Protective Thin Coatings Technology

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface to Protective Thin Coatings and Functional Thin Films Technology – 2-Volume Set
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: Advanced Sputtering Technologies of Flexible Hard Nanocoatings
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Low-Temperature Sputtering of Nanostructured Coatings
1.3 The Sputtering of High-Temperature, BETA-PHASE Alloy Coatings
1.3.1 Principle of Formation of High-T, β-phase Coatings
1.3.2 Thermal Stability
1.4 The Sputtering of Superhard Metallic Coatings
1.4.1 Heating to High Temperatures
1.4.2 Pressing at High Pressures
1.4.3 Fast Cooling
1.4.4 Sputtering of Superhard Ti Coating
1.5 The Sputtering of TM Overstoichiometric Nitride and Dinitride Coatings
1.5.1 Principle of Sputtering of Overstoichiometric TMN x > 1 Nitride Coatings
1.5.2 Hard Overstoichiometric TMN x > 1 Nitride Films Prepared by Magnetron Sputtering
1.5.3 General Properties of Sputtered Overstoichiometric TMN x > 1 Nitride Coatings
1.6 The Sputtering of Heterostructural Alloy Coatings
1.6.1 The Hardness of Sputtered of (Zr,Si) Alloy Films
1.6.2 Difference Between Standard Ion Bombardment and Nanowelding
1.7 The Hardness of Hard Nanocoatings
1.7.1 Macrostress Healing with Pulsed Bipolar Substrate Bias
1.7.2 The Hard Coatings with Zero Macrostress
1.8 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 2: Solid Lubricating Films: Ion Beam Assisted Deposition
2.1 Introduction: Solid Lubrication
2.2 Solid Lubricants with MoS 2 and WS 2
2.2.1 Structure of Solid Lubrications
2.2.2 Properties of MoS 2, WS 2, and Ag
2.2.3 Synthesis Methods of MoS 2 and WS 2 Films
2.3 Ion Beam Associated Deposition
2.4 Effects of Doped Elements on MoS 2 and WS 2
2.4.1 Structure of Doped MX 2
2.4.2 Effect of Doped Elements on Properties of MoS 2 and WS 2
2.4.3 MoS 2 -Ag Films
2.4.4 WS 2 -Ag Films
2.5 Applications of MoS 2 and WS 2 Films
2.5.1 Tribological Applications of MoS 2 /WS 2 Films
2.5.2 Other Applications of MoS 2 /WS 2 Films
References
Chapter 3: Multilayer Transition Metal Nitride Protective Coatings
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Transition Metal Nitride Coatings
3.2.1 Single-Element TMN Coatings
3.2.2 Binary TMN Coatings
3.2.2.1 Al Incorporated Binary TMN Coatings
3.2.2.2 Si-Incorporated Binary TMN Coatings
3.2.3 Multicomponent TMN Coatings
3.2.3.1 High Entropy Alloy Nitride Coatings
3.2.3.2 Thin Film Metallic Glass and Its Nitride Films
3.2.4 Multilayer Feature and Its Advantages
3.3 Multilayer Design and Deposition Methods
3.4 Microstructure Features
3.5 Mechanical Behavior and Strengthening Mechanism
3.6 Conclusive Remarks and Outlook
References
Chapter 4: Integrated Nanomechanical Characterisation of Hard Coatings
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Mechanical Properties and Wear
4.3 Nanomechanical and Nano/Microtribological Test Methods
4.3.1 Characterisation of Mechanical Properties
4.3.1.1 Hardness Determination
4.3.1.2 Elastic Modulus Determination
4.3.1.3 Indentation Energy and H / E
4.4 Scratch and Wear Tests
4.4.1 Macro-Scale Scratch Test
4.4.2 Micro- and Nano-Scratch Tests
4.4.3 Modelling the Nano-Scratch Test
4.4.4 Multi-Pass Scratch Tests
4.5 Illustrative Case Studies
4.5.1 Ion Beam Assisted Deposition of Thin Nitride Films on Silicon
4.5.2 DLC Coatings on Hardened Steel
4.5.3 Nitrides on Cemented Carbides for Metal Cutting
4.5.3.1 Thicker (>10 μm) PVD Coatings
4.5.3.2 3 μm AlCrN, TiAlN and AlTiN Monolayers
4.5.3.3 2–3 μm TiAlCrSiYN-Based Nano-Multilayers
4.6 Impact Resistance of PVD Nitrides on Cemented Carbide
4.7 High Temperature Testing
4.7.1 Elevated Temperature Nanomechanics
4.7.2 Elevated Temperature Micro-Scratch and Impact Tests
4.7.2.1 High Temperature Micro-Scratch Tests on AlCrN, TiAlN and AlTiN Monolayers at 500 °C
4.7.2.2 High Temperature Impact Testing
Elevated Temperature Nano-Impact of TiAlN and AlTiN
High Temperature Micro-Impact Testing of Monolayer and Multilayer TiAlSiN Coatings
4.7.3 Correlation to Application Performance: Design Rules for PVD Coatings on WC-Co
4.8 Conclusions/Outlook
References
Chapter 5: Corrosion and Tribo-Corrosion of Hard Coating Prepared by Advanced Magnetron Sputtering
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Magnetron Sputtering-Related Process
5.1.2 Multilayer Structure
5.2 Deposition Method
5.2.1 Superimposed HiPIMS with MF MS
5.2.1.1 MF Duration
5.2.1.1.1 Effect of MF Duration on Peak Power Density
5.2.1.1.2 Effect of MF Duration on Ionization
5.2.1.2 Chemical Composition
5.2.1.3 Microstructure
5.2.1.3.1 Effect of MF Duration on TiN Crystal Structure
5.2.1.3.2 Effect of MF Duration on TiN Surface Morphology
5.2.1.4 Effect of MF Duration on TiN Surface Roughness
5.2.1.4.1 Effect of MF Duration on TiN Cross-Sectional Morphology
5.2.1.4.2 Effect of MF Duration on TiN Density
5.2.1.5 Deposition Rate
5.2.1.6 Mechanical Properties
5.2.1.6.1 Effect of MF Duration on Hardness and Modulus
5.2.1.6.2 Effect of MF Duration on Residual Stress
5.2.1.6.3 Effect of MF Duration on Adhesion
5.2.2 Hybrid HiPIMS with DC/RF MS
5.2.2.1 Deposition Rate
5.2.2.2 Microstructure
5.2.2.3 Mechanical Properties
5.2.2.3.1 Hardness and Modulus
5.2.2.3.2 Tribological Properties
5.2.2.4 Corrosion Resistance
5.2.3 Ion Beam Assistant MS
5.2.3.1 Deposition Rate And Microstructure
5.2.3.2 Mechanical Properties
5.2.3.3 Corrosion Resistance
5.3 Corrosion Resistance
5.3.1 Vacancies Effect
5.3.1.1 Chemical Composition
5.3.1.2 Mechanical Properties
5.3.1.3 Corrosion Resistance
5.3.1.3.1 Polarization Measurements
5.3.1.3.2 Electrochemical Impedance Measurements
5.3.1.3.3 Corrosion Surface Morphologies
5.3.2 Multilayer Structure Effect
5.3.2.1 Chemical Composition
5.3.2.2 Microstructure Evolution
5.3.2.3 Mechanical Properties
5.3.2.4 Corrosion Resistance
5.3.2.4.1 Polarization Test
5.3.2.4.2 Corrosion Protection Characterization
5.3.2.4.3 Corrosion Morphology
5.3.2.4.4 Corrosion Mechanism
5.4.2.1.1 Hardness and Young’s Modulus
5.4.2.1.2 Toughness
5.4 Tribo-Corrosion Resistance
5.4.1 Composition
5.4.2 Microstructure and Mechanical Properties
5.4.3 Tribo-Corrosion Resistance
5.4.3.1 Tribo-Corrosion Behavior of the “Columnar and Porous” Coating
5.4.3.2 Tribo-Corrosion Behavior of the “Columnar But Dense” Coating
5.4.3.3 Tribo-Corrosion Behavior of the “Almost Column-Free” Coating
5.4.3.4 Tribo-Corrosion Mechanism
5.5 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 6: High-Entropy Alloy-Based Coatings: Microstructures and Properties
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fabrication Methods
6.3 Microstructure
6.3.1 General Concept of HEAs
6.3.2 Different Phase Stabilities of HEA-Based Coatings and Their Bulk Counterparts
6.3.3 Microstructure of HEC Coatings
6.3.3.1 High-Entropy Nitride Coatings
6.3.3.2 High-entropy Oxide Coatings
6.3.3.3 High-Entropy Carbide Coatings
6.3.4 Microstructure of HEA Coatings
6.3.4.1 Effect of Alloying
6.3.4.2 Effect of Processing Parameters
6.3.4.3 Composite Structures
6.4 Mechanical Properties
6.4.1 Hardness
6.4.2 Hardening Mechanisms
6.4.2.1 Solid Solution Hardening
6.4.2.2 Hardening Via Grain Refinement
6.4.2.3 Hardening via Grain Boundary Reinforcement
6.4.2.4 Hardening via Planar Defects
6.4.2.5 Precipitation Hardening
6.4.3 Toughness
6.4.4 Toughening Mechanisms
6.4.4.1 Toughening via Introducing a Toughening Agent
6.4.4.2 Compressive Stress Toughening
6.4.4.3 Phase Transformation Toughening
6.4.4.4 Bio-Inspired Toughening
6.4.5 Wear Resistance
6.5 Corrosion Resistance
6.6 Oxidation Resistance and Thermal Stability
6.7 Summary and Outlook
References
Chapter 7: High-Temperature Thin Films and Coatings
7.1 Corrosion Resistant Coatings
7.1.1 Potential Application
7.1.2 Preparing Methods
7.1.3 Microstructure and Properties
7.2 Tribological Coatings
7.2.1 Potential Application
7.2.2 Preparing Methods
7.2.3 Microstructure and Properties
7.3 Electric Conductive Coatings
7.3.1 Potential Application
7.3.2 Preparing Methods
7.3.3 Microstructure and Properties
7.4 Optical Coatings
7.4.1 Potential Application
7.4.2 Preparing Methods
7.4.3 Microstructure and Properties
7.5 Magnetic Coatings
7.5.1 Potential Application
7.5.2 Preparing Methods
7.5.3 Microstructure and Properties
7.6 Low-Emissivity Coatings
7.6.1 Potential Application
7.6.2 Preparing Methods
7.6.3 Microstructure and Properties
References
Chapter 8: Roads Toward Surface Protection of Magnesium Alloys
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Nanofiller Blended Single-Layer Composite Coating
8.2.1 Blending of Nanofiller for Nanocomposite Coating
8.2.2 Performance of Nanofiller Blended Composite Coating
8.2.2.1 Strengthening and Toughening of the Second Phase
8.2.2.2 Fine Grain Strengthening
8.2.2.3 Bridging Effect
8.2.2.4 Decreasing Internal Stress in the Coating
8.2.2.5 Sealing of the Holes
8.2.2.6 Barrier Function in Restrain Corrosion Medium
8.2.2.7 Others
8.2.3 Concentration Optimization of Nanofiller Blended in Composite Coating
8.3 Main Coating with Support Coating and/or Top Coating
8.3.1 Main Coating with Support Coating
8.3.2 Main Coating with Top Coating
8.3.2.1 Sealing Holes in the Coating
8.3.2.2 Making the Coating Hydrophobic and Super-Hydrophobic
8.3.2.3 Giving the Coating Self-Lubricity
8.3.2.4 Improving the Coating Biocompatibility Property
8.4 Multi-Interface Coating
8.4.1 Multi-Interface
8.4.2 Improvement and Mechanism of Multi-Interface Effect on Coating Properties
8.4.2.1 Improving Hardness and Wear Resistance through Blocking Dislocation Movement
8.4.2.2 Improving the Adhesion of the Coating and the Load Support for the Substrate
8.4.2.3 Serving as a Barrier Against Corrosion Penetration
8.4.2.4 Synergizing of Multi-Interface and Top Coating for Total Performance Improvements
8.4.3 The Influence of Sublayer Thickness and Number of Interfaces on the Multi-Interface Effect
8.4.3.1 Sublayer Thickness
8.4.3.2 Number of Interfaces
8.5 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 9: Correlation between Coating Properties and Industrial Applications
9.1 Principles of Functional Coating Design for Industrial Applications
9.2 Mechanical Properties and Tooling Applications of Nanostructured Hard Coatings
9.3 Biocompatibilities and Antibacterial Properties of Nanostructured Coatings for Biomedical Applications
9.4 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 10: The Wear Behavior and Mechanism of Graphene
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Wear Behavior of Graphene at the Nanoscale
10.2.1 The Excellent Anti-Wear Property of Graphene at the Nanoscale
10.2.2 The Influence of Graphene Structure on Its Anti-Wear Property
10.2.3 The Influence of the Substrate and the Graphene/Substrate Interface on Graphene Anti-Wear Property
10.3 The Wear Behavior of Graphene at the Macroscale
10.3.1 Graphene Often Wears at the Macroscale
10.3.2 The Monitoring of Graphene Wear at the Macroscale
10.3.3 The Influence of the Counterpart on Graphene Wear Behavior
10.3.4 The Influence of the Environment on Graphene Wear Behavior
10.3.5 The Influence of the Normal Load on Graphene Wear Behavior
10.3.6 The Influence of the Graphene/Substrate Interface and the Substrate on Graphene Wear Behavior
10.4 Graphene-Based Solid Lubricant at the Macroscale
10.5 Wear Characteristics of Other 2D Materials at the Macroscale
10.6 Summary and Prospects
References
Index