII. Buprenorphine (standard formulation) partial mu agonist opioid
XIV. Buprenorphine high-concentrationformulation of buprenorphine [1.8 mg/mL]
XV. Buprenorphine SR sustained-release(SR) buprenorphine
XVI. Butorphanol mu antagonist, kappa agonist opioid
XVII. Calcium gluconate calcium supplement
XVIII. Carprofen NSAID
XIX. Cisatracurium nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent
XX. Dantrolene muscle relaxant
XXI. Deracoxib NSAID, selective COX-2inhibitor
XXII. Desflurane inhalant anesthetic
XXIII. Desmopressin (DDAVP) arginine vasopressin (AVP) analogue
XXIV. Dexamethasone sodium phosphate (SP) corticosteroid
XXV. Dexmedetomidine alpha-2agonist
XXVI. Dextrose supplement
XXVII. Diazepam benzodiazepine
XXVIII. Diphenhydramine antihistamine
XXIX. Dobutamine positive inotrope
XXX. Dopamine endogenous catecholamine and positive inotrope
XXXI. Doxapram respiratory stimulant
XXXII. Ephedrine synthetic noncatecholamine inotropic and vasopressor agent
XXXIII. Epinephrine (adrenaline) endogenous catecholamine
XXXIV. Eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine topical local anesthetic
XXXV. Esmolol beta receptor antagonist
XXXVI. Etomidate induction agent
XXXVII. Famotidine H2 receptor antagonist
XXXVIII. Fentanyl full mu agonist opioid
XXXIX. Flumazenil benzodiazepine antagonist
XL. Furosemide diuretic
XLI. Gabapentin anticonvulsant, nonopioid analgesic
XLII. Grapiprant noncyclooxygenase-inhibitingNSAID
XLIII. Glycopyrrolate anticholinergic
XLIV. Hydromorphone full mu agonist opioid
XLV. Hydroxyethyl starch, “Hetastarch 6%” colloid fluid
XLVI. Isoflurane inhalant anesthetic
XLVII. Isolyte®
XLVIII. Isoproterenol beta agonist
XLIX. Ketamine NMDA antagonist and dissociative anesthetic
L. Ketoprofen NSAID
LI. Lactated Ringer’s Solution (LRS) balanced electrolyte, isotonic crystalloid solution
LII. Lidocaine Na+ channel blocker, local anesthetic
LIII. Mannitol osmotic diuretic
LIV. Maropitant neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist
LV. Meloxicam NSAID
LVI. Meperidine full agonist opioid
LVII. Mepivacaine local anesthetic
LVIII. Methadone full agonist opioid
LIX. Midazolam benzodiazepine
LX. Morphine full mu agonist opioid
LXI. Naloxone opioid antagonist
LXII. Neostigmine nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking antagonist
LXIII. Nitroprusside alpha antagonist
LXIV. Norepinephrine endogenous catecholamine, vasopressor
LXV. Normosol® balanced electrolyte, isotonic crystalloid solution
LXVI. Pancuronium nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent
LXVII. Pantoprazole proton pump inhibitor
LXVIII. Pentobarbital sodium barbiturate
LXIX. Phenoxybenzamine alpha receptor blocker
LXX. Phenylephrine vasopressor
LXXI. Plasma-Lyte® 148 balanced electrolyte, isotonic crystalloid solution
LXXII. Potassium chloride (KCl) electrolyte supplement
LXXIII. Proparacaine 0.5% local anesthetic
LXXIV. Procainamide class IA antiarrhythmic
LXXV. Propofol induction agent
LXXVI. Propranolol nonselective beta-blocker
LXXVII. Remifentanil full agonist opioid
LXXVIII. Robenacoxib NSAID
LXXIX. Ropivacaine local anesthetic
LXXX. Sevoflurane inhalant anesthetic
LXXXI. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) alkalinizing agent
LXXXII. Sodium chloride 0.9% crystalloid solution
LXXXIII. Sodium chloride 3–23% hypertonic fluid
LXXXIV. Sufentanil Full mu opioid
LXXXV. Terbutaline intermediate acting beta-2-adrenergic agonist
LXXXVI. Tiletamine and zolazepam commercialized combination of dissociative anesthetic agent and a benzodiazepine
LXXXVII. Tramadol oral analgesic with weak opioid properties
LXXXVIII. Trazodone serotonin receptor antagonist and reuptake inhibitor (SARI)
LXXXIX. Vasopressin vasopressor
XC. Xylazine alpha-2agonist
XCI. Yohimbine alpha-2-adrenergicantagonist
References
Appendices
Appendix A: Pain scale options
Appendix B: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Appendix C: Constant-rate infusion calculations
Appendix D: Creating dilutions and reconstituting solutions
Appendix E: Abdominal tap
Appendix F: Drugs to withhold or continue in the perianesthetic period (see drug formulary, Section II)
Appendix G: Calculating fluid drip rates
Appendix H: Epidural calculations
Appendix I: Conversions
References
Index
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