Progress in Adhesion and Adhesives, Volume 6

Cover
Half-Title Page
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1 Hot-Melt Adhesives: Fundamentals, Formulations, and Applications: A Critical Review
1.1 Introduction to Hot-Melt Adhesives (HMAs)
1.2 Formulation of Hot-Melt Adhesives
1.2.1 Theories or Mechanisms of Adhesion
1.2.1.1 Mechanical Interlocking Theory
1.2.1.2 Electrostatic Theory
1.2.1.3 Diffusion Theory
1.2.1.4 Physical Adsorption or Wetting Theory
1.2.1.5 Chemical Bonding
1.2.2 Intermolecular Forces between Adhesives and Adherend
1.2.3 Thermodynamic Model of Adhesion
1.2.4 Bonded Joints
1.2.5 Surface Preparation for HMA Application
1.2.5.1 Solvent Degreasing
1.2.5.2 Chemically-Active Surface
1.3 Fundamental Aspects of Adhesive Behavior of HMAs
1.3.1 Mechanical and Physical Behaviors
1.3.2 Blending Behavior and the Effects of Other Ingredients
1.3.3 Polymeric Behavior
1.4 Preparation of HMAs Using Various Polymers
1.4.1 HMAs by Grafting Acrylic and Crotonic Acids on Metallocene Ethylene-Octene Polymers
1.4.1.1 Solution Grafting
1.4.1.2 Melt Grafting
1.4.1.3 Preparation of HMAs
1.4.2 Cross-Linked Polyurethane Hot-Melt Adhesives (PUR-HMAs)
1.4.3 Soybean Protein Isolate and Polycaprolactone Based HMAs (SPIP-HMAs)
1.5 Mechanical Analysis of Hot-Melt Adhesives
1.5.1 Fracture Mechanics of HMAs
1.5.1.1 Fracture Energy Measurement
1.5.2 Stress-Strain, and Frequency-Temperature Sweep Tests for Viscoelasticity
1.6 Industrial Applications of Hot-Melt Adhesives
1.6.1 Medical Applications
1.6.2 Electronic Applications
1.6.3 Anticorrosion Applications
1.6.4 Food Packaging Applications
1.6.5 Textile Applications
1.7 Current Challenges and Future Scope of HMAs
1.8 Summary
Acknowledgment
References
2 Optimization of Adhesively Bonded Spar-Wingskin Joints of Laminated FRP Composites Subjected to Pull-Off Load: A Critical Review
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Finite Element Analysis of SWJ
2.2.1 Geometry and Configuration
2.2.2 Finite Element Modeling
2.2.3 Validation and Convergence Study
2.3 Taguchi Method of Optimization
2.3.1 Optimization of Material and Lamination Scheme
2.3.2 Geometrical Parameter
2.4 Results and Discussion
2.4.1 Material and Lamination Scheme
2.4.1.1 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
2.4.2 Geometrical Parameter
2.4.2.1 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
2.5 Conclusions
References
3 Contact Angle Hysteresis – Advantages and Disadvantages: A Critical Review
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Contact Angle and Hysteresis Measurement
3.2.1 Theoretical Treatment of Static Contact Angles
3.2.2 Modeling of Dynamic Contact Angles
3.2.3 Modelling Contact Angle Hysteresis
3.3 Advantages of Contact Angle Hysteresis
3.4 Disadvantages of Contact Angle Hysteresis
3.5 Summary
3.6 Acknowledgements
References
4 Test Methods for Fibre/Matrix Adhesion in Cellulose Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composite Materials: A Critical Review
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Terms and Definitions
4.2.1 Fibres
4.2.2 Fibre Bundle
4.2.3 Equivalent Diameter
4.2.4 Critical Length
4.2.5 Aspect Ratio and Critical Aspect Ratio
4.2.6 Single Element versus Collective
4.2.7 Interface and Interphase
4.2.8 Adhesion and Adherence
4.2.9 Practical & Theoretical Fibre/Matrix Adhesion
4.3 Test Methods for Fibre/Matrix Adhesion
4.3.1 Overview
4.3.2 Single Fibre/Single Fibre Bundle Tests
4.3.2.1 Pull-Out Test
4.3.2.2 Microbond Test
4.3.3 Test Procedures for Fibre/Matrix Adhesion
4.3.3.1 Pull-Out Test
4.3.3.2 Microbond Test
4.3.3.3 Evaluation of Characteristic Values from Pull-Out and Microbond Tests
4.3.3.4 Fragmentation Test
4.4 Comparison of IFSS Data
4.5 Influence of Fibre Treatment on the IFSS
4.6 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
5 Bioadhesives in Biomedical Applications: A Critical Review
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Theories of Bioadhesion
5.2.1 Factors Affecting Bioadhesion
5.3 Different Polymers Used as Bioadhesives
5.3.1 Collagen-Based Bioadhesives
5.3.2 Chitosan-Based Bioadhesives
5.3.3 Albumin-Based
5.3.4 Dextran-Based Bioadhesives
5.3.5 Gelatin-Based Bioadhesives
5.3.6 Poly(ethylene glycol)-Based Bioadhesives
5.3.7 Poly(acrylic acid)-Based Bioadhesives
5.3.8 Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-Based Bioadhesives
5.4 Summary
References
6 Mucoadhesive Pellets for Drug Delivery Applications: A Critical Review
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Mucoadhesive Polymers
6.3 Pellets
6.3.1 Preparation and Evaluation of Pellets
6.3.2 Mucoadhesive Pellets for Drug Delivery Applications
6.4 Summary and Prospects
Conflict of Interest
References
7 Bio-Inspired Icephobic Coatings for Aircraft Icing Mitigation: A Critical Review
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The State-of-the-Art Icephobic Coatings/Surfaces
7.2.1 Lotus-Leaf-Inspired Superhydrophobic Surfaces (SHS) with Micro-/Nano-Scale Surface Textures
7.2.2 Pitcher-Plant-Inspired Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS)
7.3 Impact Icing Process Pertinent to Aircraft Inflight Icing Phenomena
7.4 Preparation of Typical SHS and SLIPS Coatings/Surfaces
7.5 Measurements of Ice Adhesion Strengths on Different Icephobic Coatings/Surfaces
7.6 Icing Tunnel Testing to Evaluate the Icephobic Coatings/Surfaces for Impact Icing Mitigation
7.7 Characterization of Rain Erosion Effects on the Icephobic Coatings
7.8 Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
8 Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources: A Critical Review Part I. Protein-Based Adhesives
List of Abbreviations
8.1 Overview and Challenges for Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources
8.1.1 Definition of Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources
8.1.2 Motivation to Use Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources
8.1.3 Combined Use of Synthetic and Naturally-Based Wood Adhesives
8.1.4 Review Articles on Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources
8.1.5 Motivation for this Review Article in Four Parts in the Journal “Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives”
8.1.6 Overview on Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources
8.1.7 Requirements, Limitations, and Opportunities for Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources
8.1.8 Synthetic and Natural Crosslinkers
8.1.9 Future of Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources
8.2 Protein-Based Adhesives
8.2.1 Introduction
8.2.1.1 Chemical Structure of Proteins
8.2.1.2 Proteinaceous Feedstock
8.2.1.3 Wood Bonding with Proteins
8.2.2 Plant-Based Proteins
8.2.2.1 Overview on Plant-Based Protein Sources and Types
8.2.2.2 Soy Proteins
8.2.2.3 Soy Protein as Wood Adhesive
8.2.2.4 Thermal Treatment of Soy Proteins
8.2.3 Animal-Based Proteins
8.2.3.1 Types and Sources of Animal-Based Proteins
8.2.3.2 Mussels (Marine) Proteins
8.2.3.3 Slaughterhouse Waste as Source of Proteins
8.2.3.4 Proteins from Specified Risk Materials (SRMs)
8.2.4 Properties of Protein-Based Adhesives
8.2.5 Denaturation and Modification of Proteins
8.2.5.1 Modification of Proteins
8.2.5.2 Crosslinking of Proteins
8.2.6 Proteins in Combination with Other Natural Adhesives and Natural Crosslinkers
8.2.7 Proteins in Combination with Synthetic Adhesive Resins and Crosslinkers
8.2.8 Application of Protein-Based Wood Adhesives
8.3 Summary
General Literature (Overview and Review Articles) for Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources
Protein-Based Adhesives
Plant Proteins (including Soy)
Animal Proteins and Other Sources
References
9 Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources: A Critical Review Part II. Carbohydrate-Based Adhesives
List of Abbreviations
9.1 Types and Sources of Carbohydrates Used as Wood Adhesives
9.2 Modification of Starch for Possible Use as Wood Adhesive
9.3 Citric Acid as Naturally-Based Modifier and Co-Reactant
9.4 Combination and Crosslinking of Carbohydrates with Natural and Synthetic Components
9.5 Degradation and Repolymerization of Carbohydrates
9.6 Summary
General Literature (Overview and Review Articles) for CarbohydrateBased Adhesives
References
10 Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources: A Critical Review Part III. Tannin- and Lignin-Based Adhesives
List of Abbreviations
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Tannin-Based Adhesives
10.2.1 Chemistry of Condensed Tannins
10.2.2 Types of Condensed Tannins
10.2.3 Extraction, Purification, and Modification Methods for Tannins
10.2.4 Hardening and Crosslinking of Tannins
10.2.5 Hardening of Tannins by Hexamethylenetetramine (Hexamine)
10.2.6 Autocondensation of Tannins
10.2.7 Combination of Tannins with Natural Components
10.2.8 Combination of Tannins with Synthetic Components and Crosslinkers
10.3 Lignin-Based Adhesives
10.3.1 Chemistry and Structure of Lignin
10.3.2 Lignin as Adhesive
10.3.3 Analysis of Molecular Structure
10.3.4 Modification of Lignin
10.3.5 Lignin as Sole Adhesive and Chemical Activation of the Wood Surface
10.3.6 Laccase Induced Activation of Lignin
10.3.7 Pre-Methylolation of Lignin
10.3.8 Incorporation of Lignin into PF Resins
10.3.9 Reactions of Lignin With Various Aldehydes and Other Naturally-Based Components
10.3.10 Reaction of Lignin With Synthetic Components and Crosslinkers
10.4 Summary
General Literature (Overview and Review Articles) for Tannin and Lignin
References
11 Adhesion in Biocomposites: A Critical Review
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Biocomposite Processing Methods
11.3 Factors Enhancing Adhesion Property in Biocomposites
11.3.1 Effect of Chemical Modification
11.3.2 Effect of Enzymatic Modification
11.3.3 Effect of Physical Modification
11.4 Physical and Chemical Characterization
11.5 Adhesion in Polymer Biocomposites with Specific Applications
11.5.1 Biomedical Applications
11.5.2 Dye Adsorption and Removal
11.5.3 Automotive Applications
11.6 Summary
References
12 Vacuum UV Surface Photo-Oxidation of Polymeric and Other Materials for Improving Adhesion: A Critical Review
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Vacuum UV Photo-Oxidation Process
12.2.1 VUV Background
12.2.2 VUV Radiation
12.2.2.1 Emission from Excited Atoms
12.2.2.2 Emission from High Pressure Rare Gas Plasmas
12.2.2.3 Emission from Rare-Gas Halides and Halogen Dimers
12.2.3 VUV Optical Filters
12.2.4 Penetration Depths of VUV Radiation in Polymers
12.2.5 Analytical Methods for Surface Analysis
12.2.6 VUV Photochemistry of Oxygen
12.2.7 Reaction of O Atoms and Ozone with a Polymer Surface
12.3 Adhesion to VUV Surface Photo-Oxidized Polymers
12.3.1 Fluoropolymers
12.3.2 Nafion
12.3.3 Polyimides
12.3.4 Metal-Containing Polymers
12.3.5 Polyethylene (PE)
12.3.6 Polystyrene
12.3.7 Other Polymers
12.3.7.1 Polypropylene (PP)
12.3.7.2 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)
12.3.7.3 Poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN)
12.3.7.4 Cyclo-Olefin Polymers
12.3.7.5 Polybenzimidazole (PBI)
12.4 Applications of VUV Surface Photo-Oxidation to Other Materials
12.4.1 Carbon Nanotubes and Diamond
12.4.2 Metal Oxides
12.5 Prospects
12.5.1 Sustainable Polymers
12.6 Summary
References
13 Bioand Water-Based Reversible Covalent Bonds Containing Polymers (Vitrimers) and Their Relevance to Adhesives – A Critical Revie
List of Abbreviations
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 RCBPs Classification
13.1.2 Reversible Bonds
13.1.2.1 General Reversible Covalent Bonds
13.1.2.2 Dynamic Reversible Covalent Bonds
13.1.3 RCBPs Applications
13.1.3.1 Recyclability
13.1.3.2 Self-Healing Materials
13.1.3.3 Shape-Memory Materials
13.1.3.4 Smart Composites
13.1.3.5 Adhesives
13.1.3.6 Dynamic Hydrogels and Biomedical Materials
13.2 Bio-Based RCBPs
13.2.1 Bio-Based Polymers
13.2.1.1 Classification of Bio-Based Polymers
13.2.1.2 Common Synthetic Bio-Based Polymers
13.2.2 Bio-Based RCBPs
13.2.2.1 Bio-Based DA RCBPs
13.2.2.2 Bio-Based Acylhydrazone-Containing RCBPs
13.2.2.3 Bio-Based Imine (Schiff-Base)-Containing RCBPs
13.2.2.4 Bio-Based ß-Hydroxy Ester Containing RCBPs
13.2.2.5 Bio-Based Disulfide-Containing RCBPs
13.3 Water-Based RCBPs
13.3.1 Solvents in Polymer Industry
13.3.1.1 Organic and Inorganic Solvents Used in RCBPs Synthesis
13.3.1.2 Water-Based Polymers
13.3.2 Water-Based RCBPs
13.3.2.1 Acylhydrazone-Containing Water-Based RCBPs
13.3.2.2 Schiff-Base-Containing Water-Based RCBPs
13.4 Summary
13.5 Authors Contributions
13.6 Funding
13.7 Conflict of Interest
References
14 Superhydrophobic Surfaces by Microtexturing: A Critical Review
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Background
14.1.2 State-of-the-Art
14.1.2.1 Microtexture Geometry
14.1.2.2 Ice Adhesion
14.1.2.3 Optical Transparency
14.1.2.4 Anti-Condensation Surfaces
14.2 Fabrication of Microtextured Surfaces
14.2.1 Surface Materials
14.2.2 Methods of Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Surfaces
14.2.2.1 Plasma Treatment
14.2.2.2 Laser Ablation
14.2.2.3 Chemical Etching
14.3 Properties of Microtextured Surfaces
14.3.1 Antifogging
14.3.2 Antibacterial
14.3.3 Antireflection
14.3.4 Self-Cleaning
14.3.5 Effect of Temperature on Surface Properties
14.4 Applications
14.4.1 Anti-Icing
14.4.2 Drag Reduction
14.4.3 Anti-Corrosion
14.4.4 Solar Cells
14.4.5 Water-Repellent Textiles
14.5 Future Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
15 Structural Acrylic Adhesives: A Critical Review
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Compositions and Chemistries
15.2.1 Base Monomer
15.2.2 Thickeners and Elastomeric Components
15.2.3 Adhesive Additives
15.2.4 Initiators
15.2.5 Aerobically Curable Systems
15.2.6 Fillers
15.3 Physico-Mechanical Properties of SAAs
15.4 Adhesives for Low Surface Energy Materials
15.4.1 Initiators Based on Trialkylboranes
15.4.2 Alternative Types of Boron-Containing Initiators
15.4.3 Additives Modifying the Curing Stage
15.4.4 Hybrid SAAs
15.5 Comparison of the Properties of SAAs and Other Reactive Adhesives
15.6 Summary and Outlook
References
16 Current Progress in Mechanically Durable Water-Repellent Surfaces: A Critical Review
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Fundamentals of Superhydrophobicity and SLIPs
16.2.1 Intermolecular Forces and Wetting
16.2.2 Young’s Contact Angle and Surface Chemistry Limitation
16.2.3 Superhydrophobicity by Texturing
16.2.4 Hysteresis and Tilt Angle
16.2.5 Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPs)
16.3 Techniques to Achieve Water-Repellent Surfaces
16.3.1 Superhydrophobic Composite Coatings
16.3.2 Superhydrophobic Textured Surfaces
16.3.3 Liquid-Impregnated Surfaces/SLIPs
16.4 Durability Testing
16.5 Future Trends
16.6 Summary
References
17 Mussel-Inspired Underwater Adhesivesfrom Adhesion Mechanisms to Engineering Applications: A Critical Review
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Adhesion Mechanisms of Mussel and the Catechol Chemistry
17.2.1 Hydrogen Bonding and Metal Coordination
17.2.2 Hydrophobic Interaction
17.2.3 Cation/Anion/π-π Interactions
17.2.4 The Flexibility of the Molecular Chain
17.3 Catechol-Functionalized Adhesive Materials
17.3.1 Permanent/High-Strength Adhesives
17.3.2 Temporary/Smart Adhesives
17.3.2.1 pH-Responsive Adhesives
17.3.2.2 Electrically Responsive Adhesives
17.3.2.3 Thermally Responsive Adhesives
17.3.2.4 Photo-Responsive Adhesives
17.3.3 Applications
17.4 Summary and Outlook
References
18 Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources: A Critical Review Part IV. Special Topics
List of Abbreviations
18.1 Liquified Wood
18.2 Pyrolysis of Wood
18.3 Replacement of Formaldehyde in Resins
18.4 Unsaturated Oil Adhesives
18.5 Natural Polymers
18.5.1 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
18.5.2 Natural Rubber
18.6 Poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s (PHAs)
18.7 Thermoplastic Adhesives Based on Natural Resources
18.7.1 Polyurethanes (PURs)
18.7.2 Polyamides (PAs)
18.7.3 Epoxies
18.8 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) and Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNFs)
18.8.1 Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNFs) as Sole Adhesives
18.8.2 Cellulose Nanofibrils as Components of Adhesives
18.9 Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL)
18.10 Summary
General Literature (Overview and Review Articles) for Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources (for further information see [1]
References
19 Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Technology for Modifying Polymers to Enhance Adhesion: A Critical Review
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Discharge
19.2.1 Corona Discharge
19.2.2 Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD)
19.2.3 Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet (CAPPJ)
19.2.4 Polymer Surface Modification by CAPPJ
19.3 Experimental Setup for the Generation of Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet
19.4 Methods and Materials for Surface Modification of Polymers
19.5 Direct Method for the Determination of Temperature of Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet (CAPPJ)
19.6 Results and Discussion
19.6.1 Temperature Determination of Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet (CAPPJ)
19.6.2 Electrical Characterization of the CAPPJ
19.6.2.1 Power Balance Method
19.6.2.2 Current Density Method
19.6.2.3 Determination of Energy Dissipation in the Cold Plasma Discharge per Cycle by the Lissajous Figure Method
19.6.3 Optical Characterization of CAPPJ
19.6.3.1 Line Intensity Ratio Method
19.6.3.2 Stark Broadening Method
19.6.3.3 Boltzmann Plot Method
19.6.3.4 Determination of the Rotational Temperature
19.6.3.5 Determination of the Vibrational Temperature
19.7 Surface Characterization/Adhesion Property of Polymers
19.7.1 Contact Angle Measurements and Surface Free Energy Determination
19.7.1.1 Poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET)
19.7.1.2 Polypropylene (PP)
19.7.1.3 Polyamide (PA)
19.7.1.4 Polycarbonate (PC)
19.7.2 FTIR Analysis
19.7.2.1 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Analysis of PET
19.7.2.2 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Analysis of PP
19.7.3 SEM Analysis
19.7.3.1 SEM Images of the Control and APPJ Treated PET
19.7.3.2 SEM Images of the Control and APPJ Treated PP
19.8 Summary
Acknowledgements
Data Availability
Conflict of Interest
References