Routledge Library Editions: Semantics and Semiology, 14-Volume Set

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Volume1
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Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
I: Introduction
1 Overview
2 The Lewis/Heim/Kamp Theory
3 Summary
Notes
II: An Overview of Semantic Analyses of Questions
1 Introduction
2 Categorial Approaches
3 Embedding Approaches
4 Propositional Approaches
5 Summary
Notes
III: A Nonquantificational Analysis of Wh-Phrases, I: Parallels Between Wh-Phrases and Indefinites
1 Introduction
2 The Quantificational Variability of Wh-phrases
3 Wh-Clauses as Restrictive Terms
4 Deriving the Restrictive Term: Presupposition
5 The Presuppositional Vagueness of Clause-embedding Predicates
6 Recapitulation
Notes
IV: Exhaustiveness
1 Introduction
2 (Weak) Exhaustiveness
3 The Domain of Quantification
4 Summary
Notes
V: A Nonquantificational Analysis of Wh-Phrases, II: Asymmetries Between Wh-Phrases and Indefinites
1 Introduction
2 Data and Generalizations
3 Wh-Movement as a Determinant of Wh-Phrase Quantifiability
4 Nonquantifiable Wh-phrases
5 Summary
Notes
Appendices
A: Wh-Phrases as Variables Over Functions
Notes
B: Definiteness and Global Accommodation
Notes
C: Complement If- and Whether-Claues
Bibliography
Index
Volume2
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Dedication
Table of Contents
Foreword
Part I: Understanding and Misunderstanding
I: What are Words For?
II: The Key to Understanding
III: Some Causes of Misunderstanding
IV: Vague Words and Exact Words
V: Let us Look at Some Words
VI: Words That have Changed
VII: International Semantics
Part II: The Misuse of Language
VIII: Advertising
IX: What is Sentimentality?
X: What I Tell You Three Times is False
XI: Whitewash Language
XII: Language of Quarrels
XIII: Lying to Ourselves
Part III: Literary Semantics
XIV: Rhetoric
XV: Metaphor and Association
Index
Volume3
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Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
1: Introduction
1.1 Logical analysis
1.2 Ordinary language description
1.3 The role of semiotic
2: History of semiotic
2.1 The Classical tradition
2.2 Augustine and his successors
2.3 Peirce and Saussure
2.4 Behavioral semiotic
2.5 Semiotic's critics
3: Natural signs
3.1 Signs and evidence
3.2 Images
3.3 Natsigns: some basic features
3.4 Dynamic interpretation
4: Communication
4.1 Communicative intent
4.2 Conventional signs
4.3 Signals
4.4 Features of communicative systems
5: Language
5.1 The role of subjects
5.2 Denotation and reference
5.3 Meaning, truth and illocutionary force
5.4 Addresses
5.5 Discourse
Postscript
Notes
Name index
Subject index
Volume4
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Table of Contents
Preface
1: Introduction
2: Bare Plurals and Genericity
1 Introduction
2 Genericity and the Readings of Bare Plurals
2.1 Genericity
2.2 Bare Plurals
3 The Kind Analysis
3.1 Basic Outline
3.2 Arguments for a Unified Treatment
3.2.1 Bare Plurals Are Unambiguous
3.2.2 Bare Plurals and Indefinite NP's
3.2.3 A Generic Operator and Bare Plurals
3.3 Limits and Limitations of Uniformity
3.4 Summary
4 The Indefiniteness Analysis
4.1 Basic Outline
4.2 Individual-Level and Stage-Level Predicates
4.3 The Generic Operator
4.3.1 Implicit Domain Restrictions
4.3.2 Modal Dimension
4.4 Conclusion
Appendix
Notes
3: Functional Reading of Bare Plurals
1 Introduction
2 The Functional Reading of Bare Plurals
2.1 Initial Observations
2.2 Functional Reading with Individual-Level Predicates
2.2.1 Genericity and the Functional Reading
2.2.2 Contextual Restrictions
2.3 Functional Reading with Stage-Level Predicates
2.4 Other Indefinites
2.5 Excluding a Purely Pragmatic Account
2.5.1 The Implicature Approach
2.5.2 The Referentiality Approach
2.6 Functional Reading in Quantified Contexts
2.6.1 Dependent Functional Reading
2.6.2 Quantificational and Modal Subordination
2.7 The Presupposition of Existence
2.7.1 Simple Cases
2.7.2 Projection of the Existential Presupposition
2.7.3 Functional Reading with Adverbs of Quantity
2.8 Overview
3 An Operator Analysis
3.1 Degenerate Genericity
3.2 Degenerate Genericity and the Functional Reading
3.2.1 Implicit Contextual Restrictions
3.2.2 Implication of Existence
3.2.3 Scopal Interaction
3.3 Stage-Level Predicates
3.4 Positive Contextual Sensitivity
3.5 Summary
4 Conclusion
Notes
4: Strong and Weak Novelty
1 Introduction
2 The Dynamic View on Meaning
2.1 Assertions and Contextual Update
2.2 Presuppositions and Contextual Admittance
3 The Novelty-Familiarity Theory of Definiteness and Indefiniteness
3.1 Files as Information States
3.2 Informativeness of Files
3.3 The Felicity Conditions of Definites and Indefinites
3.4 The Truth Conditions for Definites and Indefinites
4 The Functional Reading
4.1 Weakly and Strongly Novel NP's
4.2 Contextually Salient Functions
4.3 Negative Contextual Sensitivity
4.4 Strong and Weak Novelty and NP Strength
4.5 Existential Force and Strong vs. Weak Novelty
4.6 Maximality
4.7 Consequences of the Existential Presupposition
4.7.1 Positive Contextual Sensitivity
4.7.2 Dependent Functional Reading
5 Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
Index
Volume5
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
1: The philosophical context
2: Structuralism
3: Semiology as a science of signs
4: S/Z
5: Marxism, language, and ideology
6: On the subject of Lacan
7: The critique of the sign
8: Conclusion
Bibliography
Index
Volume6
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Prefece
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
1: Prepositions and Verbs
1.1 Introduction: Methodological Preliminaries
1.1.1 Motivations for Lexical Representations
1.1.2 Lexical Semantics and the Grammar
1.2 Terminological Preliminaries
1.3 Prepositions
1.4 The Problem for Logical Form: A First Solution
1.5 Some more Preposition Meanings
1.5.1 Individuating Preposition Meanings
1.6 A Proposal Concerning English Prepositions
1.7 Lexical Representations
1.8 The logic of Frames
1.9 Core Participant and Adjuncts
1.9.1 Preposition Meanings
1.9.2 Direct Inheritance
1.9.3 The Right Theory
1.10 Revising Semantic Compatibility
1.11 Conclusion
2: Figure and Ground Scenes
2.1 Introduction
2.2 A Commercial Event
2.2.1 Selling and Possessive TO
2.2.2 Buying and Source
2.3 A New Definition of Semantic Compatibility
2.3.1 Commercial Events Revisited
2.4 Lexical Representations and Knowledge Representations
2.4.1 The New Proposal
2.4.2 Some Technical Revisions and Stipulations
2.5 The Preposition for and More Commercial Events
2.5.1 Buy, sell and Pay
2.5.2 A Note on Polysemy
2.5.3 Ex-spending the Ontology
2.6 Other Motivations for Figure and Ground
2.7 Conclusion
3: Where are the Case Theories of Yesteryear?
3.1 Why Case Grammar?
3.2 Some Facts about the Semantics of Grammatical Relations
3.2.1 Active and Causal Subjects
3.2.2 Change and Effective Instruments
3.2.3 Experiencers and Causers
3.2.4 Summary
3.3 The Hierarchy and its Function
3.4 Some Issues in the Semantics of Nuclear Terms
3.4.1 Cross-Categorial Claims
3.4.2 Optionality and Instruments
3.4.3 Kajita's Quandary and Subcategorization
3.4.4 A note on Figure, Ground, and POS_TRANS
3.5 The Semantics of Valence
3.5.1 A Hierarchy for Verbs
3.5.2 Subcategorization
4: Valence Alternations
4.1 Optional Advancement
4.1.1 Instrument Promotion
4.1.2 Dative Movement
4.2 Advancement Involving Change
4.2.1 Goal Promotion
4.2.1.1 The Patient Valence
4.2.1.2 The Goal Valence
4.2.2 Other Rules
4.2.2.1 Container Promotion
4.2.2.2 Symmetric Predicates
4.2.2.3 Origin Promotion
4.4 Conclusion: Semantic Options versus Lexical Rule
5: Predication, Control and Lexical Rules Revisited
5.1 Infinitival Complements
5.2 Predicative PP's
5.3 Frame Representations of Predicative PP's
References
Volume7
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Table of Contents
Introduction
1: A Background to Semiotics: Saussure and Peirce
2: Semiotics as a Behavioural Theory: Charles Morris
3: Semiotics as a Theory of 'l' Acte Sémique': Luis Prieto
4: Semiotics as a Theory of 'Speech Acts': Austin and Searle
5: Semiology as an Ideology of Socio-Cultural Signification: Roland Barthes
6: Semiology as a Theory of Semiological Systems and of Indices: Functionalism
7: An Integrated Theory of Semiotics: Axiomatic Functionalism
8: Semiotics as a Stylistic Theory: Bureau and Riffaterre
9: Semiotics of the Cinema: Christian Metz
10: Zoo-Semiotics
References
Index
Volume8
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Preface
Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Adverbial Modification and the Interpretation of Distributive Predicates
0. A Few Preliminaries
1. The Distributive-Collective Dichotomy
2. "Intrinsic" Distributives and Collectives
3. Distributive Predication as Predication on Groups
4. Group-Sensitive Adverbials
5. Conjoining Collective and Distributive Verb Phrases
Chapter II: Group Action and Spatio-Temporal Proximity
0. Introduction
1. Vagueness and Ambiguity
2. The "Proximity"uses of Group-Sensitive Adverbials
3. Semantic Effects of Adverbial Position
4. Quantifier Scope
5. Event Structure and Group Action
6. Fragment 2
7. Examples
8. Locative and Temporal Readings
9. Adjectival and Object-Oriented Readings
10. Distributive Predicates Revisited
11. Conclusion
Chapter III: The Algebra of Groups and the Algebra of Events
0. Introduction: Tightening up the Model
1. The Algebra of Groups
2. A Note on Respectively Constructions
3. Committees, etc.
4. The Algebra of Events as a Semilattice
5. Restricting the Structure of Events
6. Unaugmented and Augmented Frames
Chapter IV: Quantifiers, Group-Level Properties and Agreement
0. Are Quantifiers Sensitive to Event Structure?
1. Different Types of Group-Level Events
2. Event-Sensitive Quantification
3. Additivity, Inclusion and Exclusion
4. An Argument-Restriction Account of Agreement
5. Some Problems
6. Agreement and The Inclusion/exclusion Distinction
7. Distributive Determiners and Plural Agreement
8. Fewer than Two and More than One
9. Remaining Problems
References
Volume9
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Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1: The Problem
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Facts to be Accounted For
1.2.1 The Definiteness Effect
1.2.2 The Predicate Restriction
1.3 Previous Analyses
1.3.1 There-Insertion and Its Descendants
1.3.2 Previous Characterizations of the DE
1.3.3 The Predicate Restriction
1.4 Outline of Remaining Chapters
Notes
2: Existential Syntax
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Identifying VP-Adjuncts
2.2.1 Description
2.2.2 A Proposal for Depictive Adjuncts
2.3 Why a DP-External XP Must Be Posited
2.3.1 Arguments for Independence
2.3.2 Williams' Counterarguments
2.4 Supporting the Adjunct Analysis
2.4.1 Stowell's Small Clause Diagnostics
2.4.2 Extraction
2.5 Chapter Summary
Notes
3: The Existential, Descriptions, and Instantiation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Data to Be Accounted For
3.2.1 Quantificational DPs
3.2.2 Scope
3.2.3 Contact Clauses
3.2.4 Relative Clauses
3.3 Property Theory
3.3.1 The Syntax of PT
3.3.2 The Interpretation of PT
3.4 Interpreting the Existential
3.4.1 A Dynamic PT Fragment of English
3.4.2 Interpreting Existential Sentences
3.5 Definites and the Other Half of the DE
3.5.1 Augmenting the Fragment
3.5.2 A Felicity Condition on Existentials
3.5.3 Summary
3.6 Advantages of the Analysis
3.6.1 Acceptability of Quantified Kind DPs
3.6.2 Quantification and Scope
3.6.3 Contact Clauses
3.6.4 Relativization
3.6.5 Summary
Notes
4: Adjunct Predicates and the Predicate Restriction
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Interpreting Depictive Adjuncts
4.2.1 The Adjunct Rule
4.2.2 Individual/Stage Sensitivity
4.3 Extending the Analysis
4.3.1 Nominalized Functions as Controllers
4.3.2 The Predicate Restriction Revisited
4.4 Eventive Existentials
4.4.1 The Problem
4.4.2 Eventive Participles Are Not Adjuncts
4.4.3 Why These Existentials Are Not Passives
4.4.4 A Proposal
4.5 Chapter Summary
Notes
5: Some Final Remarks
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Definites in the Existential
5.2.1 List Existentials
5.2.2 Focus and the Existential
5.3 Other Expectations
5.3.1 Other Expletive There Sentences
5.3.2 The Existential and Other Indexicals
Notes
References
Index
Volume10
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Dedication
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
Introduction
1: A Reichenbachian Tense Logic
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Triple Dependence
1.3 What is Reference Time
1.4 The Logic
1.5 The Preterite and the Indexical Interpretation of Reichenbach
1.5.1 The Motivation for Indexical Treatments of Tense
1.5.2 Vagueness and Indexicality
1.5.3 Indefinite Reference to Time
1.6 Temporal Reference in Connected Discourse
1.6.1 The Treatment of Aktionsarten
1.6.2 Time in Connected Discourse
1.6.3 Some Special Uses of the Preterite
1.7 The Need for Three Indices
1.7.1 The Need for at Least Three Indices
1.7.2 More than Three Indices
Notes
2: A Tense Logical Sketch of German
2.1 Frame Adverbials
2.2 Baeuerle and Stechow's Analysis
2.3 The German Present Tense
2.3.1 Semantics of the German Present Tense
2.3.2 Sample Derivation of Complex Truth Conditions
2.3.3 Why Atelics are Presumed to Refer to Speech Time
2.3.4 Kratzer's Speech Time Pragmatics
2.3.5 The Nonambiguity of the Present Tense
2.3.6 Conclusion
2.4 Duratives
2.5 Frist Adverbials
2.6 (Temporal) schon
2.6.1 Preliminaries
2.6.2 Other Uses of schon
2.6.3 The Truth Conditions of Temporal schon
2.6.4 schon with Telic Aktionsarten
2.7 Summary of Semantic Rules
Notes
3: A Fragment of German
3.1 GPSG: Formalism and Notation
3.2 German Syntax
3.2.1 Constituents of the Sentence
3.2.2 Fronting (of Several Kinds)
3.2.3 Phantoms and Some Recalcitrant Sorts of Fronting
3.3 Basic Rules
3.3.1 Features for Complements
3.3.2 Separable Prefix Verbs
3.4 Fronting Formalized
3.5 The Analyses of Jean Fourquet
3.6 Two Strategies for the Treatment of Temporalia (in GPSG)
3.6.1 Tense as a Verb Operator
Excursus: On Duratives (and Frequentatives) as Complements to the Verb
3.6.2 Tenses as Phrasal Operators
3.7 Metarules for Temporalia
3.7.1 Duratives and Frist Adverbials
3.7.2 Frame Adverbials (that Modify Reference Time
3.8 Some Derivations
3.9 The Syntax of Temporal Schon
Notes
4: Extending the Fragment
4.1 The Perfect Tenses
4.1.1 The Forms of the Perfect
4.1.2 The Meaning of the Perfect Tenses
4.1.3 The Syntax of the Perfect
4.1.4 A Sample Derivation
4.2 Adverbials which Modify Event Time
4.3 Noch
4.3.1 Nontemporal Noch
4.3.2 Immer Noch
4.3.3 The Syntax of Noch
4.4 Passives
4.4.1 The Subjectlessness of Impersonal Passives
4.4.2 The Lexical Nature of the Passive
4.4.3 A Formulation of the Rule
Notes
References
Volume11
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Table of Contents
Preface
1: The Possibility of a Theory of Word Meaning
2: Against Semantic Primitives
3: Naïve Metaphysics
4: Theories of Categorisation
5: Verbs, Prototypes and Family Resemblances
6: Semantic Categories
Bibliography
Index
Volume12
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Table of Contents
Dedication
Preface
1: Structural Relations and Restrictions
1.1 Syntactic Domains
1.2 C-Command
1.3 Domain Restrictions on Interpretative Rules
2: Coreference of Definite NPs
2.1 Theoretical Assumptions
2.2 The Non-relevance of 'Precede-and-Command'
2.3 The C-Command Rule
2.4 A Comparison Between the C-Command and the Precede-and-Command Rules
2.5 Coreference in Sentences with Extraposed Clauses
2.6 PPs and Indirect Objects
2.7 Coordinate Structures
3: Prepositional Phrases and Preposed Constituents
3.1 Sentential and Verb-phrasal Prepositional Phrases
3.2 Preposed PPs
3.3 Topicalisation and Left-dislocation
3.4 Summary
4: A Survey of Functional Approaches to Definite NP Anaphora
4.1 Discourse-oriented Approaches
4.2 Relational-grammar Approaches
4.3 Semantic Approaches
5: Bound Anaphora
5.1 Quantified Antecedents
5.2 Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns
6: The Indexing System of Interpretative Semantics
6.1 A summary of the Anaphora Conditions
6.2 The Indexing System
7: The Interpretation of Pronouns: A Restatement of the Anaphora Problems
7.1 The Problems with the Current Anaphora Picture
7.2 Coreference and Bound Anaphora
7.3 The Coindexing Procedure and the Interpretation of Coindexing
7.4 Coreference
7.5 Summary
8: Unsolved Problems of Anaphora
8.1 PP Problems
8.2 Possessive NPs
8.3 'Experiencing' Verbs
9: Other Interpretative Rules
9.1 Function-argument Representations
9.2 Relative Scope of Quantifiers
9.3 Theme-rheme Relations
10: The Psychological Reality of the C-Command Conditions
10.1 Syntactic Rules
10.2 Processing Strategies
References
Index
Volume13
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Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
1: Introduction
1.1. Overview
1.1.1. What this dissertation is about
1.1.2. Context change: Pragmatic vs. semantic approaches
1.2. The Stalnakerian Model of Presupposition and Assertion
1.3. Dynamic Semantics
1.3.1. The Fundamentals
1.3.2. File Change Semantics (FCS) and the CCP proposal
1.3.3. Discourse Representation Theory (DRT
1.3.4. Dynamic Montague Grammar (DMG)
Notes to Chapter One
2: Disjunctive Sentences in Discourse
2.1. Introduction
2.2. The Discourse Function and Felicity Conditions of Disjunction
2.2.1. The Basic Observations
2.2.2. Relation and Manner in the Stalnakerian Model
2.3. The Enriched Context Change Framework
2.3.1. Presentation
2.3.2. Disjunction and the Relevant Informativity Condition
2.3.3. Disjunction and Simplicity
2.3.4. Disjunction and Rooth's Alternative Semantics
2.3.5. Summary
2.4. Some Exceptions
2.4.1. Floutings
2.4.2. Reasoning contexts
2.4.3. Metalinguistic or
2.5. The Exclusive Interpretation of or
2.5.1. Critique of the ambiguity account
2.5.2. Gazdar's (1979) account
2.5.3. Exclusivity from exhaustiveness
2.5.4. Exclusivity from alternativeness
2.5.5. Summary
2.6. Conclusion
Notes to Chapter Two
3: Presupposition Projection
3.1. Introduction
3.1.1. The Basic Question
3.1.2. The Theoretical Issues
3.2. The Data
3.3. The Satisfaction Account of Presupposition Projection
3.3.1. Basics of the Satisfaction Account
3.3.2. CCPs for disjunction
3.3.3. Critique
3.4. Towards a New Account
3.4.1. Gazdar's cancellation theory
3.4.2. The accommodation view: Van der Sandt (1992)
3.4.3. Translating DRSs into Stalnakerian contexts
3.5. The Account in Action
3.5.1. Basic cases
3.5.2. Entailing disjunctions again
3.5.3. Beaver's counterexample
3.6. Conclusion
Notes to Chapter Three
4: Internal Anaphora
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Anaphora-based Accounts in Dynamic Semantic Theories
4.2.1. DMG: Groenendijk and Stokhof (1990)
4.2.2. DRT: Kamp and Reyle( 1993)
4.2.3. A second DRT proposal: Krahmer and Muskens (1994)
4.2.4. Van der Sandt (1992) revisited
4.3. A Felicity-based Approach
4.3.1. Introduction to the account
4.3.2. The E-type account of anaphora
4.3.3. A felicity-based solution to the internal anaphora puzzle
4.3.4. Summary
4.4. Further Data
4.4.1. Narrow scope antecedents
4.4.2. Non-E-type unbound anaphora
4.4.3. Pleonastic pronouns
4.5. Conclusion
Notes to Chapter Four
5: External Anaphora
5.1. Introduction
5.2. The Basic Data
5.2.1. Anaphora to a disjunction of NPs
5.2.2. Clausal disjunction
5.3. A First Reformulation of the E-type Account
5.4. A Compositional Structural E-type Account
5.4.1. Presentation
5.4.2. Comparison with Chapter Four account
5.4.3. Narrow scope antecedents
5.5. Application to the External Anaphora Data
5.5.1. Anaphora to a disjunction of NPs
5.5.2. Anaphora to clausal disjunctions
5.5.3. Summary
5.6. The Single-antecedent Reading
5.6.1. Derivation of single-antecedent readings
5.6.2. Maximal quantifier antecedents
5.6.3. Summary
5.7. Other Approaches to External Anaphora
5.8. Further Issues for the E-type Account
5.8.1. Inference-based anaphora
5.8.2. Interpretation of plural pronouns
5.8.3. Anaphora to NP disjuncts and conjuncts
5.9. Conclusion
Notes to Chapter Five
Concluding Remarks Grice, Stalnaker and Dynamic Semantics
Appendix
Bibliography
Index
Volume14
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Dedication
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
1: Introduction
2: Previous Studies
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Topic-Based Studies of NP Proposing
2.2.1. Halliday
2.2.2. Gundel
2.2.3. Langacker
2.2.4. Rodman
2.2.5. Creider
2.2.6. Bland
2.2.7. Reinhart
2.2.8. Davison
2.3. Non-Topic-Based Studies of NP Preposing
2.3.1. Chafe
2.3.2. Clark and Clark
2.3.3. Prince
2.4. Studies of VP Preposing
2.5. Summary
3: A Theory of Proposing
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Definitions
3.2.1. SCALES
3.2.2. BACKWARD LOOKING CENTERS
3.2.3. OPEN PROPOSITION and FOCUS
3.3. The Functions of Preposing
3.4. Identifying the Open Proposition and Focus
3.4.1. Stress and Focus
3.4.2. Identifying Possible Foci
3.5. Summary
4: Applying the Theory
4.1. Introduction
4.2. The Data
4.3. The Analysis
4.3.1. Preposing and Informality
4.3.2. Proposing and Indefiniteness
4.3.3. Preposing and Specificity
4.3.4. Proposing arid Root Transformations
4.4. A Taxonomy of Proposing
4.5. FOCUS PREPOSING
4.5.1. GENERAL FOCUS PREPOSING
4.5.2. ECHOING
4.5.3. YIDDISH-MOVEMENT
4.6. Summary
5: General Topicalization
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Categorial Restrictions on TOP?
5.2.1. Types of Scalar Relations
5.2.2. Scalar Values
5.2.3. Salience of the Scale
5.3. [+IDENTITY] TOP
5.3.1. ADVERBIAL PREPOSING
5.3.2. NPs and [+IDENTITY] TOP
5.3.3. Bridging via NPs
5.4. Syntactically Distinguishable Types of TOP
5.4.1. INDIRECT QUESTION PREPOSING
5.4.2. 'IF' PREPOSING
6: Proposition Affirmation
6.1. Introduction
6.2. General PROPOSITION AFFIRMATION
6.3. PROPOSITION AFFIRMATION with Modals
6.4. Exclamative PROPOSITION AFFIRMATION
6.5. 'THAT'-TENSE PREPOSING
6.6. A Comparison of PA-Performing Constructions
6.7. 'IT IS' PREPOSING
6.8. Syntactic Arguments Based on PA
7: Ironic Preposing
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Accommodating IRONIC PREPOSING in the Theory
7.2.1. BACKWARD LOOKING CENTER
7.2.2. OPEN PROPOSITION
7.3. Previous Pragmatic Accounts of Irony
8: Conclusion
References
Index