Sanskrit as an Indo-European Language

Foreword
Preface
Introduction
Historical highlights
Language trees
Sound laws
Analogy and levelling
Back-formation
Borrowing
Conventions
Overview
Abbreviations
Cases
Numbers
Genders
Languages
Sounds
Sound laws
Additional grammatical terms
Other abbreviations
Sound laws
Indo-European phonemes
Vowels
Consonants
Semivowels and syllabic nasals and liquids
Laryngeals
Vowel sound laws, laryngeal sound laws, and vowel gradation
Old Indic a and ā
Semivowels
Diphthongs
Vowel gradation (ablaut)
Sanskrit representation of IE syllabic nasals and liquids, without laryngeals
Resolution of syllabic conflicts
Laryngeal sound laws
Vowel sandhi rules
Lengthening of Indo-European o in open syllables (according to Brugmann)
Consonants
Old Indic consonants
Primary and secondary palatalisation
Aspiration laws (due to Bartholomae, due to Grassmann)
Assimilations
Consonant clusters and word-final consonants
Minor sound laws
Compensatory lengthenings
Compensatory lengthening for suppression of z
Word-final compensatory lengthening
Compensatory lengthening for suppression of d
Visarga rules
Laryngeal sound laws
Middle and New Indic
Introductory remark
Vowels and diphthongs
Consonants
A few New Indic developments
Sound laws of other IE languages
Vowels and diphthongs
Syllabic Indo-European nasals and liquids
Ablaut in English and German
Consonants: From Indo-European to Greek, Latin, and Germanic
Consonants: From Germanic to New High German
Consonants: From Indo-European to Germanic and English
Word formation
Roots
Ten verbal classes, overview
Thematic versus athematic classes
The four thematic classes
The second class
The third class
The nasal infix classes
The fifth class
The seventh class
The eighth class
The ninth class
Infinitive and other normal-grade forms
General rule
OI roots ending in a nasal
Aspiration and cerebralisation
Laryngeals
Agent nouns, instrument nouns, and action nouns
Comparative and superlative
Future in sy
Causatives
Gerunds in am and yam
Past participle and other zero-grade forms
Root nouns
General rule for PPP
OI roots ending in a nasal
Aspiration and cerebralisation
Laryngeals
Nouns and adjectives
Passive voice
Desideratives
Compound-final ``zero grades''
Lengthened-grade forms and forms using several grades
Rare lengthened grade in action nouns
Derivatives
Frequentatives
Gerundives
Miscellanea
Derivatives
Ātmanêpada present-tense participles
Conjugations
Thematic and athematic verbs
Thematic verbs
Athematic verbs
The second class
The third class
The fifth class
The seventh class
The eighth class
The ninth class
Reduplicative perfect
General remarks
Strong forms
Weak forms
Conjugation
Aorist
General remarks
Thematic aorist
Reduplicated aorist
Root aorist
Sigmatic aorist with sa
Sigmatic aorist with iṣ
Sigmatic aorist with siṣ
Sigmatic aorist with s
Declensions
Nouns: categories
Distribution of weak and strong forms
Characteristics of vocalic and consonantal nouns
Consonantal nouns
Vocalic nouns
Hybrid nouns
Nouns: endings
A few general remarks
Locative singular
Locative pl. with su
Genitive plural
Accusatives with m
Nouns: weak and strong forms
Introductory remark and overview
One stem, only
Neuter stems in as, is, and us
Stems in mant, vant, ant, and ans
an and in stems like rāj-an and yôg-in
Agent and kinship nouns like nê-tar and pitar
Stems in diphthongs
Feminine ī and ū stems
i and u stems
a and ā stems
Adverbs from fossilised case endings
Accusative
Instrumental
Ablative
Locative
tas suffix
śas suffix
vat suffix
dhā suffix
Selective etymological dictionary
Introductory remarks
Vowels
a
ā
i
ī
u
ū
ṛ
ê, âi
ô, âu
Velar stops
k
g
gh
Palatal stops
c
ch
j
Dental stops and nasal
t
d
dh
n
Labial stops and nasal
p
ph
b
bh
m
Semivowels
y
r
l
v
Sibilants
ś
ṣ
s
Aspirant h
Bibliography
Index