Radiation Dose Management of Pregnant Patients, Pregnant Staff and Paediatric Patients: Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology

PRELIMS.pdf
Preface
Editor biography
John Damilakis
List of contributors
CH001.pdf
Chapter 1 Dosimetry
1.1 Physical phantoms simulating pregnancy and children
1.1.1 Introduction to physical phantoms
1.1.2 Phantom materials
1.1.3 Anthropomorphic phantoms
1.1.4 Commercially available anthropomorphic phantoms
1.1.5 Research-based anthropomorphic phantoms
1.2 Thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) and optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs)
1.2.1 Introduction
1.2.2 Luminescence – terminology
1.2.3 Crystalline structure of thermoluminescent materials
1.2.4 Production of thermoluminescence by ionizing radiation
1.2.5 The glow curve
1.2.6 The role of impurity atoms Mg,Ti in the TL process of LiF:Mg:Ti
1.2.7 Fading
1.2.8 Linearity/supralinearity and sensitization
1.2.9 Photon energy response of thermoluminescent materials
1.2.10 Calibration of thermoluminescent dosimeters
1.2.11 TLD reader
1.2.12 Thermoluminescent materials
1.2.13 The physical properties of LiF
1.2.14 Sources of error in thermoluminescence dosimetry
1.3 Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs)
1.3.1 The fundamentals of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimetry
1.3.2 Stimulation methods
1.3.3 Basic experimental set-up
1.3.4 The basic properties of Al2O3:C as an OSL dosimeter
1.3.5 Dose response
1.3.6 Transient signals
1.3.7 OSL dosimetry in diagnostic radiology
1.3.8 A comparison of the TL versus OSL dosimetry
1.4 Computational phantoms simulating pregnancy and children
1.4.1 Introduction to computational phantoms
1.4.2 Evolution and basic components of computational phantoms
1.4.3 Solid geometry stylized phantoms
1.4.4 Voxelized phantoms
1.4.5 Boundary representation phantoms
1.5 Monte Carlo simulations and computational phantoms
1.5.1 Deterministic and probabilistic calculation methods
1.5.2 Introduction to Monte Carlo methods
1.5.3 Monte Carlo radiation transport codes
1.5.4 Commercially available computational dosimetry software
1.5.5 Computing conceptus and paediatric doses using Μonte Carlo radiation transport codes
References
CH002.pdf
Chapter 2 Biological effects of exposure to ionizing radiation during gestation and childhood
2.1 Biological effects to conceptus from ionizing radiation
2.1.1 Menstrual cycle, conception and fetal development
2.1.2 Radiation effects of exposed conceptus
2.1.3 Radiosensitivity of a developing conceptus
2.2 Biological effects to children from ionizing radiation
2.2.1 Public opinion versus true facts
2.2.2 Radiation effects to children; what are the mechanisms
2.2.3 Paediatric anatomical and physiological characteristics: differences from adults
2.2.4 Most prominent radiation-induced cancers in children
2.2.5 Diagnostic imaging and cancer risk: latest data
References
CH003.pdf
Chapter 3 Parameters that influence conceptus and paediatric patient radiation dose from radiodiagnostic procedures
3.1 Radiography and fluoroscopy parameters that influence conceptus and paediatric dose
3.1.1 The tube potential (kVp)
3.1.2 The tube load and exposure time product (mAs)
3.1.3 The automatic exposure control (AEC) system
3.1.4 Selection of tube-to-patient and tube-to-detector distance
3.1.5 Setting up the collimation and field size
3.1.6 Projection
3.1.7 Beam quality
3.1.8 Anti-scatter grid
3.1.9 Detector technology
3.1.10 Fluoroscopy
3.1.11 Dose rate
3.1.12 The fluoroscopy beam-on time
3.1.13 Magnification
3.1.14 Automatic exposure control
3.1.15 The entrance exposure rate to the detector (EERD)
3.1.16 The patient skin entrance exposure rate (SEER)
3.1.17 Location of conceptus relative to the X-ray beam
3.1.18 Anatomic characteristics of the pregnant patient that affects conceptus dose
3.1.19 The effect of paediatric patient’s size
3.2 CT parameters that influence conceptus and paediatric dose
3.2.1 Exposure parameters affecting radiation dose to conceptus or children exposed during a CT examination
3.2.2 CT equipment characteristics/dose sparing affecting radiation dose to conceptus or children exposed during a CT examination
3.2.3 Patient-related factors affecting radiation dose to conceptus or children exposed during a CT examination
References
CH004.pdf
Chapter 4 Amount of dose absorbed by the conceptus and paediatric patients from diagnostic and interventional radiology
4.1 Conceptus dose and radiation-induced risk associated with diagnostic and interventional X-ray examinations
4.1.1 Conceptus dose and radiogenic risk associated with radiography
4.1.2 Conceptus dose and radiogenic risk associated with computed tomography (CT)
4.1.3 Conceptus dose and radiogenic risk associated with fluoroscopy and fluoroscopically guided procedures
4.2 Paediatric dose and radiation-induced risk associated with diagnostic and interventional X-ray examinations
4.2.1 Paediatric doses and radiation-induced risks associated with radiography
4.2.2 Paediatric doses and radiation-induced risks associated with fluoroscopy
4.2.3 Paediatric doses and radiation-induced risks associated with CT
4.2.4 Paediatric doses and radiation-induced risks associated with interventional procedures
References
CH005.pdf
Chapter 5 Methods to calculate conceptus and paediatric dose
5.1 Methods to calculate conceptus dose from diagnostic and interventional procedures
5.1.1 Methods published in the literature to calculate conceptus dose from radiographic and fluoroscopic examinations
5.1.2 Methods published in the literature to calculate conceptus dose from CT
5.1.3 Conceptus dose estimation (CoDE) software
5.2 Methods to calculate paediatric dose from diagnostic and interventional procedures
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Methodology to calculate paediatric dose in radiography and fluoroscopy
5.2.3 Methodology to calculate paediatric dose in CT
5.2.4 Paediatric organ dose and effective dose; practical issues
5.2.5 Examples in everyday clinical practice
References
CH006.pdf
Chapter 6 Optimization of radiological examinations performed during pregnancy
6.1 Radiography/fluoroscopy during pregnancy: methods for dose optimization
6.1.1 Introduction
6.1.2 Radiation protection approach for imaging the female patient
6.1.3 Practices for optimizing conceptus dose in radiographic examinations performed on pregnant patients
6.1.4 Practices for optimizing conceptus dose in fluoroscopic examinations performed on pregnant patients
6.2 CT during pregnancy: methods for dose optimization
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Optimizing CT examinations of pregnant patients: recommendations for radiologists
6.2.3 Reducing conceptus dose from CT examinations performed on the expectant mother: recommendations for operators
References
CH007.pdf
Chapter 7 Optimization of examinations performed on paediatric patients
7.1 Optimization of radiographic and fluoroscopic examinations performed on paediatric patients
7.1.1 Introduction
7.1.2 Radiation protection concepts
7.1.3 Appropriateness and clinical decisions
7.1.4 Assessment of radiation dose and image quality—a primer
7.1.5 Practices for optimization of radiographic examinations performed on paediatric patients
7.1.6 Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) in paediatric radiography and fluoroscopy
7.1.7 Practices for optimization of fluoroscopic examinations performed on paediatric patients
7.1.8 Development of a quality assurance program
7.2 Methods of dose optimization in CT
7.2.1 Introduction
7.2.2 Justification as the first step of reducing radiation doses
7.2.3 Positioning of the paediatric patient
7.2.4 Scanogram
7.2.5 Shielding of organs for paediatric patients
7.2.6 Immobilization
7.2.7 Paediatric specific exposure parameters
7.2.8 Filtration
7.2.9 Iterative reconstruction algorithms
7.2.10 Limitation of scan length
7.2.11 Scan series
7.2.12 Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) in paediatric CT
7.2.13 Dose management software
References
CH008.pdf
Chapter 8 The management of (a) pregnant patients and (b) pregnant employees
8.1 The management of pregnant patients
8.1.1 Introduction
8.1.2 Intentional exposure of pregnant patients
8.1.3 Accidental exposure of pregnant patients
8.2 The management of pregnant employees
8.2.1 Program to evaluate and control conceptus dose
8.2.2 Conceptus dose anticipation and workload estimation
8.2.3 Counseling and dose monitoring
References
APP1.pdf
Chapter
References