Nanoparticles can be synthesised via a number of methods, including chemical vapor deposition, ball milling, laser ablation, thermal decomposition and chemical reduction. Chemical reduction is usually preferred, due to its ease and cost-effectiveness. There are several types of compound used as reducing agents in nanoparticle synthesis, and one recent development is the use of biological entities as environmentally friendly reductants. This book will highlight the role of reducing agents in the chemical synthesis of nanoparticle systems, presenting the main categories of reducing agents, which vary on reactivity, selectivity, availability and toxicity. It will provide a comprehensive presentation of both modern and more conventional types of reagents. Emphasis will be given on the presentation not only of the functionality, but also of all the different advantages and limitations of each kind of reducing agent. With contributions from global experts, this title will be appropriate for graduate students and researchers in nanochemistry, colloidal synthesis, inorganic chemistry, organometallic chemistry, chemical engineering, physical chemistry, materials science, biology and physics.
Author(s): Stefanos Mourdikoudis
Series: Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Series, 50
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 481
City: London
Cover
Reducing Agents in Colloidal Nanoparticle Synthesis
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1 - Reducing Agents in Colloidal Nanoparticle Synthesis – an Introduction
1.1 Historical Point of View
1.2 Polyols
1.3 Redox Potential on Polymer Nanoparticles
1.4 Biological Materials (Plant and Leaf Extracts) – Nanoparticle Phytosynthesis
1.5 Miscellaneous Reductants
1.5.1 Bacteria
1.5.2 Fungi
1.5.3 Algae
1.5.4 Proteins
References
Chapter 2 - Role of Alcohols in Colloidal Nanoparticle Synthesis
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Advantages of Alcohols as Solvent
2.3 Choice of Alcohol
2.4 Dependence of Shape and Structure of Nanoparticles on Type of Alcohol
2.5 Microwave- assisted Synthesis of Colloidal Nanoparticles in Alcohol Solvent
2.6 Influence of Surfactants and Reductants in Nanoparticles Synthesis in Alcohol Solvents
2.7 Role of Alcohols as Reducing Agents in Heterogeneous Media
2.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 - Polyols as a Toolbox for the Preparation of Inorganic- based Nanostructures
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Polyol Aspects
3.3 Redox System
3.4 The Role of Polyol–Metal Intermediate Complexes
3.5 The “Spare” Benefit of the Polyol Process: Coating
3.6 The Various Compositions of Nanoparticles Synthesized in Polyol Media
3.6.1 Metallic Nanoparticles
3.6.2 Oxide Nanoparticles
3.6.3 Bimetallic Nanoparticles
3.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4 - Role of Phenols and Phenol Derivatives in the Synthesis of Nanoparticles
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Phenol Derivatives and Their Chemical and Physical Properties
4.1.2 Chelating Properties of Phenols
4.1.3 Polyphenols in Nature and Their Reducing and Capping Properties
4.1.4 Synthesis of Au Nanoparticles with Phenols
4.1.5 Synthesis of Ag Nanoparticles with Phenols
4.1.6 Synthesis of Pd Nanoparticles with Phenols
4.2 Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles with Phenols and Phenol Derivatives
4.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 5 - Gases
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Hydrogen
5.2.1 Metal Salts
5.2.2 Organometallic and Metal–Organic Compounds
5.2.2.1 Organometallic Compounds
5.2.2.2 Metal–Organic Compounds
5.3 Carbon Monoxide
5.3.1 Ligand Displacement Without Reduction
5.3.2 Mild Reducing Agent for Reaction Monitoring
5.3.3 Homogeneously Catalyzed Ligand Carbonylation
5.3.4 CO as Shape- directing Agent
5.4 Risks Associated with the Use of H2 and CO and Safety- related Best Practices
5.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 6 - Amines and Amine- boranes
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Alkyl and Aryl Amines
6.2.1 Noble Metals
6.2.2 Magnetic Metals
6.2.3 Semiconductors and Metalloids
6.3 Hydrazine
6.4 Amine- boranes
6.4.1 The Case of Noble Metals
6.4.2 The Case of Magnetic Metals
6.4.3 The Case of Semiconductors and Metalloids
6.5 Polymeric Amines
6.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 - Acids
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Carboxylic Acids
7.3 Phenolic Acids
7.4 Amino Acids
7.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 - Amino Acids and Peptides in Colloidal Nanoparticle Synthesis
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Tyrosine as Reducing Agent
8.3 Tryptophan as Reducing Agent
8.4 Tyrosine- containing Small Peptides as Reducing Agent
8.5 Tryptophan- containing Small Peptides as Reducing Agent
8.6 Amino Acids as Stabilizing Agent for Colloidal Nanoparticles
8.7 Peptide Matrix as Stabilizing Agent for Nanoparticles
8.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 - Hydrides
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Reduction of Metallic Ions in Solution for the Synthesis of Inorganic NPs
9.2.1 Noble Metals
9.2.1.1 Plasmonic Metals: Silver (Ag), Gold (Au) and Copper (Cu)
9.2.1.2 Palladium (Pd) and Platinum (Pt)
9.2.1.3 Rhodium (Rh), Iridium (Ir) and Ruthenium (Ru)
9.2.2 Non- noble Metals and Metalloids
9.2.2.1 Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co) and Nickel (Ni)
9.2.2.2 Other Non- noble Metals and Metalloids
9.2.3 Nanostructures with Different Compositions
9.2.3.1 Multi- metallic NPs: Alloys and Core–shell Structures
9.2.3.2 Oxides
9.3 Comparisons with Other Methodologies and Conclusions
List of Abbreviations
References
Chapter 10 - Polysaccharides
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Colloidal NPs
10.3 Polysaccharides
10.3.1 Polysaccharides Used as Reducing Agents in the Synthesis of Colloidal NPs
10.3.1.1 Starch
10.3.1.2 Chitosan
10.3.1.3 Dextran
10.3.1.4 Cellulose
10.3.1.5 Alginate
10.3.1.6 Other Polysaccharides
10.4 Summary and Outlook
References
Chapter 11 - Other Polymers
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Polyelectrolytes
11.2.1 Polyethyleneimines
11.2.1.1 Linear Polyethyleneimine
11.2.1.2 Branched PEI
11.2.3 Poly(diallyldimethylammonium Chloride) (PDDA)
11.2.2 Poly(2- (N,N- dimethylamino)ethyl Methacrylate) (PDMAEMA)
11.2.4 Anionic Polyelectrolytes
11.3 Non- ionic Polymer: Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)
11.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12 - Biological Materials
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Traditional Chemical Techniques
12.3 Green Chemical Techniques
12.3.1 Development of Plant- based Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles
12.3.2 Biosynthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles by Microorganisms
12.4 Final Considerations
References
Chapter 13 - Proteins Engineer the Size and Morphology of Noble Metal Nanoparticles
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Protein- enabled Approaches: The Effect of Sequences and Configuration/Conformation
13.2.1 Sequences: Binding Motif, Strength and Specificity
13.2.2 Conformation/Configuration
13.2.3 pH Values of Solvents
13.3 Summary and Challenges
Conflicts of Interest
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 14 - Silicon Nanoparticles and Carbon Dots
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Reducing Agents in Silicon Nanoparticle Synthesis
14.2.1 Active Metal
14.2.2 Zintl Salts
14.2.3 Alkali Metal Naphthalenide Salt
14.2.4 Metal Hydrides
14.2.5 High Temperature Reduction Steam
14.2.6 Silicon Precursors
14.2.7 Organic Compounds
14.3 Silicon Nanoparticles Used as Reducing Agents
14.4 Reducing Agents in C- dot Synthesis
14.5 C- dots Used as Reducing Agents
14.6 Summary and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 15 - Miscellaneous Reductants
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Low Carbon- number Alcohols
15.3 N,N- Dimethylformamide (DMF)
15.4 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
15.5 Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB)
15.6 Polyoxometalates (POMs)
15.7 Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH)
15.8 Organosilanes
15.9 Plant Extracts as Green Reducing Agents
List of Abbreviations
References
Subject Index
