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Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Electrochemical Methods and Computational Fluid Dynamics

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PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS

Edited by one of the most well-respected and prolific engineers in the world and his team, this book provides a comprehensive overview of hydrogen production, conversion, and storage, offering the scientific literature a comprehensive coverage of this important fuel.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are among the most anticipated stationary clean energy devices in renewable and alternative energy. Despite the appreciable improvement in their cost and durability, which are the two major commercialization barriers, their availability has not matched demand. This is mainly due to the use of expensive metal-catalyst, less durable membranes, and poor insight into the ongoing phenomena inside proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Efforts are being made to optimize the use of precious metals as catalyst layers or find alternatives that can be durable for more than 5000 hours.

Computational models are also being developed and studied to get an insight into the shortcomings and provide solutions. The announcement by various companies that they will be producing proton exchange membrane fuel cells-based cars by 2025 has accelerated the current research on proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The breakthrough is urgently needed. The membranes, catalysts, polymer electrolytes, and especially the understanding of diffusion layers, need thorough revision and improvement to achieve the target. This exciting breakthrough volume explores these challenges and offers solutions for the industry. Whether for the student, veteran engineer, new hire, or other industry professionals, this is a must-have for any library.

Author(s): Inamuddin, Omid Moradi, Mohd Imran Ahamed
Publisher: Wiley-Scrivener
Year: 2023

Language: English
Pages: 419
City: Beverly

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Stationary and Portable Applications of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
1.2.1 Stationary Applications
1.2.2 Portable Applications
1.2.3 Hydrogen PEMFCs
1.2.4 Alcohol PEMFCs
1.2.4.1 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
1.2.4.2 Direct Dimethyl Ether Fuel Cell
1.2.5 Microbial Fuel Cells
1.2.5.1 Electricity Generation
1.2.5.2 Microbial Desalination Cells
1.2.5.3 Removal of Metals From Industrial Waste
1.2.5.4 Wastewater Treatment
1.2.5.5 Microbial Solar Cells and Fuel Cells
1.2.5.6 Biosensors
1.2.5.7 Biohydrogen Production
1.2.6 Micro Fuel Cells
1.3 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
Chapter 2 Graphene-Based Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Membranes
2.3 Graphene: A Proton Exchange Membrane
2.4 Synthesis of GO Composite Membranes
2.5 Graphene Oxide in Fuel Cells
2.5.1 Electrochemical Fuel Cells
2.5.1.1 Hydrogen Oxide Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells
2.5.1.2 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
2.5.2 Bioelectrochemical Fuel Cells
2.6 Characterization Techniques of GO Composite Membranes
2.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Graphene Nanocomposites as Promising Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Recent Kinds of Fuel Cells
3.2.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
3.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 4 Carbon Nanotube–Based Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Overview of Carbon Nanotube–Based Membranes PEM Cells
References
Chapter 5 Nanocomposite Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Nanocomposite Membranes for PEMFC
5.3 Evaluation Methods of Proton Exchange Membrane Properties
5.3.1 Proton Conductivity Measurement
5.3.2 Water Uptake Measurement
5.3.3 Oxidative Stability Measurement
5.3.4 Thermal and Mechanical Properties Measurement
5.4 Nafion-Based Membrane
5.5 Poly(Benzimidazole)–Based Membrane
5.6 Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone)–Based Membranes
5.7 Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)–Based Membranes
5.8 Sulfonated Polysulfone–Based Membranes
5.9 Chitosan-Based Membranes
5.10 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6 Organic-Inorganic Composite Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
6.3 Proton Exchange Membrane
6.3.1 Perfluorosulfonic Acid PEM
6.3.2 Partial Fluorine-Containing PEM
6.3.3 Non-Fluorine PEM
6.3.4 Modification of Proton Exchange Membrane
6.4 Research Progress of Organic-Inorganic Composite PEM
6.4.1 Inorganic Oxide/Polymer Composite PEM
6.4.2 Two-Dimensional Inorganic Material/Polymer Composite PEM
6.4.3 Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composite PEM
6.4.4 Inorganic Acid–Doped Composite Film
6.4.5 Heteropoly Acid–Doped Composite PEM
6.4.6 Zirconium Phosphate–Doped Composite PEM
6.4.7 Polyvinyl Alcohol/Inorganic Composite Membrane
6.5 Conclusion and Prospection
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References
Chapter 7 Thermoset-Based Composite Bipolar Plates in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell: Recent Developments and Challenges
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Theories of Electrical Conductivity in Polymer Composites
7.2.1 Percolation Theory
7.2.2 General Effective Media Model
7.2.3 McLachlan Model
7.2.4 Mamunya Model
7.2.5 Taherian Model
7.3 Matrix and Fillers
7.3.1 Thermoset Resins
7.3.1.1 Epoxy
7.3.1.2 Unsaturated Polyester Resin
7.3.1.3 Vinyl Ester Resins
7.3.1.4 Phenolic Resins
7.3.1.5 Polybenzoxazine Resins
7.3.2 Fillers
7.3.2.1 Graphite
7.3.2.2 Graphene
7.3.2.3 Expanded Graphite
7.3.2.4 Carbon Black
7.3.2.5 Carbon Nanotube
7.3.2.6 Carbon Fiber
7.4 The Manufacturing Process of Thermoset-Based Composite BPs
7.4.1 Compression Molding
7.4.2 The Selective Laser Sintering Process
7.4.3 Wet and Dry Method
7.4.4 Resin Vacuum Impregnation Method
7.5 Effect of Processing Parameters on the Properties Thermoset-Based Composite BPs
7.5.1 Compression Molding Parameters
7.5.1.1 Pressure
7.5.1.2 Temperature
7.5.1.3 Time
7.5.2 The Mixing Time Effect on the Properties of Composite Bipolar Plates
7.6 Effect of Polymer Type, Filler Type, and Composition on Properties of Thermoset Composite BPs
7.6.1 Electrical Properties
7.6.2 Mechanical Properties
7.6.3 Thermal Properties
7.7 Testing and Characterization of Polymer Composite-Based BPs
7.7.1 Electrical Analysis
7.7.1.1 In-Plane Electrical Conductivity
7.7.1.2 Through-Plane Electrical Conductivity
7.7.2 Thermal Analysis
7.7.2.1 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis
7.7.2.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry
7.7.2.3 Thermal Conductivity
7.7.3 Mechanical Analysis
7.7.3.1 Flexural Strength
7.7.3.2 Tensile Strength
7.7.3.3 Compressive Strength
7.8 Conclusions
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 8 Metal-Organic Framework Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Aluminium Containing MOFs for PEMFCs
8.3 Chromium Containing MOFs for PEMFCs
8.4 Copper Containing MOFs for PEMFCs
8.5 Cobalt Containing MOFs for PEMFCs
8.6 Iron Containing MOFs for PEMFCs
8.7 Nickel Containing MOFs for PEMFCs
8.8 Platinum Containing MOFs for PEMFCs
8.9 Zinc Containing MOFs for PEMFCs
8.10 Zirconium Containing MOFs for PEMFCs
8.11 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 9 Fluorinated Membrane Materials for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Abbreviations
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Fluorinated Polymeric Materials for PEMFCs
9.3 Poly(Bibenzimidazole)/Silica Hybrid Membrane
9.4 Poly(Bibenzimidazole) Copolymers Containing Fluorine-Siloxane Membrane
9.5 Sulfonated Fluorinated Poly(Arylene Ethers)
9.6 Fluorinated Sulfonated Polytriazoles
9.7 Fluorinated Polybenzoxazole (6F-PBO)
9.8 Poly(Bibenzimidazole) With Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Co-Hexafluoro Propylene)
9.9 Fluorinated Poly(Arylene Ether Ketones)
9.10 Fluorinated Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone) (6FBPAQSH-XX)
9.11 Fluorinated Poly(Aryl Ether Sulfone) Membranes Cross-Linked Sulfonated Oligomer (c-SPFAES)
9.12 Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Biphenylether Sulfone)- Poly(Arylene Ether) (SPABES-PAE)
9.13 Conclusion
Conflicts of Interest
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 10 Membrane Materials in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs)
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Fuel Cell: Definition and Classification
10.3 Historical Background of Fuel Cell
10.4 Fuel Cell Applications
10.4.1 Transportation
10.4.2 Stationary Power
10.4.3 Portable Applications
10.5 Comparison between Fuel Cells and Other Methods
10.6 PEMFCs: Description and Characterization
10.6.1 Ion Exchange Capacity–Conductivity
10.6.2 Durability
10.6.3 Water Management
10.6.4 Cost
10.7 Membrane Materials for PEMFC
10.7.1 Statistical Copolymer PEMs
10.7.2 Block and Graft Copolymers
10.7.3 Polymer Blending and Other PEM Compounds
10.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11 Nafion-Based Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
11.1 Introduction: Background
11.2 Physical Properties
11.3 Nafion Structure
11.4 Water Uptake
11.5 Protonic Conductivity
11.6 Water Transport
11.7 Gas Permeation
11.8 Final Comments
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 12 Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Type of Fuel Cells
12.2.1 Alkaline Fuel Cells
12.2.2 Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
12.2.3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
12.2.4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
12.2.5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
12.3 Basic Properties of PEMFC
12.4 Classification of Solid Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for PEMFC
12.4.1 Perfluorosulfonic Membrane
12.4.2 Partially Fluorinated Polymers
12.4.3 Non-Fluorinated Hydrocarbon Membrane
12.4.4 Nonfluorinated Acid Membranes With Aromatic Backbone
12.4.5 Acid Base Blend
12.5 Applications
12.5.1 Application in Transportation
12.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13 Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Transport Phenomena in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
13.1 Introduction
13.2 PEMFC Simulation and Mathematical Modeling
13.2.1 Governing Equations
13.2.1.1 Continuity Equation
13.2.1.2 Momentum Equation
13.2.1.3 Mass Transfer Equation
13.2.1.4 Energy Transfer Equation
13.2.1.5 Equation of Charge Conservation
13.2.1.6 Formation and Transfer of Liquid Water
13.3 The Solution Procedures
13.3.1 CFD Simulations
13.3.2 OpenFOAM
13.3.3 Lattice Boltzmann
13.4 Conclusions
References
Index
EULA