This book provides a summarized information related to the global herbal drug market and its regulations, ethnopharmacology of traditional crude drugs, isolation of phytopharmaceuticals, phytochemistry, standardization, and quality assessment of crude drugs. Natural products science has constantly been developing with comprehensive data contemplating different parts of natural drugs, such as global trade, quality control and regulatory concerns, traditional medicine systems, production and utilization of drugs, and utilization of medicinal and aromatic plants. This broad information about crude drugs gives rise to a subject that is now recognized as advance natural products science. By contemplating all of this thorough knowledge of the areas, this book is intended to provide considerably to the natural products science. The area of natural products science involves a broad range of topics, such as the pharmacognostical, phytochemical, and ethno-pharmacological aspects of crude drugs. Each chapter gives a sufficient understanding to academicians and researchers in the respective topic. This book includes 40 illustrations and descriptions of roughly 80 medicinal plants used for herbal medicine. The book is an imperative source for all researchers, academicians, students, and those interested in natural products science.
FEATURES
Includes advance knowledge and detailed developments in natural products science
Discusses the most important phytopharmaceuticals used in the pharmaceutical industry
Explores the analysis and classification of novel plant-based medicinal compounds
Includes standardization, quality control, and global trade of natural products
Gives a deep understanding related to recent advances in herbal medicines to treat various ailments
Discusses national and WHO regulations and policies related to herbal medicines
Covers the complete profile of some important traditional medicinal plants, especially their historical background, biology, and chemistry
Author(s): Ahmed Al-Harrasi, Saurabh Bhatia, Tapan Behl, Mohammed F. Aldawsari, Deepak Kaushik, Sridevi Chigurupati
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 253
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Authors
Chapter 1: Global Herbal Drug Market and Its Regulations
1.1. Introduction
1.2. History of Herbal Medicine
1.2.1. Traditional Medicine
1.3. Herbal Trade in the Global Market
1.4. Herbal Market at International Level
1.4.1. International Trade of Herbal Products
1.4.2. Herbal Medicine and Its Market
1.4.3. Development in Herbal Medicine Industry with Reference to Trade
1.5. Herbal Medicine in the Treatment of Chronic Disease
1.6. Present Status of Herbal Medicine
1.7. Present Status of Herbal Medicine in India
1.8. Who Guidelines for Herbal Products
1.8.1. Last Amendment in the Guidelines
1.9. Major Obstacles in Herbal Products
1.10. the Evaluation of New Herbal Products Consists
1.10.1. Assessment of Recent Herbal Preparations Comprises Following Steps
1.11. Who Strategy for Traditional Medicine
1.12. Importance and the Status of Herbal Medicines and Cosmetics
1.13. Increasing Use and Popularity
1.14. Who’s Policy on Herbal Medicines
1.15. Herbal Preparations: Merits as Well as Demerits
1.15.1. Merits
1.15.2. Demerits
1.16. Causes for Sudden Growth in Herbal Medicines
1.17. Assessment of the Herbal Medicine Based on Their Efficiency as well as Safety Profile
1.18. Most Important Challenges Associated with Clinical Studies of Herbal Medicines
1.19. Clinical Studies on Ayurvedic Preparations
1.20. Herbal Drug Development
1.21. Reputation of Plant-based Products as New Drugs
1.21.1. Plant-Derived Ethnotherapeutics
1.21.2. Sustainable Utilization as well as Conservation of Medicinal Plants
1.21.3. Quality Control Techniques
1.21.4. Clinical Approach
1.22. Market Scenario of Herbal Products
1.22.1. Herbal Medicine Market
References
Chapter 2: Introduction to Phytopharmaceuticals
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Categorization of Plant-Based Phytochemicals
2.2.1. Phenolic Compounds
2.2.2. Nitrogen-Containing Compounds
2.2.3. Terpenes
2.3. Role of Biosynthetic Pathways in the Production of Phytopharmaceuticals
2.4. Role of Extraction Process in Production of Phytopharmaceuticals
2.5. Isolation as well as Purification of Phytopharmaceuticals
2.6. Purification of the Bioactive Molecule
2.7. Structural Elucidation of the Bioactive Molecules
2.8. Phytopharmaceuticals: Commercially Important Phytopharmaceuticals
2.8.1. Quinine
2.8.1.1. Isolation of Quinine
2.8.1.2. Estimation of Quinine
2.8.2. Ephedrine (1-phenyl, 1-hydroxy, 2-methyl amino propane)
2.8.2.1. Isolation of Ephedrine
2.8.2.2. Identification Tests for Ephedrine
2.8.2.3. Estimation of Ephedrine
2.8.3. Cardiac Glycosides
2.8.3.1. Isolation Estimation and Identification of Digitalis purpurea Glycosides
2.8.3.2. Isolation of Cardiac Glycosides
2.8.3.3. Identification of Phytochemicals
2.8.3.4. Estimation of Cardiac Glycosides
2.8.3.5. Bioassay of Digitalis and Its Preparations
2.8.4. Calcium Sennosides
2.8.4.1. Methods of Isolation
2.8.4.2. Identification Tests for Sennosides
2.8.4.3. Estimation of Sennosides
2.8.5. Glycyrrhizin
2.8.5.1. Isolation of Glycyrrhizin
2.8.5.2. Estimation of Glycyrrhetinic Acid
2.8.5.3. Estimation Methods by Conventional Approaches
2.8.5.4. Identification Tests
2.8.6. Gymnemic Acid
2.8.6.1. Identification Tests for Gymnemic Acid
2.8.6.2. Safety Protocols and Possible Interactions of Gymnema
2.8.6.3. Isolation of Gymnemic Acid
2.8.6.4. Estimation of Gymnemic Acid
2.8.7. Andrographolide
2.8.7.1. Isolation of Andrographolides
2.8.7.2. Identification Method for Andrographolide
2.8.7.3. Estimation of Andrographolide
2.8.7.4. Estimation Method by HPLC
2.8.8. Diosgenin
2.8.8.1. Detection of Diosgenin
2.8.8.2. Isolation of Diosgenin
2.8.9. Podophyllotoxin
2.8.9.1. Isolation of Podophyllotoxin
2.8.9.2. Estimation of Podophyllotoxin
2.8.10. Solasodine
2.8.10.1. Isolation of Solasodine
2.8.10.2. TLC of Solasodine
2.8.11. Vasicine
2.8.11.1. Isolation of Vasicine
2.8.11.2. Identification of Vasicine
2.8.12. Vinca Alkaloids
2.8.12.1. Isolation of Vincristine and Vinblastine
2.8.12.2. TLC of Vincristine
2.8.13. Strychnine and Brucine
2.8.13.1. Isolation of Strychnine and Brucine
2.8.13.2. Identification Tests
2.8.13.3. TLC of Brucine as well as Strychnine
2.8.14. Piperine
2.8.14.1. Isolation of Piperine
2.8.14.2. TLC of Piperine
2.8.15. Colchicine
2.8.15.1. Isolation of Colchicine
2.8.15.2. TLC of Colchicine
2.8.16. Curcumin
2.8.16.1. Isolation of Curcuminoids
2.8.16.2. Thin Layer Chromatography of Curcumin
2.8.17. Emetine
2.8.17.1. Isolation of Emetine
2.8.17.2. TLC of Emetine
2.8.17.3. Chemical Test of Emetine
2.8.18. Guggulsterone ((4,17(20)-Pregnadiene-3,16-Dione)
2.8.18.1. Isolation of Guggulsterones
2.8.18.2. Thin Layer Chromatography of Guggulsterone
2.8.19. Hesperidin (3,5,7-Trihydroxyflavanone-7-Rhamnoglucoside)
2.8.19.1. Isolation of Hesperidin
2.8.19.2. Identification Test for Hesperidin
2.8.20. Nicotine
2.8.20.1. Isolation of Nicotine
2.8.20.2. Identification Test for Nicotine
2.8.21. Opium Alkaloids
2.8.21.1. Isolation for Opium Alkaloids
2.8.21.2. Identification Tests
References
Chapter 3: Plant Profile, Phytochemistry, and Ethnopharmacological Uses of Ashoka, Ashwagandha, and Amla
3.1. Introduction
3.1.1. Traditional Systems
3.1.2. Role of CAM
3.2. Ashoka
3.2.1. Vernacular Names
3.2.2. Biological Source
3.2.3. Geographical Distribution
3.2.4. Chemical Composition
3.2.5. Common Uses
3.2.6. Traditional Uses
3.2.7. Pharmacological Uses
3.2.8. Traditional Formulations
3.2.9. Mechanism of Action
3.2.10. Marketed Products
3.2.11. Recent Research
3.2.12. Toxicity
3.2.13. Status of the Medicinal Plant
3.2.14. Commercial Trade
3.2.15. Substituents and Adulterants
3.2.16. Clinical Trials
3.3. Ashwagandha
3.3.1. Vernacular Names
3.3.2. Biological Source
3.3.3. Geographical Distribution
3.3.4. Chemical Composition
3.3.5. Common Uses
3.3.6. Traditional Uses
3.3.7. Pharmacological Uses
3.3.8. Traditional Formulations
3.3.9. Mechanism of Action
3.3.10. Marketed Products
3.3.11. Toxicity
3.3.12. Recent Research
3.3.13. Clinical Trials
3.3.14. Adulterants and Substituents
3.3.15. Annual Trade
3.3.16. Status of the Medicinal Plant
3.4. Aloe Vera
3.4.1. Vernacular Names
3.4.2. Biological Source
3.4.3. Geographical Distribution
3.4.4. Chemical Composition
3.4.5. Common Uses
3.4.6. Toxicity
3.4.7. Pharmacological Uses
3.4.8. Traditional Uses
3.4.9. Common Uses
3.4.9.1. As Skin Moisturizing and Anti-Aging Agent
3.4.9.2. Sun Protective and Wound Healing Effects
3.4.9.3. Bone Fracture Effects
3.4.10. Therapeutic Properties
3.4.10.1. Anti-Inflammatory Effects
3.4.10.2. Immunomodulatory Effects
3.4.10.3. Effects on GIT
3.4.10.4. Antitumour, Anticancer, and Antiviral Effects
3.4.10.5. Antimicrobial, Antiseptic, and Amoebicidal Effects
3.4.11. Traditional Formulations
3.4.12. Mechanism of Action
3.4.13. Marketed Products
3.4.14. Industrial Applications
3.4.15. Adulterants and Substituents
3.4.16. Clinical Trials
3.5. Amla
3.5.1. Vernacular Names
3.5.2. Biological Source
3.5.3. Geographical Distribution
3.5.4. Chemical Composition
3.5.5. Traditional Uses
3.5.6. Traditional Formulations
3.5.7. Pharmacological Uses
3.5.7.1. GIT Effects
3.5.7.2. Antimicrobial Effects
3.5.7.3. Antidiabetic Effects
3.5.7.4. Obesity
3.5.7.5. Immunomodulatory Effects
3.5.7.6. Hepatoprotective Effects
3.5.7.7. Antiaging Effects
3.5.7.8. Renoprotective Effects
3.5.7.9. Anticancer Effects
3.5.8. Industrial Applications
3.5.9. Marketed Products
3.5.10. Toxicity
3.5.11. Clinical Data
3.5.11.1. Treatment for Relieving Xerostomia
3.5.11.2. In the Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
3.5.11.3. In the Management of Hypertension
3.5.11.4. Improve Skin Condition
3.5.11.5. To Treat Dyslipidaemia
3.5.11.6. For Oral Hygiene
3.5.12. Adulterants and Substituents
References
Chapter 4: Plant Profile, Phytochemistry, and Ethnopharmacological Uses of Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia chebula, and Terminalia arjuna
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Bahera
4.2.1. Vernacular Names
4.2.2. Biological Sources
4.2.3. Cultivation and Collection
4.2.4. Chemical Composition
4.2.5. Traditional Uses
4.2.6. Traditional Formulations
4.2.7. Pharmacological Uses
4.2.7.1. Antidiabetic Activity
4.2.7.2. Antinociceptive Activity
4.2.7.3. Antiplasmodial Effects
4.2.7.4. ACE Inhibitory Activity
4.2.7.5. Angiogenic Activity
4.2.7.6. Anti-Atherogenic Effect
4.2.7.7. Anti-Inflammatory Effects
4.2.7.8. Antifibrotic Activity
4.2.7.9. Antibacterial Activity
4.2.8. Industrial Applications
4.2.8.1. Purification of Water
4.2.8.2. For the Management of Wet Litter in Broiler Chickens
4.2.8.3. Mitigate Toxicity Induced by Medications and Other Chemicals
4.2.9. Clinical Data
4.2.10. Adulterants and Substituents
4.2.11. Current Status
4.2.11.1. Contraindications
4.2.11.2. Toxicity
4.2.11.3. Most Cited Research
4.3. Arjuna Bark
4.3.1. Vernacular Names
4.3.2. Biological Source
4.3.3. Geographical Distribution
4.3.4. Chemical Composition
4.3.5. Traditional Uses
4.3.6. Pharmacological Uses
4.3.7. Traditional Formulations
4.3.8. Mechanism of Action
4.3.9. Marketed Products
4.3.10. Toxicity
4.3.11. Recent Research
4.3.12. Clinical Trials
4.3.13. Adulterants and Substituents
4.3.14. Annual Trade
4.3.15. Status of the Medicinal Plant
4.4. Terminalia Chebula Retz
4.4.1. Vernacular Names
4.4.2. Biological Source
4.4.3. Cultivation and Collection
4.4.4. Chemical Composition
4.4.5. Traditional Uses
4.4.6. Traditional Formulations
4.4.7. Pharmacological Uses
4.4.7.1. Inhibitory Activity on Acetylcholinesterase by Molecular Docking
4.4.7.2. In Vivo Hepatoprotective Effects
4.4.7.3. Antimicrobial Effects
4.4.7.4. Antiurolithiatic Property
4.4.7.5. Antioestrogenic or Antiandrogenic Effects
4.4.7.6. Antidepressant-Like and Anxiolytic-Like Effects
4.4.7.7. T. Chebula Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Cancer
4.4.7.8. Hypotesticular and Anti-Spermatogenic Effects
4.4.7.9. Neuroprotective Effects
4.4.7.10. Mitigate Toxicity of Medications/Chemicals
4.4.7.11. α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Effects
4.4.7.12. Anti-Alzheimer’s Effects via Antioxidant, Anticholinesterase, and Antiamyloidogenic Activities
4.4.7.13. Antianaphylactic Action
4.4.7.14. Anti-Dengue
4.4.7.15. Anticaries Agent
4.4.7.16. Pain Management
4.4.8. Industrial Applications
4.4.8.1. Nutraceutical Value
4.4.8.2. As Bio-Mordant for Natural Dye
4.4.8.3. Corrosive Inhibitor
4.4.8.4. For Biodiesel Production
4.4.8.5. Supercapacitor Performance
4.4.8.6. Radioprotective Effect
4.4.9. Marketed Products
4.4.10. Toxicity
4.4.11. Clinical Data
4.4.12. Adulterants and Substituents
4.4.13. Most Cited Research
4.4.14. Patents
References
Chapter 5: Plant Profile, Phytochemistry, and Ethnopharmacological Uses of Swertia chirayita, Tribulus terrestris, and Plumbago zeylanica
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Chirata
5.2.1. Vernacular Names
5.2.2. Biological Source
5.2.3. Cultivation, Collection, and Geographical Distribution
5.2.4. Chemical Composition
5.2.5. Common Uses
5.2.6. Traditional Uses
5.2.7. Traditional Formulations
5.2.8. Pharmacological Uses
5.2.8.1. Antiviral Properties
5.2.8.2. In Dengue
5.2.8.3. In the Management of Osteoporosis
5.2.8.4. Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antidiabetic Effects
5.2.8.5. Anti-Metastatic Effects
5.2.8.6. Anti-Inflammatory Effects
5.2.9. Mechanism of Action
5.2.10. Industrial Applications
5.2.10.1. Anti-Corrosive Agent
5.2.10.2. Clastogenic Effects
5.2.10.3. Hepatoprotective Effects
5.2.10.4. To Control Soft Rot Bacteria of Potato
5.2.11. Marketed Products
5.2.12. Toxicity
5.2.13. Clinical Data
5.2.14. Adulterants and Substituents
5.2.15. Most Cited Research
5.2.16. Patents
5.3. Chitrak
5.3.1. Biological Source
5.3.2. Chemical Composition
5.3.3. Common Uses
5.3.4. Traditional Uses
5.3.5. Traditional Formulations
5.3.6. Pharmacological Uses
5.3.6.1. Anticancer and Antitumour Activity
5.3.6.2. Anti-H. Pylori Effects
5.3.6.3. Reversible Antifertility Activity
5.3.6.4. Antidiabetic Effects
5.3.6.5. Anticancer Effects
5.3.6.6. Treatment of Myeloid Leukaemia
5.3.6.7. Effect on Blood Coagulation
5.3.6.8. Nephroprotective Effects
5.3.6.9. Hepatoprotective Effect
5.3.7. Mechanism of Action
5.3.7.1. Antiangiogenic and Antitumour Effects
5.3.7.2. In Hepatic Cancer
5.3.7.3. In Lung Cancer Management
5.3.7.4. In Brain Tumour
5.3.7.5. In Treatment of Leukaemia
5.3.7.6. In Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
5.3.8. Industrial Applications
5.3.9. Marketed Products
5.3.10. Toxicity
5.3.11. Clinical Data
5.3.12. Adulterants and Substituents
5.3.13. Most Cited Research
5.3.14. Patents
5.4. Choto Gokhru
5.4.1. Vernacular Names
5.4.2. Biological Source
5.4.3. Chemical Composition
5.4.4. Traditional Uses
5.4.5. Traditional Formulations
5.4.6. Pharmacological Uses
5.4.6.1. Antiglycation, Antioxidant, and Antiproliferative Effects
5.4.6.2. on Female Reproductive System
5.4.6.3. Antihypertensive Effects
5.4.6.4. Effect on Male Reproductive System
5.4.6.5. Anti-Inflammatory Effects
5.4.6.6. Antiurolithic Effects
5.4.6.7. In Stroke Management
5.4.6.8. Nephroprotective Effects
5.4.6.9. Antiapoptotic Effect
5.4.6.10. Antidiabetic Effects
5.4.6.11. Anticancer Effects
5.4.6.12. Effect on Oxidative Stress
5.4.6.13. Anti-Inflammatory Effect
5.4.6.14. Protective Effect against Ischaemia/Reperfusion Injury
5.4.6.15. Anti-Parkinson Effects
5.4.7. Industrial Applications
5.4.7.1. Anticoccidial Effects
5.4.7.2. For Improving the Performance of Athletes
5.4.7.3. For Oral Hygiene
5.4.8. Marketed Products
5.4.9. Toxicity
5.4.10. Clinical Data
5.4.11. Adulterants and Substituents
5.4.12. Most Cited Research
5.4.13. Patents
References
Chapter 6: Standardization and Quality Control of Crude Drugs
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Identification of the Plant Material
6.3. Determination of Purity of Crude Drug Materials
6.4. Assessment of the Potency of the Crude Drug
6.5. Safety Profile of Crude Drugs
6.6. Prescribed Microbial Limits for Crude Drugs
6.7. Quality Assessment of Crude Drugs
6.7.1. Organoleptic or Macroscopic Characters-Based Assessment
6.7.2. Microscopical or Histological Assessment
6.7.3. Physical Assessment
6.7.3.1. Level of Moisture in Crude Drugs
6.7.3.2. Ash Value Determination
6.7.3.3. Extractive Values
6.7.3.4. Determination of Volatile Oil Content
6.7.3.5. Determination of Physical Constants
6.7.3.6. Spectroscopical Approaches for Crude Drugs
6.7.4. Chemical Assessment
6.7.4.1. Phytochemical Screening (for Primary Metabolites Study)
6.7.5. Phytochemical Screening (for Secondary Metabolites Study)
6.7.5.1. Alkaloids
6.7.5.2. Glycosides
6.7.5.3. Tannins
6.7.5.4. Polyphenols
6.7.5.5. Essential Oils
6.7.6. Therapeutic Efficacy Assessment
References
