Recent Advances and Future Perspectives of Microbial Metabolites: Applications in Biomedicine

Front Cover
Recent Advances and Future Perspectives of Microbial Metabolites
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
About the editors
1. The therapeutic role of microbial metabolites in human health and diseases
1.1 Background
1.2 Mode of action of microbial metabolites
1.2.1 Diabetes mellitus
1.2.2 Cardiovascular disease
1.2.3 Neurological disorder
1.2.4 Gastrointestinal disorder
1.2.5 Colorectal cancer
1.3 Therapeutical effects of microbial metabolites in human health and diseases
1.3.1 Short-chain fatty acid
1.3.2 Bile acids
1.3.3 Imidazole propionate
1.3.4 Trimethylamine N-oxide
1.3.5 4-Ethylphenylsulfate
1.3.6 N-Acyl amides
1.3.7 Branched-chain amino acids
1.3.8 Long-chain fatty acids
1.3.9 Indole derivative metabolites
1.3.10 Taurine
1.3.11 Desaminotyrosine
1.3.12 Retionic acid
1.3.13 Polyamines
1.4 Conclusion
References
2. Peptides with therapeutic applications from microbial origin
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Substrates for peptide production
2.3 Methods in peptide production
2.4 Hydrolysis by enzyme
2.5 Microbial fermentation
2.6 Computational approach
2.7 Hybrid approach
2.8 Pharmacological properties of microbial peptides
2.9 Pharmacological properties of bacterial peptides
2.10 Pharmacological properties of fungal peptides
2.11 Pharmacological properties of yeast peptides
2.12 Challenges
2.13 Conclusion and future perspectives of bioactive peptides
References
3. Current status of microbial lectins in biomedical research
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Types of microbial lectins
3.3 Characterization of lectins
3.4 Application of lectins in biomedical research
3.4.1 Antibiofilm and antibacterial activity
3.4.2 Biosensor
3.4.3 Cancer diagnosis and cancer therapy
3.4.4 Antinociceptive activity
3.4.5 Anti-inflammatory activity
3.4.6 Antiviral activity
3.4.7 Antioxidant activity
3.4.8 Lectibodies
3.4.9 Multifarious applications
3.5 Conclusion
Reference
4. Current trends and future perspectives of probiotics on human health: an overview
4.1 Introduction
4.2 History and development of probiotics
4.3 Beneficial activities of probiotics
4.3.1 Problems related to the digestive tract
4.3.1.1 Diarrhea
4.3.1.2 Helicobacter pylori infection
4.3.1.3 Inflammatory bowel diseases
4.3.1.4 Lactose malabsorption
4.3.1.5 Constipation
4.3.1.6 Colorectal cancer
4.3.1.7 Necrotizing enterocolitis
4.3.2 Obesity
4.3.3 Diabetes
4.3.4 Allergy
4.3.5 Urogenital healthcare
4.3.6 Central nervous system
4.3.7 Bone diseases
4.3.8 Dermal problems
4.4 Next-generation probiotics
4.4.1 Genetically modified organisms
4.5 Conclusion
References
5. Bacteriocin and its biomedical application with special reference to Lactobacillus
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Types of bacteriocin produced by lactic acid bacteria
5.3 Mode of action of lactic acid bacteria-bacteriocins
5.4 Biomedical applications
5.4.1 Antitumor activity
5.4.2 Bacteriocin in oral and skin care
5.4.2.1 Oral care
5.4.2.2 Skin care
5.4.3 Bacteriocin in urinary tract infection infection
5.4.4 Other biomedical applications
5.5 Conclusion
References
6. Microbial biosurfactants: current trends and applications in biomedical industries
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Types of biosurfactant
6.3 Glycolipids
6.4 Rhamnolipids
6.5 Trehalolipids
6.6 Sophorolipids
6.7 Xylolipids
6.8 Cellobiolipids
6.9 Lipopeptides
6.10 Phospholipids
6.11 Fatty acid biosurfactants
6.12 Polymeric biosurfactant
6.13 Production of biosurfactants
6.14 Applications of biosurfactants
6.15 Antimicrobial activity
6.16 Biosurfactants as antibiofilm molecules
6.17 Disruptor molecules made of lipopeptide biosurfactant
6.18 Lipopeptides that is similar to fengycin
6.18.1 Putisolvin
6.18.2 Pseudofactin
6.18.3 Surfactin
6.18.4 Complexes of lipopeptides
6.19 Biosurfactants as drug delivery agents
6.19.1 Microemulsion
6.20 Biosurfactants in drug delivery applications: challenges, selection guidelines, and future prospects
6.21 Biosurfactants: strengthening of immune system
6.21.1 Effects of glycolipid biosurfactants on the immune system
6.21.2 Effects of lipopeptides biosurfactants on immune system
6.22 Antiviral applications
6.23 Vaccine development and immunomodulation
6.24 Nanomaterial for diagnosis
6.25 Conclusions and future perspectives
References
7. Microbes used as anticancer agents and their potential application in biomedicine
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Mechanism of cancer suppression by microbes
7.3 Microbial bioengineering for cancer therapy
7.4 Different classes of microbial agents with anticancer potential
7.4.1 Microbial protein, peptides, and nonribosomal peptides for cancer therapy
7.4.2 Microbial enzymes and prodrug converting enzymes
7.4.3 Microbial angiogenic inhibitors for cancer suppression
7.4.4 Microbial quorum sensing regulatory network and biofilms for cancer therapy
7.4.5 Microbial immune response and secretions for cancer immunotherapy
7.4.6 Microbial metabolites in cancer prevention
7.4.7 Microbes in combination with conventional anticancer therapy
7.5 Microbes underwent clinical trials for cancer therapy over the past 5 years
7.5.1 Streptococcus pyogenes
7.5.2 Clostridium novyi
7.5.3 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium
7.5.4 Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
7.5.5 Magnetococcus marinus
7.5.6 Plasmodium falciparum
7.5.7 Toxoplasma gondii
7.6 Challenges associated with microbes used in anticancer therapy
7.7 Conclusion
References
8. Revealing the hidden heights of microbial metabolites on reproductive physiology
8.1 Background
8.2 Microbial contributions to the enhancement of male reproductive physiology
8.2.1 The male reproductive system
8.2.2 Microbiota of the male reproductive system
8.2.2.1 Microflora of the urethral and coronal sulcus region
8.2.2.2 Microflora prevalent in the semen
8.2.3 Impact of the gut microbiome and amino acids in the host reproduction
8.2.4 Role of probiotics in male fertility
8.2.5 Impact of reproductive microbiota in male infertility
8.3 Microbial contributions in the enhancement of female reproductive physiology
8.3.1 Introduction to the female reproductive system
8.3.2 Female reproductive microbiome
8.3.3 Microbial control of female reproductive health
8.3.3.1 Inhabitants of the female reproductive system
8.3.3.2 Checkpoints by reproductive microbiome across reproductive milestones
8.3.3.3 Estrabolome: estrogen–gut microbiome cooperation
8.3.3.4 Impact of gut microbial metabolites on endocrine and reproductive health
8.3.3.5 Role of vaginal virome on reproductive health
8.3.4 Reproductive microbiome and its influence on assisted reproductive technologies
8.3.5 Probiotics supplementation: therapeutic strategies to enhance reproductive health
8.4 Conclusion
References
9. Secondary metabolites from extremophiles with therapeutic benefits
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Brief history
9.3 Metabolites from terrestrial extremophiles
9.3.1 Thermophiles
9.3.2 Psychrophiles
9.3.3 Acidophiles
9.3.4 Alkaliphiles
9.4 Metabolites from marine extremophiles
9.4.1 Halophiles
9.5 Conclusion
References
10. Microbial metabolomics: recent advancements and applications in infectious diseases and drug discovery
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Metabolomics approaches
10.2.1 Targeted metabolomics
10.2.2 Untargeted metabolomics
10.3 Metabolomics technologies
10.3.1 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
10.3.2 Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
10.3.3 Metabolite imaging
10.4 Microbial metabolomics
10.5 Recent applications
10.5.1 Infectious diseases
10.5.1.1 Viral infections
10.5.1.1.1 Human immunodeficiency virus
10.5.1.1.2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
10.5.1.1.3 Hepatitis B
10.5.1.1.4 Hepatitis C
10.5.1.1.5 Dengue virus
10.5.1.2 Bacterial infections
10.5.1.2.1 Tuberculosis
10.5.1.2.2 Cystic fibrosis
10.5.1.2.3 Clostridium difficile
10.5.1.2.4 Uropathogenic Escherichia coli
10.5.1.2.5 Enteric fever
10.5.1.3 Fungal infections
10.6 Drug development
10.6.1 Stable isotope tracking for metabolomic flux studies
10.6.2 Imaging of single cells
10.7 Precision medicine
10.8 Conclusion
References
Index
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