Relationship Between Microbes and the Environment for Sustainable Ecosystem Services, Volume 3: Microbial Tools for Sustainable Ecosystem Services

Front Cover
Relationship Between Microbes and the Environment for Sustainable Ecosystem Services, Volume 3: Microbial Tools for Sustai ...
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
About the editors
Preface
Chapter 1: Clean energy production by microorganisms: A sustainable approach
1. Introduction
2. Clean energy from microorganisms
2.1. Types of clean energy by microbes
2.1.1. Biodiesel
Existing process of production and involvement of microorganisms
Drawbacks of existing process regarding the producer organisms
2.1.2. Bioethanol
Existing process of production and involvement of microorganisms
Drawbacks of existing process regarding the producer organisms
2.1.3. Bio-butanol
Existing process of production and involvement of microorganisms
Drawbacks of existing process regarding the producer organism
2.1.4. Bio-hydrogen
Existing process of production and involvement of microorganisms
Drawbacks of existing process regarding the producer organism
2.1.5. Microbial fuel cell
Existing process of production and involvement of microorganisms
Drawbacks of existing process regarding the producer organism
3. Future prospects
References
Chapter 2: Microbiology of biofuels: Cultivating the future
1. Introduction
2. Microorganisms and their roles in each process
2.1. Bacteria
2.2. Protists
2.3. Filamentous fungi
2.4. Yeasts
2.4.1. Microbial enzymes for biofuel production
References
Chapter 3: Role of microbial xylanases in biorefinery platform and its impact on ecosystem services
1. Introduction
2. Biochemical structure of Xylan and role of xylanolytic enzymes in degradation
2.1. Biochemical structure of xylan
3. Role of xylanolytic enzymes in degradation
3.1. Enzymology of xylan degradation
3.2. Aspergillus niger genes involved in xylan degradation
4. Functional analyses of xylanolytic enzymes involved in xylan degradation and utilization in Neurospora crassa
5. Xylanase and acetyl xylan esterase activities of XynA for xylan degradation
6. Xylanases and debranching enzymes during xylan degradation
6.1. Enzymatic diversity of xylanases
6.2. Application in biorefinery platform
6.3. Impacts on ecosystem services
7. Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Microbial fuel cell: A state-of-the-art technology for bioelectricity generation
1. Introduction
2. Microbial fuel cell: The origin
3. Configuration of microbial fuel cell
4. Microbial fuel cell: Parts and components
4.1. Anodic chamber
4.2. Cathodic chamber
4.3. Proton exchange membrane
4.4. Microorganisms producing bioelectricity
4.5. MFC: Construction by pure culture of Escherichia coli
4.6. Substrate/source
5. Mechanism: Distinguishing methods of electron transfer
5.1. Direct membrane complex through microbial pilli and nanowire
5.2. Short-range direct electron transfer
5.3. Long-range electron transfer
5.4. Nanowire
6. Indirect electron transport through mediator and mobile redox shuttle
6.1. Mediator electron exchange
6.2. Mediator electron transfer (MET) via exogenous (artificial) redox mediator
6.3. MET via secondary metabolites
6.4. MET via primary metabolites
6.5. Mobile redox shuttle mediated electron transfer
7. Design of microbial fuel cell
7.1. Single-chambered microbial fuel cell (sMFC)
7.2. Double-chambered microbial fuel cell (dMFC)
7.3. Stacked microbial fuel cell
8. Types of microbial fuel cell
8.1. Mediator-based microbial fuel cell
8.2. Mediator-less microbial fuel cell
8.3. Catalyst-coated electrode
8.4. Sediment-type microbial fuel cell
8.5. Membrane-less microbial fuel cell
9. Identifying factors that decrease cell voltage
9.1. Ohmic losses
9.2. Activation losses
9.3. Bacterial metabolic losses
9.4. Concentration losses
10. Commercialization of microbial fuel cell
11. Benefits of microbial fuel cell
12. Drawbacks of microbial fuel cell
13. Applications of microbial fuel cell
13.1. Bioelectricity generation
13.2. Wastewater treatment
13.3. Biosensors
13.4. Bio-hydrogen production
14. Limitations
15. Recent developments
16. Future directions and conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Prospects of clean energy from bacteria, fungus, and algae
1. Introduction
2. Dirt energy vs clean energy
3. Major clean energy sources
3.1. Bacterial-based
3.2. Fungal-based
3.3. Algal-based
4. Exploration of clean energy products
4.1. Bioethanol
4.1.1. Pretreatment of lignocellulose
4.1.2. Saccharification
4.1.3. Fermentation
4.2. Biodiesel
4.3. Biogas
4.4. Microbial fuel cells
5. Positive impact and application of clean energy in day-to-day expenditure
5.1. Positive impact of clean energy
5.2. Application of clean energy products
5.2.1. Application of bioethanol
5.2.2. Application of biogas
5.2.3. Application of MFCs
5.2.4. Application of biodiesel
6. Conclusion and prospects
References
Chapter 6: Second-generation biofuels: Facts and future
1. Introduction
2. Types of second-generation biofuels
2.1. Biodiesel
3. Lean pre-mixed pre-vaporized (LPP) liquid biofuels
3.1. Syngas
3.2. Bioethanol
3.3. The benefits and drawbacks
4. Ethanol: Thermochemical routes
5. The benefits and drawbacks
6. Other liquid fuels
6.1. The benefits and drawbacks
6.2. Biogas
7. The benefits and drawbacks
8. Fischer-Tropsch routes
9. The benefits and drawbacks
10. Other thermochemical distillates
11. The benefits and drawbacks
12. Bio-DME
13. The benefits and drawbacks
14. Current biofuel production
15. Biodiesel production by microbes
16. Emphasis of biomass sustainability
17. Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Bioremediation of chlorophenols for the production of biogas: A green alternative
1. Introduction
2. Anaerobic digestion
3. Reactors for anaerobic digestion
3.1. Up-flow anaerobic sludge bed reactor
3.2. Expanded sludge bed reactor
3.3. Anaerobic fluidized bed reactor
3.4. Membrane biofilm reactor
4. Factors affecting the anaerobic digester performance
4.1. Temperature
4.2. pH
4.3. Effect of organic loading rate
4.4. Effect of hydraulic retention time
4.5. C/N ratio
4.6. Reactor configuration
4.7. Salinity
5. Future perspectives
6. Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Microbial filters for air treatment: A sustainable approach
1. Introduction
2. Microorganisms and pollutants to be filtered out
2.1. Microorganisms
2.2. Pollutants
3. Principle of air filtration
3.1. Straining (sieving)
3.2. Interception
3.3. Diffusion
3.4. Electrostatic attraction
3.5. Electrostatic filters
4. Current and emerging indoor air treatment methods, principles, and limitations
5. Indoor and outdoor air purification techniques based on microbial filters
6. Different microbial-based filters
6.1. Fungi-based filter
6.1.1. Biotrickling filter
6.1.2. Fungal biofilters
6.1.3. Alpha-pinene
6.2. Algae-based filters
6.2.1. Aerium
6.2.2. Artveoli
6.2.3. Algal-based air purifier
6.3. Bacterial-based filters
6.3.1. Bio-scrubbers
6.3.2. Bacterial biofilters
7. Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Cyanobacteria: A pro-pollution indicator for environmental hazards
1. Introduction
2. Structure of cyanobacteria
3. Common cyanobacterial species as bioindicators of environmental changes
4. Morphological and physiological bioindicator characteristics
5. Shifts in cyanobacterial community structure
6. Beneficial aspects of cyanobacteria in mitigating environmental effects
7. Mitigate emission of greenhouse gases
8. As a CO2 sinks
9. In treatment of wastewater
10. Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 10: Role of algae in controlling and biomonitoring pollutants in an aquatic ecosystem: Biodiesel production case
1. Introduction
1.1. Botryococcus braunii (P)
1.2. Scenedesmus dimorphus
1.3. Chlorella vulgaris
2. Microalgae culture
2.1. Medium culture
2.1.1. Phosphorous
2.1.2. Nitrogen
2.1.3. Iron
2.1.4. Micronutrients (trace elements)
2.2. Culture parameters
2.2.1. Sunlight
2.2.2. Temperature
2.2.3. Aeration (CO2)
2.2.4. pH
2.2.5. Stir
2.3. Culture method
2.3.1. Culture in ponds/lagoons
2.3.2. Photobioreactors
2.4. Oil extraction
2.4.1. Lixiviation
2.4.2. Mechanical pressing
3. Methodology
3.1. BG-11 culture medium (modified)
3.1.1. Preparation of trace element stock solution
3.1.2. Preparing an iron stock solution in the order and amounts indicated, heated to solubilize, and stored in an amber ...
3.1.3. Stock solution preparation for each macronutrient (separately each macronutrient)
3.1.4. Culture media preparation (1L)
3.2. Preparation of inoculums for the conservation of strains
3.3. Microalgae cultivation
3.4. Determination of glucose
3.4.1. Reagents provided
3.4.2. Preparation reagent work
3.4.3. Preparation of calibration curve and samples to be measured
3.5. Determination of nitrates
3.6. Determination of lipids
3.7. Modification of the culture medium to obtain more lipids
3.8. Cell count and optical density
3.9. Obtaining biomass
3.10. Extraction of oil from microalgae
3.10.1. Method 1
3.10.2. Method 2
4. Analysis and results
4.1. Mixotrophic and autotrophic culture medium
4.2. Mixotrophic culture
4.3. Autotrophic culture
5. Conclusion and future prospective
References
Chapter 11: Microorganism in waste valorization and its impact on the environment and economy
1. Introduction
2. Waste as a resource
2.1. Types of solid waste and conversion of waste into a resource
2.1.1. Municipal solid waste management
2.1.2. Agricultural waste management
2.1.3. E-waste management
2.1.4. Industrial waste management
2.2. Liquid waste management
3. Microbial valorized products
3.1. Agricultural waste valorized products
3.2. Industrial waste valorized product
3.3. Domestic waste valorized products
4. Impact on the environment
5. Impact on the economy
6. Future prospective
References
Chapter 12: Eco-friendly biopolymers and biosorbents from algae to combat pollution
1. Introduction
2. Biosorption
3. Algae as potential biosorbents
4. Biosorption: The interaction of marine algae with toxic pollutants
5. Algae biopolymer for a long-term sustainable future
6. Algae in plastic biodegradation and bioplastics production
7. Microalgae cell-derived polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)
8. Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Microbial surfactants: Environmental contamination management techniques for sustainable ecosystem
1. Introduction
2. Environmental contaminants and ecosystem
3. Bioremediation approaches
4. Role of biosurfactants in microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR)
5. Role of rhamnolipids in the degradation of benzopyrene and coal tar
6. Soil and groundwater bioremediation
7. Heavy metal sequestering from soil and groundwater
8. General applications of biosurfactants
8.1. In agriculture
8.2. In the food industry
8.3. In the petroleum and mining industry
8.4. In the textile industry
8.5. In the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry
9. Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Microbial enzymes: A new approach for contamination management
1. Introduction
2. What is bioremediation?
3. Microbial enzymes in bioremediation
4. Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Role of beneficial microbes in biotic and abiotic stress
1. Introduction
2. Effects of biotic and abiotic stress on crop plants
3. Response of plants to stressed environment
4. Microbes can alter plant responses to stress
5. Plant-microbe interactions under stress conditions
5.1. Abiotic
5.2. Biotic
5.3. Plant symbiosis
5.3.1. Rhizosphere
5.3.2. Endophytic bacteria
6. Microbes to increase abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in plants and increase growth
7. Applications of beneficial microbes
7.1. Biofertilizers and sustainable agriculture
8. Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Application of microbial antagonists for the preservation of fruits: An effective strategy to inhibit the pos ...
1. Introduction
2. Pathogens that cause postharvest diseases and their development
3. Antimicrobial antagonists: What and from where
3.1. Selection criteria for the best antibacterial antagonist
4. Mechanisms of action
4.1. Competition for food and space
4.2. Iron competition
4.3. Antibiotic causes antibiosis
4.4. Mycoparasitism and lytic enzymes
4.5. Development of systemic resistance
4.6. Antifungal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their production
4.7. Additional mechanisms
5. Application strategies for biocontrol agents
5.1. Preharvest treatment
5.2. After-harvest care
6. Increasing the effectiveness of biocontrol
7. Formulation development concerning biocontrol agents
8. Commercial application
9. Current developments in postharvest biocontrol systems
10. Prospects
11. Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Lactococcus lactis: Potent producer of metabolite that serves as natural health promoting biofunctional foods
1. Introduction
1.1. Classification of genus Lactococcus
1.2. Occurrence/niche adaptation
2. Lactococcal biopeptides and metabolites
2.1. Bacteriocin/lantibiotic
2.2. Anti-biotic resistance
2.3. Industrial metabolites and enzymes
2.4. Production of therapeutics
2.5. Production of plant-based and membrane proteins
2.6. Vaccine delivery system
3. Synergistic approach to improving the health-promoting effects of lactic acid bacteria
4. Culture-dependent listing of Lactococcus lactis
5. Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Effect of bioadditives and kinetic studies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on high-purity alcohol production suit ...
1. Introduction
2. Microorganism and culture media
3. Molasses pre-treatment
4. Inoculum preparation
5. Effect of additives
6. Fermentation
7. Analytical methods
8. Results and discussion
9. Conclusion
References
Index
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