Quantum dots (QDs) are important in the research and industrial fields due to their diverse properties and technological importance. Recently, QDs have been found to be suitable for biological, biomedical, agricultural, and food science applications. Many research articles, review papers, and internet sources have published on the use of QDs to improve plant growth and yield, but a comprehensive overview in book form has not been available to date.
This book provides detailed information on synthesis, functionalization, and the use of various types of quantum dots for plant systems. It also addresses the current state of knowledge on sensing mechanisms of QD-based biosensors used for microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and plant virus detection. This book also offers in-depth knowledge related to QDs used for plant growth, nutrients, and plant protection from micro-organisms. This volume is beneficial as one comprehensive resource for students, researchers, scientists, technicians, academicians, and industrialists.
Author(s): Abdul Majid, Humaira Arshad, Muhammad Azmat Ullah Khan
Series: Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 204
City: Cham
Contents
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Nanomaterials
1.1.1 Silent Feature of Nanomaterials
1.1.2 Challenges for Nanomaterials
1.2 Use of Nanomaterials in Plant Systems
1.3 Basic Theme and Overview of the Book
References
Chapter 2: Quantum Dots: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Quantum Dots
2.2.1 Surface Structure of Quantum Dots
2.2.2 Shell/Multi Shell Structure of Quantum Dots
2.3 Properties of Quantum Dots
2.3.1 Quantum Confinement Effect
2.3.1.1 Linear Combination of Atomic Orbital Theory-Molecular Orbital Theory (LCAO-MO)
2.3.1.2 Effective Mass Approximation Model
2.3.2 Band Gap
2.3.3 Luminescence Properties
2.3.3.1 Radiative Relaxation
2.3.3.2 Quantum Yield (QY) of Quantum Dots
2.3.3.3 Non-Radiative Process in Quantum Dots
2.4 Synthesis Methods of Quantum Dots
2.4.1 Top-Down Methods
2.4.1.1 Laser Ablation
2.4.1.2 Liquid-Phase Exfoliation
2.4.1.3 Electrochemical Methods
2.4.1.4 Electron Beam Lithography
2.4.2 Bottom-Up Methods
2.4.2.1 Hydrothermal Method
2.4.2.2 Solvothermal Method
2.4.2.3 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis
2.4.2.4 Soft-Template Method
2.4.2.5 Pyrolysis Method
2.5 Applications of Quantum Dots
2.5.1 Quantum Dots for LEDs and Display Applications
2.5.2 Photo-Conductors and Photo-Detectors
2.5.3 Environmental and Biomedical Applications
2.5.4 Photovoltaics
2.5.5 Catalysis and Other Applications
References
Chapter 3: Graphene Quantum Dots
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Utilization of Graphene QDs
3.2 Characteristics of Graphene QDs
3.2.1 Physical Characteristics
3.2.2 Electronic Characteristics
3.2.3 Photoluminescence
3.3 Functionalization of Graphene QDs
3.3.1 Controlling Shape and Size of Graphene QDs
3.3.1.1 Theoretical Studies on Graphene QDs
3.3.1.2 Experimental Studies on Graphene QDs
3.3.2 Formation of Graphene QDs Composites
3.3.3 Doping in Graphene QDs
3.4 Applications of Graphene QDs in Plants
3.4.1 Graphene QDs for Plant Growth
3.4.2 Graphene QDs for Plant Protection
References
Chapter 4: Carbon Quantum Dots
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of CQDs
4.2.1 Structure
4.2.2 Photoluminescence of CQDs
4.2.3 Fluorescence of CQDs
4.2.4 Absorbance in CQDs
4.2.5 Surface Passivation and Doping
4.2.6 Electroluminescence of CQDs
4.3 Functionalization of CQDs
4.4 Applications of CQDs in Plant Systems
4.4.1 CQDs for Take-Up, Translocation, and Accumulation in Plants
4.4.2 CQDs for Photosynthesis in Plants
4.4.3 CQDs for Nutrition Assimilation in Plants
4.4.4 CQDs for Plant Growth and Development
4.4.5 CQDs for Antibacterial Activity
References
Chapter 5: Transport Mechanism from Quantum Dots to Plant Systems
5.1 Interactions of QDs with Plant
5.1.1 Aggregation
5.1.2 Size Exclusion
5.1.3 Disaggregation
5.1.4 Surface Blocking
5.2 Mechanism of Studding QDs in Plants
5.2.1 Attachment
5.2.2 Straining
5.3 Transportation of QDs from Soil to Plant Cell
5.3.1 Endocytosis
5.3.2 Pore Formation
5.3.3 Carrier Proteins
5.3.4 Ion Channels
5.3.5 Plasmodesmata
5.4 Transport Mechanism of QDs Within Plant Roots
5.4.1 Apoplastic Pathway
5.4.2 Symplastic Pathway
5.5 Transport Mechanism of QDs from Roots to Shoots
5.6 Transport Mechanism of QDs Within Plant Shoots
5.7 Absorption of QDs Through Arial Parts
5.7.1 Lipophilic Pathway
5.7.2 Hydrophilic Pathway
5.7.3 Trichome
5.7.4 Lenticels
5.7.5 Stomatal Pathway
5.8 Comparison of QDs with Conventional Fertilizers
5.8.1 Conventional/Biofertilizers
5.8.2 Production of Biofertilizers
5.8.3 Mechanisms of Biofertilizers
5.8.4 The Fate and Practice of Organic Fertilizers in Agricultural Systems
5.9 Nanofertilizer
5.9.1 Macronutrients
5.9.1.1 Nitrogen (N)
5.9.1.2 Potassium (K)
5.9.1.3 Phosphorus (P)
5.9.1.4 Calcium (Ca)
5.9.1.5 Sulfur (S)
5.9.1.6 Magnesium (Mg)
5.9.2 Micronutrients
5.9.2.1 Iron (Fe)
5.9.2.2 Boron (B)
5.9.2.3 Chlorine (Cl)
5.9.2.4 Manganese (Mn)
5.9.2.5 Zinc (Zn)
5.9.2.6 Copper (Cu)
5.9.2.7 Molybdenum (Mo)
5.9.2.8 Nickel (Ni)
References
Chapter 6: QDs for Sensing of Microorganisms
6.1 Biological Sensing Materials of QD-Based Biosensors
6.2 Sensing Mechanism of QD Based Biosensors
6.2.1 QD-Based Electrochemical Biosensor
6.2.2 QDs Based Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Biosensors
6.2.3 Water-Soluble CdTe-QDs
6.2.4 QD Based Optical Biosensor
6.2.5 QDs Based Enzyme-Coupled Biosensor
6.2.6 QDs Based Electrochemiluminescence Sensors
6.2.7 Quantum Dot-Based Fluorescent Biosensors
6.3 QDs Based Sensing for Plant Bacteria
6.3.1 QDs Based Biosensors for Bacterial Detection
6.3.2 ZnS: Mn+2 QDs to Detect Bacteria
6.3.3 Gram-Negative Bacteria and CdTe QDs
6.3.4 QDs Based Biosensing of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
6.3.5 Detection of “Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes
6.4 QDs Based Sensing for Plant Fungi
6.4.1 Cadmium-Telluride QDs (CdTe-QDs) to Detect Plasmodiophoromycete Polymyxa betae
6.4.2 Cy5-Labeled QDs to Detect Ganoderma boninense
6.5 QDs Based Biosensors for Plant Virus Detection
6.5.1 Detection of Plant Viruses Using Biosensors
6.5.2 Lateral Flow Immuno Assay (LFIA)
6.5.2.1 Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV)
6.5.2.2 Potato Virus X (PVX)
6.5.2.3 Potato Leafroll Virus (PLRV)
6.5.2.4 Alarm System for Potato Viruses (PVX-Y, M, S and Leafroll)
6.5.2.5 Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Virus 3 (GLRaV-3)
6.5.2.6 Banana Bract Mosaic Virus BBrMV
6.5.2.7 Bean Pod Mottle Virus
6.5.2.8 Large Cardamom Chirke Virus (LCCV)
6.5.2.9 Soybean Mosaic Virus (SMV)
References
Chapter 7: QDs, Plant Diseases and Potential Risks
7.1 Nanofertilizer Mechanisms
7.2 Integrated Pest Management
7.2.1 Pesticides
7.2.2 Pesticide Formulations
7.3 Nanopesticides Against Plant Diseases
7.3.1 Fungal Diseases
7.3.2 Bacterial Disease
7.3.3 Nematodes
7.3.4 Nano-Herbicides
7.3.5 Nano-Insecticides
7.3.6 Plant Viruses
7.4 RNA Based Nanopesticides
7.4.1 Procedure for Nanoparticle-Mediated dsRNA/siRNA Delivery
7.4.2 Encapsulation or Binding by Nucleic Acids
7.4.3 Uptake at Cellular Level
7.4.4 Endosomal Escape
7.4.5 Nucleic Acid Release or Separation from Nanocomplex
7.5 QDs – A Potential Threat to Plants
7.5.1 Genetics and Gene Expression
7.5.2 Antioxidant Activity of Plants
7.5.3 Development and Growth
7.5.4 Toxicity of QDs on Plants
7.5.4.1 Effects of CdS QDs
7.5.4.2 CdSe QDs and the Core/Shell Paradox
7.5.4.3 CdSe/ZnS
7.5.4.4 Effects of CdTe QDs
7.5.4.5 Encapsulation of CdTe QDs
7.5.4.6 Effect of CdTe/SiO2 QDs
7.5.4.7 Effect of ZnO Qds
7.5.4.8 Effect of Carbon QDs
7.5.4.9 Effects of Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs)
References
Index
