The main focus of this book is to show the challenges specific to shale hydrocarbon recovery and the practices to overcome these challenges. This book starts with an overview to the technological evolution that led to successful production of shale plays, and the implications of the shale being a source rock for its hydrocarbon recovery. The second chapter presents the operations of well drilling, hydraulic fracturing, and monitoring activities. Chapter 3 provides an overview of the available methods for reserve estimation of shale resources followed by comprehensive coverage of decline curve analysis (DCA). In a departure from the mostly empirical rate-time DCA methods covered in Chapter 3, advanced rate-time-pressure analysis – often referred to as rate transient analysis (RTA) - methods are presented in Chapter 4. Chapter 4 ends with discussing the complications of fluid flow in shale reservoirs and the required modeling improvements.
Author(s): Mehdi Zeidouni
Series: SpringerBriefs in Earth Sciences
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 83
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Definitions, History, and Differentiating Characteristics of Shale Hydrocarbon Recovery
1.1 ``Shale´´ Definition
1.2 A Brief History
1.3 Origin of Oil and Gas
1.4 Source Rock Versus Reservoir Rock
Chapter 2: Drilling, Completion, and Monitoring Operations
2.1 Drilling
2.2 Completion (Multi-fracturing of Horizontal Wells)
2.2.1 Operation
2.2.2 Required Equipment, Fluids, and Proppant
2.3 Monitoring and Near-Wellbore Diagnostic
2.3.1 Expected Temperature, Strain, and Acoustic Signals
2.3.2 Frac-Hit Identification
2.3.3 Fracture Geometry
2.3.4 Stage Isolation
2.3.5 Slurry Allocation and Fracture Initiation Points (FIPs)
2.3.6 Production Profiling
2.3.7 Other Types of Data
Chapter 3: Reserve Estimation Through Rate-Time Analysis
3.1 Resources and Reserves
3.2 Hydraulic Fracturing Effect on Well Productivity and Reserves
3.3 Arps´ DCA
3.3.1 Arps´ Exponential DCA
3.3.2 Arps´ Hyperbolic and Harmonic DCA
3.4 Stretched Exponential DCA
3.5 Power-Law Exponential DCA
3.6 Duong DCA
3.7 Logistic Growth DCA
3.8 Graphical Visualization
Chapter 4: Rate-Pressure-Time Analysis for Reserve Estimation
4.1 RTA for Conventional Vertical Wells
4.1.1 Log-Log Plot Analysis
4.1.2 PNR Plot
4.1.3 The Flowing Material Balance Plot
4.1.4 Extension to Gas Reservoirs
4.2 Extension to Unconventional Shale Wells
4.2.1 MFHWs´ Flow Regimes
4.2.2 MFHWs´ Flow Regimes Identification and Analysis
Linear Flow
Transitional Flow (from Linear to SRV)
SRV Flow
4.2.3 RTA of MFHWs
4.2.4 Application to MFHW Base Case
4.3 Complications
Appendix 1: Pressure-Rate Relationship for Boundary-Dominated Flow Under Constant Rate
Appendix 2: Rate-Pressure Relationship for Linear Flow Under Constant Rate Production
Appendix 3: Rate-Pressure Relationship for Linear Flow Under Constant Well Flowing Pressure
References
