Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Authors
1 General Background Information
1.1 Background Information
1.2 Dimensionless Numbers
1.2.1 Categories of Dimensionless Numbers
1.3 Prandtl Number
1.3.1 Parameters Dependent on the Prandtl Number
1.4 Viscosity μ (Pa s = Ns m−[sup(2)]) or kg m[sup(−1) ]s[sup(−1)]
1.4.1 Measurements of Viscosity
1.4.2 Review of Published Facts on Viscosity
1.5 Classification of Fluids
1.5.1 Category of Non-Newtonian Fluids
1.6 Density ρ (kg m[sup(−3)])
1.6.1 Description of Density
1.6.2 Review of Published Facts on Density
1.6.3 Measurement of Density
1.7 Thermal Conductivity κ (Wm[sup(−1)]K[sup(−1)])
1.7.1 Review of Published Facts on Thermal Conductivity
1.7.2 Measurement of Thermal Conductivity
1.7.3 Steady-State Method
1.7.4 Transient Method
1.8 Specific Heat Capacity C[sub(p)] (Jkg[sup(−1)]K[sup(−1)])
1.8.1 Review of Published Facts on Specific Heat Capacity
1.8.2 Measurement of Specific Heat Capacity
1.9 Thermal Diffusivity α κ/ρc[sub(p)] = Wm[sup(2)]J[sup(−1)]
1.9.1 Review of Published Facts on Thermal Diffusivity
1.9.2 Measurement of Thermal Diffusivity
1.10 Slope Linear Regression through Data Points S[sub(lp)]
1.10.1 Continuous Function f(x) = x[sup(3)]
1.10.2 Some Results Published by Shaw et al.
1.10.3 Some Results Published by Nehad et al.
1.10.4 Variation in Concentration of a Fluid Flow
1.10.5 Enhancement of the Discussion of Results
1.11 Published Cases of Scrutinization
1.11.1 Journal of Molecular Liquids, 249, 980–990, 2018
1.11.2 Chinese Journal of Physics, 60, 676–687, 2019
1.11.3 Chinese Journal of Physics, 68, 293–307, 2020
1.12 Four-Stage Lobatto IIIa Formula—bvp5c
1.13 Tutorial Questions
2 Conceptual and Empirical Reviews I
2.1 Background Information
2.2 Related Published Reports: 1946–2011
2.2.1 Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, 65(2), 61–63, 1946
2.2.2 The Aeronautical Quarterly, 15(04), 392–406, 1964
2.2.3 International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 22(10), 1401–1406, 1979
2.2.4 International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 24(1), 125–131, 1981
2.2.5 Applied Scientific Research, 40(4), 333–344, 1983
2.2.6 International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 33(11), 2565–2578, 1990
2.2.7 Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 24(1), 197–200, 1993
2.2.8 Astronomy and Astrophysics, 286, 338–343, 1994
2.2.9 Journal of Heat Transfer, 116(2), 284–295, 1994
2.2.10 Journal of Heat Transfer, 119(3), 467–473, 1997
2.2.11 Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 383, 55–73, 1999
2.2.12 International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 40(6), 564–570, 2001
2.2.13 Meccanica, 37(6), 599–608, 2002
2.2.14 Physical Review E, 65(6), 066306, 2002
2.2.15 Heat and Mass Transfer, 40(3-4), 285–291, 2004
2.2.16 Progress in Natural Science, 14(10), 922–926, 2004
2.2.17 Physics of Fluids, 18(12), 124103, 2006
2.2.18 Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications, 53(3), 273–294, 2007
2.2.19 Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 592, 221–231, 2007
2.2.20 Applied Mathematics and Computation, 206(2), 832–840, 2008
2.2.21 International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 47(6), 758–765, 2008
2.2.22 Nonlinear Analysis: Modeling and Control, 13(4), 513–524, 2008
2.2.23 Nuclear Engineering and Design, 238(9), 2460–2467, 2008
2.2.24 International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 52(15-16), 3790– 3798, 2009
2.2.25 Heat and Mass Transfer, 46(2), 147–151, 2009
2.2.26 Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics, 2(1), 23–28, 2009
2.2.27 International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 53(11-12), 2477– 2483, 2010
2.2.28 Journal of Fluids Engineering, 132(4), 044502, 2010
2.2.29 Heat and Mass Transfer, 47(4), 419–425, 2011
2.2.30 International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, 2(4), 102–115, 2011
2.2.31 Meccanica, 46(5), 1103–1112, 2011
2.3 Related Published Reports: 2012–2015
2.3.1 AIP Conference Proceedings, 1450(1), 183–189, 2012
2.3.2 Applied Mathematical Modelling, 36(5), 2056–2066, 2012
2.3.3 Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, 33(6), 765–780, 2012
2.3.4 Applied Mathematics, 3(7), 685–698, 2012
2.3.5 Engineering Computations, 30(1), 97–116, 2012
2.3.6 International Journal of Theoretical and Mathematical Physics, 2(3), 33–36, 2012
2.3.7 Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 27(4), 04014006, 2012
2.3.8 Journal of Fluids Engineering, 134(8), 081203, 2012
2.3.9 Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2012, Article ID 934964, 2012
2.3.10 Thermal Science, 16(1), 79–91, 2012
2.3.11 Journal of Applied Mathematics, 2012, 1–15, 2012
2.3.12 Procedia Engineering, 56, 54–62, 2013
2.3.13 Applied Nanoscience, 4(7), 897–910, 2013
2.3.14 Advances in Applied Science Research, 4(2), 190–202, 2013
2.3.15 Boundary Value Problems, 2013(1), 136, 2013
2.3.16 Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 30(4), 897–908, 2013
2.3.17 Energy Procedia, 36, 788–797, 2013
2.3.18 International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology, 3(3),
225–234, 2013
2.3.19 International Journal of Engineering Mathematics, 2013, Article ID 581507, 2013
2.3.20 International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 70, 146–154, 2013
2.3.21 Journal of Mathematics, 2013, 1–10, 2013
2.3.22 Journal of Mechanics, 29(3), 423–432, 2013
2.3.23 Journal of Scientific Research , 5(1), 67–75, 2013
2.3.24 PloS One, 8(8), e69811, 2013
2.3.25 Journal of Heat Transfer, 135(5), 054501, 2013
2.3.26 Journal of Heat Transfer, 135(10), 102702, 2013
2.3.27 Open Physics – Central European Journal of Physics, 12(12), 862–871,
2014
2.3.28 IOSR Journal of Engineering, 4(8), 18–32, 2014
2.3.29 Canadian Journal of Physics, 93(7), 725–733, 2014
2.3.30 Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer Research, 2(2), 63–78, 2015
2.3.31 Journal of Generalized Lie Theory and Applications, 9(2), 1000232, 2015
2.3.32 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 6(4), 87–100, 2015
2.3.33 International Journal of Applied and Computational Mathematics, 1(3), 427–448, 2015
2.3.34 Canadian Journal of Physics, 93(10), 1131–1137, 2015
2.3.35 Applied Mathematics, 6(8), 1362–1379, 2015
2.3.36 Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (FHMT), 6(1), 3, 2015
2.3.37 Journal of Particle Science & Technology, 1(4), 225–240, 2015
2.3.38 Master of Technology: Thesis, Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria, 2015
2.3.39 Numerical Algorithms, 70(1), 43–59, 2015
2.3.40 Physica Scripta, 90(3), 035208, 2015
2.3.41 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International
Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial, Mechatronic and
Manufacturing Engineering, 9(1), 138–143, 2015
2.4 Tutorial Questions
3 Conceptual and Empirical Reviews II
3.1 Background Information
3.2 Related Published Reports: 2016–2018
3.2.1 Heat Transfer Engineering, 37(18), 1521–1537, 2016
3.2.2 Powder Technology, 301, 858–867, 2016
3.2.3 Journal of Molecular Liquids, 219, 703–708, 2016
3.2.4 Journal of the Nigerian Mathematical Society, 35(1), 1–17, 2016
3.2.5 Physics of Fluids, 28(11), 113603, 2016
3.2.6 Propulsion and Power Research, 5(4), 326–337, 2016
3.2.7 Results in Physics, 6, 805–810, 2016
3.2.8 Results in Physics, 6, 1015–1023, 2016
3.2.9 Thermal Science, 20(6), 1835–1845, 2016
3.2.10 International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology, 3(3),
225–234, 2016
3.2.11 Communications in Theoretical Physics, 66(1), 133–142, 2016
3.2.12 Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung A, 71(9), 837–848, 2016
3.2.13 Modelling, Measurement and Control B, 86(1), 271–295, 2017
3.2.14 Defect and Diffusion Forum , 377, 127–140, 2017
3.2.15 Chinese Journal of Physics, 55(3), 963–976, 2017
3.2.16 Global Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 13(7), 3083–3103, 2017
3.2.17 Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures, 13(4), 628–647, 2017
3.2.18 Journal of the Egyptian Mathematical Society, 25(1), 79–85, 2017
3.2.19 International Journal of Chemical Sciences, 15(3), 1–12., 2017
3.2.20 International Journal of Current Research and Review, 9(22), 5–12, 2017
3.2.21 International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa, 29, 10–20,
2017
3.2.22 International Journal of Mathematics Trends and Technology, 47(2), 113–127, 2017
3.2.23 International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 130, 31–40, 2017
3.2.24 Powder Technology, 318, 390–400, 2017
3.2.25 Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures, 14(2), 261–283, 2018
3.2.26 Physical Review Fluids, 3(1), 013501, 2018
3.2.27 Heat Transfer - Asian Research, 47(1), 203–230, 2018
3.2.28 Heat Transfer – Asian Research, 47(4), 603–619, 2018
3.2.29 International Journal of Applied and Computational Mathematics, 4(3), 85, 2018
3.2.30 AIP Advances, 8(3), 035219, 2018
3.2.31 Alexandria Engineering Journal, 57(3), 1859–1865, 2018
3.2.32 Advanced Engineering Forum, 28, 33–46, 2018
3.2.33 Physics Letters A, 382(11), 749–760, 2018
3.2.34 Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures, 14(4), 744–755, 2018
3.2.35 Journal of Molecular Liquids, 260, 436–446, 2018
3.2.36 Microgravity Science and Technology, 30(3), 265–275, 2018
3.2.37 International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 122, 1255–1263, 2018
3.2.38 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 479(2), 2827– 2833, 2018
3.2.39 The European Physical Journal E, 41, 37, 2018
3.2.40 Results in Physics, 9, 1201–1214, 2018
3.2.41 Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 144, 396–404, 2018
3.2.42 Scientific Reports, 8(1), 3709, 2018
3.2.43 International Journal for Computational Methods in Engineering Science and Mechanics, 19(2), 49–60, 2018
3.2.44 International Journal of Computing Science and Mathematics, 9(5), 455–473, 2018
3.2.45 Defect and Diffusion Forum , 387, 625–639, 2018
3.2.46 Applied Sciences, 8(2), 160, 2018
3.2.47 Defect and Diffusion Forum , 389, 50–59, 2018
3.2.48 International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 91, 216– 224, 2018
3.3 Related Published Reports: 2019–2021
3.3.1 Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung A, 74(12), 1099–1108, 2019
3.3.2 Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung A, 74(10), 879–904, 2019
3.3.3 Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 41(10), 439, 2019
3.3.4 Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 44(9), 7799–7808, 2019
3.3.5 Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2019, Article ID 3478037, 2019
3.3.6 Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2019, Article ID 4507852, 2019
3.3.7 Ph.D. Thesis submitted to Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan, 2019
3.3.8 Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 44(2), 1269–1282, 2019
3.3.9 SN Applied Sciences, 1(7), 705, 2019
3.3.10 Symmetry, 11(10), 1282, 2019
3.3.11 Ph.D. Thesis Submitted to the Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria, 2019
3.3.12 Pramana, 93(6), 86, 2019
3.3.13 Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems, 6(3), 369–384, 2019
3.3.14 Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 138(2), 1311–1326, 2019
3.3.15 Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics, 12(1), 257– 269, 2019
3.3.16 Journal of Applied and Computational Mechanics, 5(5), 849–860, 2019
3.3.17 Heliyon, 5(4), e01555, 2019
3.3.18 Heliyon, 5(3), e01345, 2019
3.3.19 Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, 40(6), 861–876, 2019
3.3.20 The European Physical Journal Special Topics, 228(1), 35–53, 2019
3.3.21 Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures, 15(2), 337–352, 2019
3.3.22 Journal of Applied and Computational Mechanics, 6(1), 77–89, 2020
3.3.23 Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 183, 105061, 2020
3.3.24 Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 130, 109415, 2020
3.3.25 Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 882, A10, 2020
3.3.26 Heliyon, 6(1), e03076, 2020
3.3.27 Physica Scripta, 95(3), 035210, 2020
3.3.28 Canadian Journal of Physics, 98(1), 1–10, 2020
3.3.29 Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 550, 123986, 2020
3.3.30 Coatings, 10(1), 55, 2020
3.3.31 Heat Transfer, 49(3), 1256–1280, 2020
3.3.32 Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 45(7), 5471–5490, 2020
3.3.33 Symmetry, 12, 652, 2020
3.3.34 Applied Mathematics & Mechanics, 41(5), 741–752, 2020
3.3.35 Physica Scripta, 95(9), 095205, 2020
3.3.36 Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 910, A37, 2021
3.3.37 Coatings, 11(3), 353, 2021
3.3.38 Alexandria Engineering Journal, 60(3), 3073–3086, 2021
3.3.39 Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 915, A37, 2021
3.3.40 Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 915, A60, 2021
3.3.41 Computers, Materials & Continua, 68(1), 319–336, 2021
3.3.42 Scientific Reports, 11(1), 3331, 2021
3.3.43 Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 25, 100898, 2021
3.3.44 Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 25, 100895, 2021
3.3.45 Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics , 4, 100047, 2021
3.3.46 Ain Shams Engineering Journal, in press, 2021
3.3.47 Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Article ID 6690366, 2021
3.4 Tutorial Questions
4 Empirical Reviews and Meta-analysis
4.1 Background Information
4.2 Vertical and Horizontal Velocities
4.3 Diffusion of Microorganisms
4.4 Dust Temperature and Temperature Distribution
4.5 Temperature Gradient
4.6 Stanton Number and Strouhal Number
4.7 Shear Stress between Two Successive Layers
4.8 Ratio of Rayleigh Number to Critical Rayleigh Number
4.9 Nusselt Number Proportional to Heat Transfer
4.10 Mean Lift Coefficient and Magnetic Field Profile
4.11 Local Skin Friction Coefficients
4.12 Local Sherwood Number Proportional to Mass Transfer Rate
4.13 Centerline Temperature
4.14 Spacing Where the Heat Transfer Rate Is at Maximum
4.15 Angular Velocity, Induced Magnetic and Average Exit Temperature
4.16 Concentration and Concentration Gradient
4.17 Displacement Thickness, Drag Force, and Height of the Capillary Ridges
4.18 Tutorial Questions
5 Analysis of Self-Similar Flows I
5.1 Background Information
5.2 Introduction: Stretching-Induced Flows
5.3 Fluid Flow due to Stretching
5.3.1 Research Questions I
5.3.2 Analysis and Discussion of Results for Nanofluids (q=1)
5.3.3 Analysis and Discussion of Results for Ordinary Fluids (q =0)
5.4 Introduction: Alumina Nanoparticles-Based Nanofluid
5.5 Sakiadis Flow of Water-Alumina Nanofluid
5.5.1 Research Questions II
5.5.2 Analysis and Discussion of Results II
5.5.2.1 Prandtl Number and Volume Fraction of Nanoparticles
5.5.2.2 Prandtl Number and Inter-Particle Spacing d[sub(p)]
5.5.2.3 Prandtl Number and Particle Radius of Nanoparticle h
5.6 Introduction: Injection and Suction
5.7 Fluid Flow Subject to Injection or Suction
5.7.1 Research Questions III
5.7.2 Analysis and Discussion of Results III
5.8 Tutorial Questions
6 Analysis of Self-Similar Flows II
6.1 Background Information
6.2 Introduction: Buoyancy-Induced Flows
6.3 Induced Flow due to Convection
6.4 Forced Convective Induced Flow
6.4.1 Research Questions I
6.4.2 Analysis and Discussion of Results I
6.5 Free Convective Induced Flow
6.5.1 Research Questions II
6.5.2 Analysis and Discussion of Results II
6.6 Mixed Convective Induced Flow
6.6.1 Research Questions III
6.6.2 Analysis and Discussion of Results III
6.7 Tutorial Questions
7 Analysis of Self-Similar Flows III
7.1 Background Information
7.2 Introduction: Thermal Radiation
7.3 Fluid Flow Subject to Thermal Radiation
7.3.1 Research Questions I
7.3.2 Analysis and Discussion of Results I
7.4 Introduction: Internal Heat Source and Sink
7.5 Fluid Flow Subject to Internal Heat Source or Sink
7.5.1 Research Questions II
7.5.2 Analysis and Discussion of Results II
7.6 Fluid Flow Subject to Internal Heating or Sinking and Buoyancy
7.6.1 Research Questions III
7.6.2 Analysis and Discussion of Results III
7.7 Introduction: Thermo Effect and Thermal Diffusion
7.7.1 Energy Flux Due to Concentration Gradient
7.7.2 Mass Flux due to Temperature Gradient
7.8 Fluid Flow Subject to Thermo-Effect and Thermal Diffusion
7.8.1 Research Questions IV
7.8.2 Analysis and Discussion of Results IV
7.9 Tutorial Questions
8 Analysis of Self-Similar Flows IV
8.1 Background Information
8.2 Introduction: Thermo-Capillary Convection Flow
8.3 Fluid Flow on Horizontal Walls due to Surface Tension
8.3.1 Research Questions I
8.3.2 Analysis and Discussion of Results I
8.4 Fluid Flow on Vertical Walls due to Surface Tension
8.4.1 Research Questions II
8.4.2 Analysis and Discussion of Results II
8.5 Introduction: Magnetohydrodynamics
8.6 Dynamics of Alumina-Water Nanofluid Subject to Joule Heating
8.6.1 Research Questions III
8.6.2 Analysis and Discussion of Results III
8.7 Tutorial Questions
9 Analysis of Self-Similar Flow V
9.1 Background Information
9.2 Introduction: Viscous Dissipation
9.3 Fluid Flow Subject to Viscous Dissipation
9.3.1 Research Questions I
9.3.2 Analysis and Discussion of Results I
9.4 Mixed Convective Induced Flow Subject to Viscous Dissipation
9.4.1 Research Questions II
9.4.2 Analysis and Discussion of Results II
9.5 Tutorial Questions
10 Analysis of Self-Similar Flows VI
10.1 Background Information
10.2 Introduction: Thermal Stratification
10.3 Fluid Flow Subject to Thermal Stratification
10.3.1 Research Questions I
10.3.2 Analysis and Discussion of Results I
10.4 Fluid Flow along a Vertical Thermally Stratified Surface
10.4.1 Research Questions II
10.4.2 Analysis and Discussion of Results II
10.5 Tutorial Questions
11 Analysis of Self-Similar Flows VII
11.1 Background Information
11.2 Introduction: Thermophoresis and Brownian Motion of Particles
11.3 Fluid Flow Subject to Brownian Motion and Thermophoresis of Tiny Particles due to Only Thermal Free Convection
11.3.1 Research Questions I
11.3.2 Analysis and Discussion of Results I
11.4 Introduction: Non-Darcy model for Dynamics through Porous Medium
11.5 Fluid Flow of Some Nanofluids through Porous Medium
11.5.1 Research Questions II
11.5.2 Analysis and Discussion of Results II
11.6 Tutorial Questions
12 Conclusion and Recommendation
12.1 Background Information
12.2 Conclusion
12.3 Recommendation
12.4 Tutorial Questions
A Appendix I
B Appendix II
C Appendix III
D Appendix IV
E Appendix V
F Appendix VI
Bibliography
Index
