Routledge Companion to China and the Middle East and North Africa

Cover
Endrosement
Dedication
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Figures
Tables
Contributors
Acknowledgments
Introduction
References
Part I China and the MENA
1 China and the Middle East: An Overview
Introduction
Sino-Greater Middle Eastern Relations
Sino-Middle Eastern Energy Cooperation
Sino-Middle Eastern Trade Relations
Sino-Middle Eastern Security Relations
Sino-Middle Eastern Cultural Relations
Conclusion
Note
References
2 China’s Energy Diplomacy Towards the Middle East in the BRI Era: Energy Security Versus Geopolitics
1 Introduction
2 The Middle East and China’s Oil Supply: From the 1990s to the BRI Era
3 China’s Energy Diplomacy Towards Saudi Arabia
3.1 Oil Trade Involving Little Politics: the 1990s–2014
3.2 China and Saudi Arabia in the BRI Era
4 China’s Energy Diplomacy Towards Iran
4.1 China’s Dealing With Iran Prior to the 2015 JCPOA: Playing a Dual Game?
4.2 China and Iran in the BRI Era: “No East, No West But China?”
5 Conclusion
References
3 China’s Infrastructure Construction in the Middle East
1 Introduction
2 China’s Infrastructure Diplomacy: Spatial and Temporal Characteristics and Evolving Stages
2.1 Data Source
2.2 Research Methods
2.3 Results Analysis
2.3.1 Phase I: Gentle Growth Period (2005–2009)
2.3.2 Phase II: Dramatic Fluctuation Period (2010–2012)
2.3.3 Phase III: Rapid Surge Period (2013–2016)
2.3.4 Phase IV: Steady Rise Period (2017–2019)
3 Achievements of China’s Infrastructure Construction in the Middle East
4 Challenges of China’s Infrastructure Construction in the Middle East
5 Conclusion
References
4 Market-Driven Industrialization: Production Capacity Cooperation Between China and the Middle East Countries
1 Motivation Behind the China-Middle East Production Capacity Cooperation
2 Characteristics of the China-Middle East Production Capacity Cooperation
2.1 Traditional Energy Industry as the Basis for Production Capacity Cooperation
2.2 Automobile Manufacturing as a Market-Oriented Feature in Production Capacity Cooperation
2.3 Equipment Manufacturing Highlighted in the Technology Transfer
2.4 New Energy Industry as an Accelerator for Production Capacity Cooperation
3 The Difficulties and Challenges of China-Middle East Production Capacity Cooperation
4 Conclusion
References
5 The Belt and Road Initiative and China’s Expanding Ties With West Asia and North Africa
Introduction
The Belt and Road Initiative
The BRI and the Expanding Trade Ties With West Asia and North Africa Region
China’s Expanding Security Ties With the Region
China’s Assets and Challenges
Conclusion
References
6 China as a Geo-Economic and Security Actor in the MENA Region
Introduction
A Burgeoning Interest in the Region
Expanding Economic Ties
China’s Regional Security Profile
Geopolitical Ramifications
Acknowledgments
References
7 US-China Rivalry in the MENA Region
Introduction
US-China Competition: Explaining the Causes of a New Cold War
The MENA Region: From US Disengagement to China’s Engagement
US-China Security-Military Competition in the MENA Region
The Geostrategic Picture: The United States Remains Unchallenged
Security: Arms Sales and Huawei
Military Competition Or Cooperation? Beijing’s and Washington’s Dilemmas
Conclusion
Notes
References
8 China and US Policy in the Persian Gulf: Is a New Security Architecture Evolving?
Introduction
The New World Order That Never Was
The USA in the Persian Gulf
China in the Persian Gulf
China’s Global Connectivity Ambitions and the Persian Gulf
China, Iran, and the USA
China’s Latent Power and Mixed US Signals in the Persian Gulf
Conclusion
References
9 US-China Nuclear Exports Rivalry in the MENA Region
Introduction
Chinese Indigenous Nuclear Technology and the Civil Nuclear Exports Policy Toward the MENA Region
Civil Nuclear Cooperation Between China and the MENA Countries
Iran
Saudi Arabia
Other MENA Countries
American Civil Nuclear Exports Policy Toward the MENA Region
Conclusion
Note
References
10 China and Regional Stability in the Middle East: Economics, Engagement, and Great Power Rivalry
Introduction
China’s Developmental Approach Towards the Middle East
Restrained Militarisation, Non-Intervention, and Security
Great Power Rivalry
Conclusion
References
11 The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) in the Middle East
Introduction
The AIIB
AIIB’s Projects in the Middle East
The AIIB and China’s Interests
Conclusion
References
12 China’s Maritime Silk Route and the MENA Region
Introduction
Maritime Geoeconomics and Energy Security
Growing Maritime Focus On the Mediterranean
Turkey and Israel
The Maghreb
Maritime Southwest Asia
The Red Sea and the Suez Canal
Conclusion
Note
References
13 China’s Rise and Its Security Presence in the Middle East and North Africa
Introduction
China’s Recognition Game in Sudan and the Gulf of Aden
Beyond External Validation, the Importance of Libya
Conclusion
Notes
References
14 Building an “Outer Space Silk Road”: China’s Beidou Navigation Satellite System in the Arab World
China’s Beidou Navigation Satellite System in the Arab World: Progress and Development
Strategic Opportunities for the Beidou System to Take Root in the Arab World
Opportunities for China’s Beidou System to Enter the Arab World
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
15 China and the Gulf: Necessary Partners
1 Introduction
2 China’s Outward Vision for the Gulf
3 Variance in China-Gulf Economic Ties
4 Competition and Transition: The Future of Gulf-China Economic Relations
References
16 China-Maghreb Relations: South-South Cooperation Or Authoritarian Advancement?
1 Introduction
2 China-Maghreb South-South Relations
2.1 China-Algeria Relations
2.2 China-Morocco Relations
2.3 China-Tunisia Relations
3 China in the Maghreb: Counterbalancing the EU?
4 Conclusion
Notes
References
17 China and Conflict Management in the Middle East
Rising Powers and Conflict
China and Conflict in the Middle East
Contributing Towards Conflict, 1950s–1970s
Avoiding Conflict, 1970s–2000s
Managing and Defusing Conflict, 2011–Present
Conclusion
References
18 The Uyghur Issue in Sino-MENA Relations: The Case of Turkey
A General Overview of the Uyghur Plight in China-MENA Relations
Turkey and the Uyghurs Before the 1990s
The Uyghur Issue in Post-Cold War Sino-Turkish Relations
Sino-Turkish Relations in the Aftermath of the 2009 Ürümchi Riots
Intensification of Sino-Turkish Relations After 2016
Conclusion
References
19 China’s “Health Silk Road” Diplomacy in the MENA
Introduction
China’s Health Diplomacy Contribution to the “Community of Common Destiny”
China’s Evolving Relations With the MENA and Health Cooperation
China’s Bilateral Aid to the MENA Countries in Containing COVID-19
Bilateral Aid to Strategic Partners
Bilateral Aid to Non-Strategic Partners
The Delivery of Chinese COVID-19 Vaccines
Reactions From the MENA States to China’s Health Diplomacy
Reactions From Western Powers to China’s Health Diplomacy
Conclusion
Notes
References
Part II Bilateral Relations
20 The Sino-Algerian Relationship: Strengthening the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership
1 Introduction
2 Historical Development of Sino-Algerian Relations
3 The Burgeoning China-Algeria Trade Relationship
4 China’s Foreign Direct Investment in Algeria
5 Casting a Critical Eye On China’s Engagement With Algeria
6 Conclusion
Note
References
21 China-Egypt Relations: A Model for Comprehensive Strategic Partnership
1 Introduction
2 An Overview of Recent History
3 Cultural Relations (Media, Tourism)
4 Economic Cooperation
5 Political Relations
6 Pandemic Diplomacy
References
22 The Sino-Iranian Relationship: Preserving the Status Quo in the Region?
Iran: A Linchpin State Within a “Shatterbelt”
China: Resources and Trade Routes
China: A Lifesaver for Iran
Financial Resources
Military-Based Interests and Security Considerations
The 25-Year Agreement: The BRI, and Regional Implications
Conclusion
References
23 China-Israel: Trilateral Dimensions of Bilateral Relations
Introduction
The Arab Impact
The Russian Impact
The American Impact
Conclusion
Notes
References
24 Unofficial Diplomacy: The Paradox of Israel-Taiwan Relations
Introduction
Official and Unofficial Relations: Mutual Incentives
Non-Institutional Unofficial Relations: Missed Opportunities
Institutional Unofficial Relations: Mixed Opportunities
Conclusion
Notes
References
25 Saudi Arabia’s Relations With China
Introduction
New Economic Ties
A New Diplomatic Framework
Cultural Ties and Covid-19
Vaccines
Conclusion
References
26 China and Sudan
Introduction
Historical Ties
China-Sudan Relations, 2011–2019
China and Sudan’s 2019 “Revolution”
Relations After Bashir
Conclusion
Note
References
27 Railway Cooperation Between TÜRKIYE and China Within the Belt and Road Initiative
1 Introduction
2 Contribution of Railroads to Economic Development
2.1 Railway Connectivity in China and Beyond
3 BRI Railway Corridors Involving Türkiye
3.1 China-Central Asia-West Asia Economic Corridor and Railway Connectivity
3.2 Türkiye’s Middle Corridor Initiative and Railway Connectivity
4 Türkiye-China Cooperation Within the BRI
5 Challenges Facing Railway Connectivity
6 Conclusion
References
28 Pragmatic Partners: China-UAE Relations
1 The Development of Relations Between China and the UAE (1984–2018)
1.1 Relations Between China and the UAE (1984–2011)
1.2 The Establishment and Upgrading of the China-UAE Strategic Partnership (2012–2018)
2 Political Cooperation Between China and the UAE (2019–2021)
3 Progress in Economic Cooperation Between China and the UAE (2019–2021)
4 Cultural and Technological Cooperation Between China and the UAE (2019–2021)
5 Conclusion
Notes
References
Part III China-MENA People-To-People Interactions
29 Overseas Chinese in the Middle East and North Africa: Proposing a Research Agenda
Introduction
Locating the Middle East and North Africa in Overseas Chinese Studies
Proposing a Research Agenda: Bridging the Micro and Macro Perspectives
Conclusion
Notes
References
30 China’s Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Trends and Outlook
Introduction
Theoretical Foundations: Tourism as Economic Statecraft
How Does China Control Outbound Tourism?
Empirical Realities: Trends, Locations, and Prospects
Comparing Gulf States: Oman and the United Arab Emirates
What Can We Expect After the COVID-19 Pandemic?
Conclusion
Trends to Watch in China-MENA Tourism
Notes
References
31 Middle Eastern Students in China: Motivations and Implications
Introduction
Destination China
Snapshots of Departure and Arrival
Middle Eastern Students’ View of China
Conclusion
Notes
Acknowledgments
References
32 China’s Soft Power and Cultural Diplomacy in the MENA
Introduction
Defining the China Brand in the MENA
Economic and Media-Based Factors Influencing China’s Soft Power Abroad
Limitations On China’s Soft Power in the MENA
Education From China in the MENA
Public Opinion Polling On Soft Power in China and the MENA and Relations Going Forward
Finding 1: About One-Third of Respondents Believe That China Contributes Positively to Their Country’s Economy
Finding 2: While China May Be Perceived as Making a Positive Economic Contribution in the MENA Region, American Soft Power…
Finding 3: Despite Acknowledging Recent Improvements in Chinese Technology, Trust Issues Remain Regarding Using Chinese …
Conclusion
References
Appendix
China Medical Aid to the MENA States in the First Months of 2020
Index