This fully revised and significantly expanded second edition examines sex and gender differences in the immune system's response to bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections. The volume discusses both common and distinct molecular mechanisms that mediate these differences and illustrates how responses to vaccines may differ between the sexes and in pregnant individuals. Special emphasis is placed on the interplay between hormones and the immune system in the pathogenesis of HIV, SARS-CoV-2, influenza, malaria, tuberculosis, and amebiasis. This second edition includes completely rewritten chapters as well as all new contents.
This book is intended for researchers in academia and industry as well as clinicians in the fields of microbiology, immunology, and pharmacology. By expanding knowledge in sex and gender medicine as a basis for developing personalized treatment strategies, the book contributes to UN Sustainable Development Goals 3 (health and well-being) and 5 (gender equality).
Author(s): Sabra L. Klein; Craig W. Roberts
Series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
Edition: 2
Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: vi; 280
City: Cham
Tags: Biomedical and Life Sciences; Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology; Pharmacology/Toxicology
Contents
Genetics of Sex Differences in Immunity
1 Evolutionary Perspective
2 Sex Chromosomes
2.1 X Chromosome Inactivation
2.2 Immune-Related Genes on the Sex Chromosomes
2.3 Sex Chromosome Abnormalities and the Immune System
3 Experimental Models for Studying the Sex Effect on Immunity
3.1 Four Core Genotypes Mouse Model
3.2 Human Cell Lines with Sex Chromosome Aberrations
3.3 Additional Mouse Models
4 Female-Specific States and Their Immune Consequences
4.1 Pregnancy as a Graft
4.2 Microchimerism in Fetal Cells
5 Concluding Remarks
Bibliography
The Influence of Sex Hormones and X Chromosome in Immune Responses
1 Introduction
2 Sex Hormone Signaling and X Chromosome Dosage Effects
2.1 Sex Steroid Hormones Signaling
2.2 X Chromosome Gene Dosage and X Chromosome Inactivation Escape
3 Biological Role of Sex-Linked Factors in Autoimmunity
3.1 Sex Hormone and X Chromosome Regulation in Organ-Specific Autoimmunity: The Example of Multiple Sclerosis.
3.2 Sex Hormones and X Chromosome Effects in Systemic Autoimmunity (SLE)
4 Sex Differences in Allergic Asthma: A Prominent Role of Sex Steroid Hormone Signaling
4.1 Sex Bias in Asthma Prevalence and Severity
4.2 Impact of Sex Hormones in Type 2 Mediated Allergic Airway Inflammation
5 Biological Sex Influences Natural Immunity to Neonatal Pathogens and Cancer
5.1 Sex-Biased Dimorphism in Bloodstream Infections: The Role of Estrogens/Peritoneal Macrophages/B-1 Cells Axis
5.2 Sex Dimorphism in Solid Tumor Control: From Innate to Acquired Immunity
References
Sex Differences in HIV Infection
1 Introduction
2 Sex Differences in HIV Acquisition
3 Sex Differences in HIV Pathogenesis
4 Immune Mechanisms Underlying Sex Differences
5 Sex Differences in ART-Treated Disease
6 Summary
References
Effects of Biological Sex and Pregnancy on SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Vaccine Outcomes
1 Sex Differences in Viral Pathogenesis
2 Sex Differences in SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis
2.1 SARS-CoV-2 Entry, Replication, and Transmission
2.2 Development of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses
2.3 Sex Differences in Post-Acute Sequelae SARS-CoV-2 Infection (PASC)
2.4 Comorbidities, Sex Difference, and COVID-19
2.5 Role of Sex Steroids
2.6 Role of Genetic Variations
3 Pregnancy and SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis
4 Sex Differences in COVID-19 Vaccine Outcomes
4.1 Immunogenicity
4.2 Effectiveness
4.3 Vaccine Reactogenicity
5 Pregnancy and COVID-19 Vaccines
6 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Biological Sex and Pregnancy Affect Influenza Pathogenesis and Vaccination
1 Introduction
2 Sex Differences in Influenza Pathogenesis
2.1 Seasonal Influenza Epidemics
2.2 Outbreaks of Avian Influenza
2.3 Influenza A Virus Pandemics
2.4 Animal Models of Sex Differences in Influenza Pathogenesis
2.5 Role of Sex Steroids in Modulating Sex Differences in Influenza Pathogenesis
3 Sex Differences in Influenza Vaccine Outcomes
3.1 Human Clinical Data
3.2 Animal Models
4 Effects of Pregnancy on Influenza Pathogenesis and Vaccine Outcomes
4.1 Influenza Pathogenesis
4.2 Influenza Vaccines
5 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Sex and Gender Differences in Tuberculosis Pathogenesis and Treatment Outcomes
1 Introduction
2 Sex Differences in the Epidemiology of Tuberculosis
2.1 Latent Tuberculosis Infection
2.2 Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis
2.3 Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
3 Sex Differences in Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes
3.1 Studies Finding Sex-Based Differences in TB Treatment Outcomes
3.2 Studies Finding Lack of Sex-Based Differences in TB Treatment Outcomes
4 Sex Differences in Experimental Animal Models of Mycobacterial Infection and Disease
4.1 Infections with Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria
4.2 Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex
5 Potential Mechanisms Mediating Sex Differences in Tuberculosis Pathogenesis
5.1 Sex Hormones
5.2 Genetic Factors
5.3 Putative Biological Factors
6 Gender-Based Factors
6.1 Access to Health Care and Health-Seeking Behaviors
6.2 Smoking, Professional Exposure, and Overcrowding
7 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
Sex-Linked Differences in Malaria Risk Across the Lifespan
1 Introduction
2 Epidemiology of Sex-Specific Differences in Malaria Infection, Disease, and Vaccination
3 Gender-Based Differences in Malaria Exposure and Care-Seeking May Partially Explain Observed Sex-Specific Differences in Malaria Epidemiology
4 Detailed Investigations into Sex-Based Differences in Malaria Pathogenesis
5 Summary and Conclusion
References
Sex Difference in Amebiasis
1 General Introduction
2 Interactions of E. histolytica and Host Innate Immunity
3 Direct Effect of Hormones on E. Histolytica
4 Sex Differences in Human Immunity During Amebiasis
4.1 Innate Immunity in Human Amebiasis
5 Adaptive Immune Responses to Infections with E. histolytica
5.1 Humoral Immunity
5.2 T Cell-Mediated Immunity
6 Host Genetic Influences on Susceptibility to Invasive Amebiasis
7 Sex Differences in Mouse Models for Amebic Colitis
8 Sex Differences in the Murine Model for Hepatic Amebiasis
References
Sex-Differential and Non-specific Effects of Vaccines Over the Life Course
1 Introduction
2 Effects of Biological Sex on Vaccine Responses Over the Life Course
2.1 Birth to 5 Years of Age
2.2 Puberty and Adulthood
2.3 Aged Individuals
3 Sex Differences in Non-specific Effects of Vaccines
3.1 Epidemiological Studies
3.2 Immunological Mechanisms for Sex-Differential NSE of Vaccines
4 Concluding Remarks
References
Immunology of Pregnancy and Systemic Consequences
1 Introduction
2 The Impact of Seminal Fluid on the Uterine Environment
3 Maternal Rejection of Semen
4 Mechanisms Involved in Preventing Fetal Rejection
4.1 What Is the Implantation Window?
4.2 Implantation as an Immunological Event
4.3 Macrophages During Implantation
4.4 Tregs as Master Regulators Within the Pregnant Uterus
4.5 The Specialities of Uterine Natural Killer (NK) Cells
4.6 Cytokines and Chemokines in the Pregnant Uterus
5 Altered Human Leukocyte Antigen Expression by Trophoblasts
6 Immunomodulation by Placental Exosomes
7 The Role of the Maternal Immune System During Parturition and Post-partum Involution
8 Consequences of Pregnancy for the Immune System
8.1 Impact of Pregnancy Hormones on the Immune System
8.2 Impact of Pregnancy on the Response to Infection
8.3 Autoimmune Disease During Pregnancy
9 Conclusion
References
